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通讯作者:

谷阳,E-mail:guyang1028@163.com;

张喜文,zhangxiwen303@163.com

中图分类号:R541.4

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2022)11-1539-09

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20221106

参考文献 1
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参考文献 2
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参考文献 8
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参考文献 9
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参考文献 10
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参考文献 11
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参考文献 12
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参考文献 13
SCHMIDT M,SZEPLIGETI S,HORVATH ⁃ PUHO E,et al.Long⁃term survival among patients with myocardial in⁃ farction before age 50 compared with the general popula⁃ tion:a danish nationwide cohort study[J].Circ Cardio⁃ vasc Qual Outcomes,2016,9(5):523-31
参考文献 14
JAIN M,SONATHI V,RATHI H,et al.The economic im⁃ pact of cardiovascular events in patients post myocardial infarction:Uk health care perspective[J].Value Health,2014,17(7):A483-4
参考文献 15
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参考文献 16
PARK D W,AHN J M,PARK H,ET al.Ten ⁃ year out⁃ comes after drug⁃eluting stents versus coronary artery by⁃ pass grafting for left main coronary disease:extended fol⁃ low ⁃up of the PRECOMBAT trial[J].Circulation,2020,141(18):1437-1446
参考文献 17
SUD M,HAN L,KOH M,et al.Low ⁃ density lipoprotein cholesterol and adverse cardiovascular events after percu⁃ taneous coronary intervention[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2020,76(12):1440-1450
参考文献 18
KONG S,CHEN C,ZHENG G,et al.A prognostic nomo⁃ gram for long⁃term major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome after percutaneous coronary intervention[J].BMC Cardiovasc Disord,2021,21(1):253
参考文献 19
中华医学会心血管病学分会,中华心血管病杂志编辑委员会.急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死诊断和治疗指南 [J].中华心血管病杂志,2015,43(5):380-393
参考文献 20
ZAHLER D,MERDLER I,BANAI A,et al.Predictive val⁃ ue of elevated neutrophil gelatinase ⁃ associated lipocalin(NGAL)levels for assessment of cardio⁃renal interactions among ST ⁃ segment elevation myocardial infarction pa⁃ tients[J].J Clin Med,2022,11(8):2162
参考文献 21
张鑫,张喜文,谷阳.NGAL在早发急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者预后评估中的应用价值[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(10):1453-1456
参考文献 22
LI C,ZHANG Z,PENG Y,et al.Plasma neutrophil gelati⁃ nase ⁃ associated lipocalin levels are associated with the presence and severity of coronary heart disease[J].PLoS One,2019,14(8):e0220841
参考文献 23
WOITAS R P,SCHARNAGL H,KLEBER M E,et al.Neutrophil gelatinase ⁃ associated lipocalin levels are U ⁃ shaped in the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health(LURIC)study ⁃ impact for mortality[J].PLoS One,2017,12(2):e0171574
参考文献 24
OKINA Y,MIURA T,SENDA K,et al.Prognostic ability of mid ⁃term worsening renal function after percutaneous coronary intervention:findings from the SHINANO regis⁃ try[J].Heart Vessels,2021,36(10):1496-1505
参考文献 25
JOO S J,KIM S Y,CHOI J H,et al.Effect of beta⁃blocker therapy in patients with or without left ventricular systolic dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction[J].Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother,2021,7(6):475-482
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:分析早发ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction,STEMI)患者的危险因素,并建立预测早发STEMI患者术后主要心血管不良事件(major adverse cardiac events,MACE)发生风险的列线图模型。方法:选取2017年 1 月—2018 年 12 月在南京医科大学附属淮安第一医院诊断为早发 STEMI 并行经皮冠状动脉介入术(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)治疗的166例患者为研究对象,并随访24个月,依据MACE的发生情况,分为MACE组(62例)与非MACE组 (104例)。利用LASSO回归与Cox回归分析筛选危险因素,并构建列线图预测模型。通过受试者工作特征曲线(receiver opera- ting characteristic curve,ROC)、临床决策曲线(decision curve analysis,DCA)、校准曲线等评估模型的效能,并通过Bootstrap法自抽样验证模型的稳定性。结果:LASSO 回归与 Cox 回归结果表明中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(neutrophil gelatin- ase associated lipocalin,NGAL)、肌酐、发生 AMI 至梗死相关动脉开通的时间、左室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEF)、梗死相关动脉为早发STEMI患者术后发生MACE的重要危险因素(P < 0.05),利用这5个预测指标构建了列线图预测模型。在PCI术后6、12、24个月,模型的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.95(95% CI:0.89~1.00)、0.94(95% CI:0.80~0.99)、0.87(95% CI: 0.82~0.93),均大于单个危险因素;Calibration校准曲线接近理想曲线;DCA曲线显示列线图预测模型在0.25~1阈值概率范围内的表现更好。结论:本研究根据早发STEMI患者PCI术后发生MACE的危险因素构建了列线图预测模型,经Bootstrap内部验证后,该预测模型具有较好的效能与稳定性,能够较为准确地预测早发STEMI患者PCI术后6、12、24个月MACE的发生风险。这有助于针对早发STEMI高危患者进行个体化干预治疗,改善其预后。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to analyze the risk factors of patients with premature ST segment elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI)and to develop a nomogram model to predict the risk of postoperative major adverse cardiac events(MACE)in patients with premature STEMI. Methods:A total of 166 patients diagnosed with premature STEMI undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI)in the Affiliated Huaian No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 2017 to December 2018 were selected as the research subjects,and they were followed up for 24 months. According to the occurrence of MACE,they were divided into MACE group(62 cases)and non-MACE group(104 cases). Risk factors were screened using LASSO regression with Cox regression analysis,and a nomogram prediction model was constructed. The efficacy of the model was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC),clinical decision curve(DCA),calibration curve,etc.,and the stability of the model was verified by Bootstrap self sampling. Results:The results of LASSO regression and Cox regression showed that neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin(NGAL),creatinine,time from AMI to opening of infarct related artery,left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF),infarct related artery were significant risk factors for the occurrence of postoperative MACE in patients with premature STEMI(P < 0.05),and the nomogram prediction model was constructed using these 5 predictors. The areas under the ROC curves of the models were 0.95 (95% CI:0.89~1.00),0.94(95% CI:0.80~0.99),0.87(95% CI:0.82~0.93)at 6,12,24 months after PCI,respectively,which were larger than those of the individual risk factors. The calibration curve is close to the ideal curve. The DCA curves showed better performance of the nomogram prediction model in the 0.25~1 threshold probability range. Conclusion:In this study,a nomogram prediction model was constructed based on the significant risk factors for the occurrence of MACE after PCI in patients with premature STEMI,and after Bootstrap internal validation,the prediction model had better efficacy and stability,and could accurately predict the risk of MACE at 6,12,and 24 months after PCI in patients with premature STEMI. It is helpful to carry out individualized intervention treatment for high-risk patients with premature STEMI and improve their prognoses.

  • 根据世界卫生组织的统计结果,冠状动脉疾病已成为全球最常见的死亡原因之一[1]。其病理生理过程因年龄而异,其中,动脉粥样硬化是老年患者发生急性心肌梗死(acute mesenteric ischemia,AMI) 的常见原因,而血栓形成或斑块破裂是年轻患者发生 AMI 的常见原因[2]。对于早发 AMI,急性事件占很大一部分比例,例如斑块破裂出血,进一步形成血栓,最终导致对应血管堵塞等;而因血管内皮功能障碍导致动脉粥样硬化,这样长期进展的过程在这部分患者中占比较小[3]

  • 目前,越来越多的年轻人被诊断为AMI。在阜外医院一项纳入了 10 724 例样本的研究中,发现 AMI 行经皮冠状动脉介入术(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)治疗的患者中,年轻患者的占比超过了 1/3,这表明 AMI 发病越来越呈现年轻化趋势[4]。这可能与工作负担过重、压力过大、饮食习惯不良、久坐不动、肥胖、吸烟成瘾等危险因素的增加有关。早发心肌梗死通常是指男性≤55 岁、女性≤ 65 岁的心肌梗死[5]。在一些国家,尽管近年来在 AMI患者的治疗方面取得了一定成果,AMI发病率和死亡率较前有所下降,但是在年轻人中却没有观察到这一趋势,年轻患者的预后并没有明显改善,其发病率反而有所增加,特别是女性[6-9]

  • 此外,对于绝大部分发生 AMI 的年轻患者来说,在发病前并没有出现过典型的临床症状,例如最常见的胸痛,下巴、肩膀或手臂放射性疼痛,呼吸困难或短促,出汗,晕厥或上腹部疼痛等。他们既往也没有AMI或心力衰竭病史[10-12]。Egiziano等[12] 同样发现,对于早发 ST 段抬高型心肌梗死(ST⁃segment elevated myocardial infarction,STEMI),只有约1/4的患者在发病前30 d出现过胸痛症状,在女性患者中甚至不足1/4。且早发STEMI患者1个月、1年、10年、 30年死亡率都远远高于同龄人[13]。这对患者的生活方式产生了重大影响,影响家庭和社会生活[14]。因此,早期识别预后较差的这部分患者,并进行临床干预十分重要。

  • 在过去几年中,预测模型被广泛用于冠心病患者危险分层评估。例如,SYNTAX评分侧重于冠状动脉血管的解剖,目前被推荐用于指导冠状动脉血管的血运重建治疗[15],血管造影和临床因素的结合实现了更好的疾病预测。然而,到目前为止,还没有针对早发 STEMI 患者的风险预测模型。具有不同危险因素的患者,他们的预后各不相同,尤其是在高危病例中[16-17],该研究旨在根据患者的临床指标,为早发STEMI患者构建预后列线图模型,并进行内部验证。预测模型将能够更好地评估患者的预后风险,并有助于采取更加个性化的临床治疗策略[18]

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 选取在南京医科大学附属淮安第一医院心内科 2017 年 1 月—2018 年 12 月期间住院并行急诊 PCI术的166例患者作为研究对象。患者入组标准: ①依据《急性 ST 段抬高型心肌梗死诊断和治疗指南》[19] 明确诊断为 STEMI;②男性≤55 岁或女性≤ 65 岁;③纳入研究的患者均在发病后12 h内行急诊 PCI治疗。

  • 排除标准:①既往曾行冠状动脉支架植入术、陈旧性心肌梗死、心脏瓣膜病、先天性心脏病;②重症感染;③严重肝功能障碍或其他重要脏器损害;④合并风湿性疾病等;⑤临床资料缺失。

  • 结局事件:主要心血管不良事件(major adverse cardiac events,MACE)被定义为本研究的终点,指致死性心血管病、非致死性心肌梗死、非致死性脑卒中、复发心绞痛。其中,致死性心血管病包括由于 AMI导致患者突然出现室颤,或者诱发患者出现左心衰竭,导致患者死亡。非致死性脑卒中包括缺血性脑卒中、出血性脑卒中,但患者没有发生死亡。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 临床资料收集

  • 收集2017年1月—2018年12月在南京医科大学附属淮安第一医院诊断为早发STEMI并行PCI患者的临床资料。人口学资料包括性别、年龄和患者的体重指数(body mass index,BMI)。术前临床指标包括血清肌酐水平、空腹血糖、低密度脂蛋白(low⁃ density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL⁃C)、中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(neutrophil gelatinase as⁃ sociated lipocalin,NGAL)。入院后即刻抽取外周静脉血样本,并在该院中心实验室进行检测。术后第 1天检查超声心动图并记录左室射血分数(left ven⁃ tricular ejection fraction,LVEF)。患者的病史资料包括高血压病史、糖尿病病史、冠心病家族史、吸烟史。记录梗死相关动脉(用 Artery 表示)以及发生 AMI至梗死相关动脉开通的时间(用TIME表示)。

  • 1.2.2 随访和分组

  • 通过门诊或电话随访患者出院后 24 个月 MACE的发生情况,记录发生MACE的时间(MACE TIME)。若24个月内患者发生MACE,则时间记录为出院后到发生 MACE 的月数。若 24 个月内未发生,则时间记录为24个月。根据MACE的发生情况分为MACE组与非MACE组。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 原始数据采用R语言(R 4.1.3)进行统计分析,根据资料类型的不同定义数值与因子型。符合正态分布的计量资料用均值 ± 标准差(x-±s)表示,两组间比较采用独立样本 t 检验;不符合正态分布的计量资料以中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示,两组间比较采用Wilcoxon秩和检验。计数资料以百分比表示。纳入模型的预测变量首先使用LASSO回归进行筛选,以 Lambda.1se 的值作为最优解,此时系数不为零的变量被纳入下一步分析,通过“glmnet” 软件包实现。LASSO 回归筛选出的变量进一步通过单因素与多因素 Cox 比例风险回归确定其与 MACE的关联,将单因素Cox回归分析中P < 0.05的变量纳入多因素 Cox 回归分析,多因素 Cox 回归分析中P < 0.05的预测变量纳入构建列线图模型,使用“rms”软件包完成。受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC)、Calibration 曲线用于评估模型的预测效能,使用“ggplot2”、“pROC”、 “timeROC”等软件包实现。临床决策曲线(decision curve analysis,DCA)用于评估模型的临床适用性,使用“dca”软件包完成。模型的内部验证采用加强 Bootstrap方法,抽样次数为1 000次。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 患者的基线特征以及 MACE 组与非 MACE 组的比较

  • 本研究最终纳入 166 例接受 PCI 治疗的早发 STEMI患者,依据患者出院后MACE的发生情况分为 MACE 组(62 例,37%)与非 MACE 组(104 例, 63%)。入组患者基线特征及组间比较详见表1。两组肌酐、LVEF、NGAL、发生AMI至梗死相关动脉开通的时间、梗死相关动脉差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01,表1)。随访 6、12、24 个月 MACE 的发生率分别为 9.6%、10.0%、22.9%,卡方检验显示 6 个月与 24个月、12个月与24个月的MACE发生率差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。

  • 2.2 使用LASSO回归筛选MACE危险因素

  • 对于预测因子的选择,首先使用LASSO回归对其进行处理,纳入LASSO回归的变量有性别、年龄、 BMI、吸烟史、高血压病史、糖尿病病史、冠心病家族史、空腹血糖、LDL⁃C、肌酐、LVEF、NGAL、发生AMI 到梗死相关动脉开通的时间、梗死相关动脉,这些变量作为x。使用结局事件以及发生结局事件的时间构建生存函数,作为y。将x和y纳入glmnet函数拟合的广义线性模型,并通过cv.glmnet函数进行20次交叉验证,以Lambda.1se的值作为最优解,此时系数不为0的预测因子即作为对MACE的发生具有重要作用的变量,被用做下一步分析(图1)。经过LASSO 回归筛选,系数不为零的预测因子为NGAL(0.004)、肌酐(0.043)、发生AMI到梗死相关动脉开通的时间 (0.071)、LVEF(-0.015)、梗死相关动脉(0.440)。

  • 2.3 早发STEMI患者MACE风险的Cox回归分析

  • 通过LASSO回归最终筛选出5个危险因素,分别为NGAL、肌酐、发生AMI到梗死相关动脉开通的时间、LVEF、梗死相关动脉,将它们纳入Cox回归分析。结果表明经过单因素与多因素分析,NGAL、肌酐、发生AMI到梗死相关动脉开通的时间、LVEF均有统计学意义,被纳入构建预测模型(表2)。对于梗死相关动脉,设置哑变量,以回旋支作为参考变量,发现梗死相关动脉为前降支时具有统计学意义,梗死相关动脉为右冠脉时P值为0.67,不具有统计学意义,但是考虑到梗死相关动脉与患者的梗死部位与梗死面积有关,仍将其纳入构建预测模型。

  • 表1 MACE组与非MACE组临床资料比较

  • Table1 General data of MACE group and non⁃MACE group

  • 图1 早发STEMI患者术后发生MACE风险因素的LASSO回归筛选结果

  • Figure1 LASSO regression screening results of risk factors for MACE in patients with premature STEMI

  • 2.4 列线图预测模型的构建

  • 根据LASSO回归与Cox回归分析获得的结果,将5个预测因子NGAL、肌酐、发生AMI到梗死相关动脉开通的时间(TIME)、LVEF、梗死相关动脉(Ar⁃ tery)纳入构建列线图预测模型(图2)。列线图解读方法为:在每个检测指标对应数值处作垂线,获得对应“Points”轴的分数,再将每个检测指标的分数相加,得到总分(Total Points),即可获得该患者半年、 1 年、2年MACE发生的概率。例如某早发STEMI并行 PCI 术的患者,肌酐为 80 μmol/L、LVEF 为 40%、 NGAL 为 240 ng/mL、TIME 为 8 h,梗死相关动脉为右冠脉,则该患者对应的总分为50+30+30+20+10= 140 分,则该患者 6 个月 MACE 事件发生的概率为 15%,12 个月 MACE 事件发生的概率为 40%,24 个月MACE事件发生的概率为80%。

  • 2.5 评估列线图预测模型的效能

  • 比较了 PCI 术后 6、12、24 个月的 NGAL、肌酐、发生 AMI 到梗死相关动脉开通的时间(TIME)、 LVEF、梗死相关动脉(Artery)与列线图模型的ROC 曲线(图3)。6 个月时 AUC⁃ TIME:0.81(95%CI:0.67~0.94),AUC⁃ NGAL:0.84(95%CI:0.73~0.94),AUC⁃ LVEF: 0.69(95% CI:0.56~0.79),AUC ⁃ 肌酐:0.83(95% CI: 0.70~0.94),AUC ⁃ Artery:0.71(95% CI:0.63~0.83), AUC ⁃ Model:0.95(95% CI:0.89~1.00)。 12 个月时 AUC ⁃ TIME:0.80(95% CI:0.71~0.89),AUC ⁃ NGAL:0.85 (95% CI:0.77~0.93),AUC⁃ LVEF:0.67(95% CI:0.57~0.77),AUC⁃肌酐:0.82(95%CI:0.74~0.90),AUC⁃Artery:0.65 (95%CI:0.55~0.75),AUC ⁃ Model:0.94(95%CI:0.80~0.99)。24个月时AUC⁃TIME:0.64(95%CI:0.55~0.73),AUC ⁃ NGAL:0.66(95% CI:0.57~0.75),AUC ⁃ LVEF:0.69 (95% CI:0.61~0.77),AUC⁃ 肌酐:0.81(95% CI:0.75~0.88),AUC⁃ Artery:0.70(95%CI:0.62~0.76),AUC⁃ Model: 0.87(95%CI:0.82~0.93)。在PCI术后6、12、24个月时,列线图模型的 AUC 均高于单个危险因素的 AUC,且在 6、12、24 个月时,列线图模型的 AUC 为 0.95(95%CI:0.89~1.00)、0.94(95%CI:0.80~0.99)、 0.87(95%CI:0.82~0.93),均显示出列线图模型有更好的预测效能。

  • 表2 早发STEMI患者术后发生MACE风险的Cox回归分析

  • Table2 Cox regression analysis of risk factors for MACE in patients with premature STEMI

  • 图2 预测早发STEMI患者PCI术后发生MACE风险的列线图

  • Figure2 A nomogram predicting the risk of MACE in patients with premature STEMI

  • 将PCI术后6、12、24个月列线图的预测风险与实际 MACE 发生率进行比较,列线图预测的早发 STEMI患者出院后发生MACE事件的实际曲线均接近理想曲线(图4),模型预测的校准度令人满意。

  • 在终点时间为 24 个月的早发 STEMI 患者队列中,通过列线图计算总预后评分,以列线图模型 ROC 曲线的最佳 cutoff 值 374.12 为界值,分为低风险组(评分< 374.12)和高风险组(评分≥374.12)。两组的Kaplan⁃Meier曲线清楚地表明列线图在区分高风险和低风险患者方面稳定(P < 0.001,图5)。

  • 图3 ROC曲线分析不同时间各指标对MACE发生风险的预测效果

  • Figure3 ROC curve analysis of the prediction effect of various indicators at different times on the risk of MACE

  • 图4 不同时间列线图模型的校准曲线分析

  • Figure4 Calibration curve analysis of nomograph models at different times

  • 根据患者出院后 24 个月内 MACE 的发生情况以及纳入模型的危险因素,对预测模型列线图进行了DCA曲线分析(图6)。在0.25~1概率范围内,模型表现更好。

  • 2.6 列线图预测模型的内部验证

  • 使用加强Bootstrap验证1 000次重抽样对构建的模型进行验证(表3)。C ⁃ index 均>0.8,Brier Score均<0.25,表明经过加强Bootstrap验证的列线图模型的区分能力与校准能力均较好。Hosmer ⁃ Lemeshow 检验结果为χ2 =5.11,P =0.75,表明列线图预测模型与实际值之间差异无统计学意义。

  • 3 讨论

  • 本研究显示,MACE组NGAL、发生AMI到梗死相关动脉开通的时间、肌酐、梗死相关动脉为前降支的患者人数高于非MACE组,LVEF低于非MACE 组。经过LASSO 回归筛选的危险因素为NGAL、发生AMI到梗死相关动脉开通的时间、肌酐、LVEF、梗死相关动脉为前降支,经过多因素Cox回归分析验证后,均为影响早发STEMI患者院外MACE事件发生的独立风险因素(P < 0.01)。Zahler 等[20] 的研究纳入267例STEMI患者,将NGAL数值>第3个三分位数的患者定义为高 NGAL 组,结果显示高 NGAL 组的短期不良结局持续增加,平均LVEF更低,30 d 死亡率更高,MACE复合结局的发生率更高。在多因素Cox回归模型中,高 NGAL 成为 MACE的强且独立的预测因子(OR:2.07,95%CI:1.15~3.73,P = 0.014),这与我们既往研究结果相似[21]。在Li等[22] 的一项研究中,与其他炎症标志物(如C反应蛋白) 相比,NGAL 在区分严重冠状动脉狭窄患者方面更好。但是有研究表明,NGAL 对冠状动脉疾病死亡率的预后意义主要来源于伴随的较高中性粒细胞计数,并且它并不独立于肾功能[23]。Chalikias 等[8]纳入了518例AMI患者,平均随访时间为5.6年。发现出院时肌酐升高、患有AKI的患者死亡风险增加了3倍(HR:3.2,P =0.001);且这部分患者在长期随访中,MACE 发生率(26%)显著高于肌酐正常的患者(15%),肌酐与AMI患者的预后有关。Okina等[24] 同样发现与非中期肾功能恶化患者相比,中期肾功能恶化患者的MACE、全因死亡、心肌梗死的发生率显著增加(P均< 0.001)。由此可见,肌酐升高、肾功能恶化是AMI患者接受初次PCI 预后的重要预测因素。Joo 等[25] 发现,对于LVEF≤40%和40%< LVEF< 50%的患者,出院时接受β受体阻滞剂治疗与较低的 1年 MACE相关,但不适用于LVEF≥50%的患者,可见较低的LVEF与AMI患者出院后MACE事件的发生有关。这些结果都与本研究结论相似。

  • 图5 高风险组与低风险组KM曲线

  • Figure5 KM plot of high risk group and low risk group

  • 图6 列线图模型的DCA曲线分析

  • Figure6 DCA curve analysis of nomogram model

  • 表3 加强Bootstrap验证后的统计量

  • Table3 Strengthen statistics after Bootstrap verification

  • 注:* C⁃index> 0.8 表明模型有较好的区分度,Brier Score< 0.25 表明模型有较好的校准度。

  • 另外,本研究通过 LASSO 回归评估影响早发 STEMI患者术后发生MACE的危险因素,选择了5个预测变量。然后将获得的5个预测变量纳入Cox回归分析,基于多因素Cox回归分析的结果,构建了列线图预测模型。列线图模型预测早发 STEMI 患者术后6、12、24个月发生MACE风险的ROC曲线下面积为 0.95(95% CI:0.89~1.00),0.94(95% CI:0.80~0.99),0.87(95%CI:0.82~0.93);内部验证后6个月的 C⁃index为0.93、brier score为0.06,12个月的c⁃index 为0.92、brier score为0.08,24个月的c⁃index为0.83、 brier score 为 0.19;Hosmer⁃Lemeshow 偏差性检验结果为χ2 =5.11、P =0.75,表明列线图预测模型的预测值与实际值之间的偏差不存在统计学意义;列线图模型预测早发STEMI患者术后MACE风险的实际曲线接近理想曲线;DCA曲线显示列线图预测模型在 0.25~1概率范围内表现更好;总预后评分能明显区分高风险组和低风险组;同时,患者的预测指标简单易得,该列线图预测模型在临床应用上较为简便。

  • 综上所述,肌酐、NGAL、发生AMI到梗死相关动脉开通的时间、LVEF、梗死相关动脉是早发STEMI患者 PCI 术后发生 MACE 事件的重要影响因素,且基于上述影响因素构建的列线图预测模型在内部验证前后均具有较好的稳定性,能够作为早期预测早发 STEMI 患者 PCI 术后发生 MACE 风险的有效工具。但本研究仍然存在一定局限性:本研究为单中心,样本量较小,可能存在选择偏倚。对于构建的列线图预测模型,只进行了内部验证,而并未进行外部验证,其外部适用性尚不能明确,仍需要进一步选择其他中心满足条件的患者进行外部验证。今后将继续随访并进一步探讨早发STEMI患者PCI术后的远期预后情况。同时考虑针对患者进行个体化干预研究,以期为改善早发STEMI患者PCI术后的预后提供依据。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] KONG S,CHEN C,ZHENG G,et al.A prognostic nomo⁃ gram for long⁃term major adverse cardiovaslucar events in patients with acute coronary syndrome after percutaneous coronary intervention[J].BMC Cardiovas Disord,2021,21(1):253

    • [2] ZGHEIB H,AL SOUKY N,EL MAJZOUB I,et al.Com⁃ parison of outcomes in ST⁃elevation myocardial infarction according to age[J].Am J Emerg Med,2020,38(3):485-490

    • [3] MOOKADAM F,ARTHUR H M.Premature myocardial infarction:an updated overview[J].Webmed Central,2011,2(12):WMCRW001228

    • [4] 许晶晶,姜琳,宋莹,等.早发急性心肌梗死的影响因素及其PCI术后远期预后[J].中华心血管病杂志,2020,48(8):655-660

    • [5] DUGANI S B,MURAD W,DAMILIG K,et al.Premature myocardial infarction in the Middle East and North Afri⁃ ca:rationale for the Gulf PREVENT study[J].Angiology,2020,71(1):17-26

    • [6] NEDKOFF L,GOLDACRE R,GREENLAND M,et al.Comparative trends in coronary heart disease subgroup hospitalisation rates in England and Australia[J].Heart,2019,105(17):1343-1350

    • [7] ARORA S,STOUFFER G A,KUCHARSKA⁃NEWTON A M,et al.Twenty year trends and sex differences in young adults hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction[J].Circulation,2019,139(8):1047-1056

    • [8] CHALIKIAS G,SERIF L,KIKAS P,et al.Long⁃term im⁃ pact of acute kidney injury on prognosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction[J].Int J Cardiol,2019,283:48-54

    • [9] VAUTRIN E,JEAN A B P,FOURNY M,et al.Sex diffe⁃ rences in coronary artery lesions and in⁃hospital outcomes for patients with ST⁃segment elevation myocardial infarc⁃ tion under the age of 45[J].Catheter Cardiovasc Interv,2020,96(6):1222-1230

    • [10] BUCHOLZ E M,STRAIT K M,DREYER R P,et al.Edi⁃ tor’s choice ⁃sex differences in young patients with acute myocardial infarction:a VIRGO study analysis[J].Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care,2017,6(7):610-622

    • [11] MATSIS K,HOLLEY A,AL ⁃ SINAN A,et al.Differing clinical characteristics between young and older patients presenting with myocardial infarction[J].Heart Lung Circ,2017,26(6):566-571

    • [12] EGIZIANO G,AKHTARI S,PILOTE L,et al.Sex diffe ⁃ rences in young patients with acute myocardial infarction [J].Diabet Med,2013,30(3):e108-14

    • [13] SCHMIDT M,SZEPLIGETI S,HORVATH ⁃ PUHO E,et al.Long⁃term survival among patients with myocardial in⁃ farction before age 50 compared with the general popula⁃ tion:a danish nationwide cohort study[J].Circ Cardio⁃ vasc Qual Outcomes,2016,9(5):523-31

    • [14] JAIN M,SONATHI V,RATHI H,et al.The economic im⁃ pact of cardiovascular events in patients post myocardial infarction:Uk health care perspective[J].Value Health,2014,17(7):A483-4

    • [15] STEFANINI G G,MALANCHINI G,SOUSA ⁃UVA M,et al.What’s new in the 2018 ESC/EACTS guidelines on myocardial revascularization?[J].G Ital Cardiol(Rome),2018,19(11 Suppl 2):5S-9S

    • [16] PARK D W,AHN J M,PARK H,ET al.Ten ⁃ year out⁃ comes after drug⁃eluting stents versus coronary artery by⁃ pass grafting for left main coronary disease:extended fol⁃ low ⁃up of the PRECOMBAT trial[J].Circulation,2020,141(18):1437-1446

    • [17] SUD M,HAN L,KOH M,et al.Low ⁃ density lipoprotein cholesterol and adverse cardiovascular events after percu⁃ taneous coronary intervention[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2020,76(12):1440-1450

    • [18] KONG S,CHEN C,ZHENG G,et al.A prognostic nomo⁃ gram for long⁃term major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome after percutaneous coronary intervention[J].BMC Cardiovasc Disord,2021,21(1):253

    • [19] 中华医学会心血管病学分会,中华心血管病杂志编辑委员会.急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死诊断和治疗指南 [J].中华心血管病杂志,2015,43(5):380-393

    • [20] ZAHLER D,MERDLER I,BANAI A,et al.Predictive val⁃ ue of elevated neutrophil gelatinase ⁃ associated lipocalin(NGAL)levels for assessment of cardio⁃renal interactions among ST ⁃ segment elevation myocardial infarction pa⁃ tients[J].J Clin Med,2022,11(8):2162

    • [21] 张鑫,张喜文,谷阳.NGAL在早发急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者预后评估中的应用价值[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(10):1453-1456

    • [22] LI C,ZHANG Z,PENG Y,et al.Plasma neutrophil gelati⁃ nase ⁃ associated lipocalin levels are associated with the presence and severity of coronary heart disease[J].PLoS One,2019,14(8):e0220841

    • [23] WOITAS R P,SCHARNAGL H,KLEBER M E,et al.Neutrophil gelatinase ⁃ associated lipocalin levels are U ⁃ shaped in the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health(LURIC)study ⁃ impact for mortality[J].PLoS One,2017,12(2):e0171574

    • [24] OKINA Y,MIURA T,SENDA K,et al.Prognostic ability of mid ⁃term worsening renal function after percutaneous coronary intervention:findings from the SHINANO regis⁃ try[J].Heart Vessels,2021,36(10):1496-1505

    • [25] JOO S J,KIM S Y,CHOI J H,et al.Effect of beta⁃blocker therapy in patients with or without left ventricular systolic dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction[J].Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother,2021,7(6):475-482

  • 参考文献

    • [1] KONG S,CHEN C,ZHENG G,et al.A prognostic nomo⁃ gram for long⁃term major adverse cardiovaslucar events in patients with acute coronary syndrome after percutaneous coronary intervention[J].BMC Cardiovas Disord,2021,21(1):253

    • [2] ZGHEIB H,AL SOUKY N,EL MAJZOUB I,et al.Com⁃ parison of outcomes in ST⁃elevation myocardial infarction according to age[J].Am J Emerg Med,2020,38(3):485-490

    • [3] MOOKADAM F,ARTHUR H M.Premature myocardial infarction:an updated overview[J].Webmed Central,2011,2(12):WMCRW001228

    • [4] 许晶晶,姜琳,宋莹,等.早发急性心肌梗死的影响因素及其PCI术后远期预后[J].中华心血管病杂志,2020,48(8):655-660

    • [5] DUGANI S B,MURAD W,DAMILIG K,et al.Premature myocardial infarction in the Middle East and North Afri⁃ ca:rationale for the Gulf PREVENT study[J].Angiology,2020,71(1):17-26

    • [6] NEDKOFF L,GOLDACRE R,GREENLAND M,et al.Comparative trends in coronary heart disease subgroup hospitalisation rates in England and Australia[J].Heart,2019,105(17):1343-1350

    • [7] ARORA S,STOUFFER G A,KUCHARSKA⁃NEWTON A M,et al.Twenty year trends and sex differences in young adults hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction[J].Circulation,2019,139(8):1047-1056

    • [8] CHALIKIAS G,SERIF L,KIKAS P,et al.Long⁃term im⁃ pact of acute kidney injury on prognosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction[J].Int J Cardiol,2019,283:48-54

    • [9] VAUTRIN E,JEAN A B P,FOURNY M,et al.Sex diffe⁃ rences in coronary artery lesions and in⁃hospital outcomes for patients with ST⁃segment elevation myocardial infarc⁃ tion under the age of 45[J].Catheter Cardiovasc Interv,2020,96(6):1222-1230

    • [10] BUCHOLZ E M,STRAIT K M,DREYER R P,et al.Edi⁃ tor’s choice ⁃sex differences in young patients with acute myocardial infarction:a VIRGO study analysis[J].Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care,2017,6(7):610-622

    • [11] MATSIS K,HOLLEY A,AL ⁃ SINAN A,et al.Differing clinical characteristics between young and older patients presenting with myocardial infarction[J].Heart Lung Circ,2017,26(6):566-571

    • [12] EGIZIANO G,AKHTARI S,PILOTE L,et al.Sex diffe ⁃ rences in young patients with acute myocardial infarction [J].Diabet Med,2013,30(3):e108-14

    • [13] SCHMIDT M,SZEPLIGETI S,HORVATH ⁃ PUHO E,et al.Long⁃term survival among patients with myocardial in⁃ farction before age 50 compared with the general popula⁃ tion:a danish nationwide cohort study[J].Circ Cardio⁃ vasc Qual Outcomes,2016,9(5):523-31

    • [14] JAIN M,SONATHI V,RATHI H,et al.The economic im⁃ pact of cardiovascular events in patients post myocardial infarction:Uk health care perspective[J].Value Health,2014,17(7):A483-4

    • [15] STEFANINI G G,MALANCHINI G,SOUSA ⁃UVA M,et al.What’s new in the 2018 ESC/EACTS guidelines on myocardial revascularization?[J].G Ital Cardiol(Rome),2018,19(11 Suppl 2):5S-9S

    • [16] PARK D W,AHN J M,PARK H,ET al.Ten ⁃ year out⁃ comes after drug⁃eluting stents versus coronary artery by⁃ pass grafting for left main coronary disease:extended fol⁃ low ⁃up of the PRECOMBAT trial[J].Circulation,2020,141(18):1437-1446

    • [17] SUD M,HAN L,KOH M,et al.Low ⁃ density lipoprotein cholesterol and adverse cardiovascular events after percu⁃ taneous coronary intervention[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2020,76(12):1440-1450

    • [18] KONG S,CHEN C,ZHENG G,et al.A prognostic nomo⁃ gram for long⁃term major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome after percutaneous coronary intervention[J].BMC Cardiovasc Disord,2021,21(1):253

    • [19] 中华医学会心血管病学分会,中华心血管病杂志编辑委员会.急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死诊断和治疗指南 [J].中华心血管病杂志,2015,43(5):380-393

    • [20] ZAHLER D,MERDLER I,BANAI A,et al.Predictive val⁃ ue of elevated neutrophil gelatinase ⁃ associated lipocalin(NGAL)levels for assessment of cardio⁃renal interactions among ST ⁃ segment elevation myocardial infarction pa⁃ tients[J].J Clin Med,2022,11(8):2162

    • [21] 张鑫,张喜文,谷阳.NGAL在早发急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者预后评估中的应用价值[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(10):1453-1456

    • [22] LI C,ZHANG Z,PENG Y,et al.Plasma neutrophil gelati⁃ nase ⁃ associated lipocalin levels are associated with the presence and severity of coronary heart disease[J].PLoS One,2019,14(8):e0220841

    • [23] WOITAS R P,SCHARNAGL H,KLEBER M E,et al.Neutrophil gelatinase ⁃ associated lipocalin levels are U ⁃ shaped in the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health(LURIC)study ⁃ impact for mortality[J].PLoS One,2017,12(2):e0171574

    • [24] OKINA Y,MIURA T,SENDA K,et al.Prognostic ability of mid ⁃term worsening renal function after percutaneous coronary intervention:findings from the SHINANO regis⁃ try[J].Heart Vessels,2021,36(10):1496-1505

    • [25] JOO S J,KIM S Y,CHOI J H,et al.Effect of beta⁃blocker therapy in patients with or without left ventricular systolic dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction[J].Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother,2021,7(6):475-482