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通讯作者:

顾敏,E-mail:18851721609@163.com

中图分类号:R589.7

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2022)11-1565-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20221110

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨无症状高尿酸血症患者凝血功能相关指标的变化,及随着血清尿酸(serum uric acid,SUA)水平增高, SUA与凝血功能的关系。方法:收集2018年1月—2021年9月于南京医科大学第一附属医院健康管理中心进行健康体检的人群共2389例,其中男1497例,女892例。由于男性、女性SUA水平的差异,故分开讨论。比较无症状高尿酸血症患者凝血功能相关指标[凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time,PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT)、纤维蛋白原(fibrinogen,FIB)、凝血酶时间(thrombin time,TT)、D-二聚体(D-dimer,DD)和血小板(platelet,PLT)]。根据SUA四分位水平将男性、女性各分为4组,分析随着SUA水平的增高,凝血功能相关指标的变化,以及SUA与凝血功能相关指标的相关性。结果:男性无症状高尿酸血症患病率明显高于女性(P <0.001)。男性、女性无症状高尿酸血症患者血浆PT缩短,血浆FIB、全血 PLT 水平上升(P 均<0.05)。随着 SUA 水平的升高,男性不同组别间血浆 PT、FIB、全血 PLT 差异有统计学意义(P 均< 0.05),女性不同组别间血浆PT差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。男性SUA水平与血浆PT、DD呈负相关,与血浆FIB、全血PLT水平呈正相关(均P <0.05),女性SUA水平与血浆PT呈负相关,与血浆FIB、TT呈正相关(P均<0.05)。结论:血清高尿酸水平可增加血浆黏度,活化血小板,影响外源性凝血功能,临床诊治中对无症状高尿酸血症应正确认识和及时干预,建议按时常规体检,为早期预防凝血功能异常性疾病提供有效保障。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to observe the changes of coagulation indexes in patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia, and analyze its correlation with the increasing serum uric acid(SUA)level. Methods:Data were collected from 2389 patients who have taken physical examinations in the Health Management Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 2018 to September 2021,including 1497 males and 892 females. Due to the difference in SUA levels between males and females,they were discussed separately. The following coagulation indexes of patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia were analyzed: prothrombin time(PT),activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT),fibrinogen(FIB),thrombin time(TT),D-dimer(DD)and platelet (PLT). The data of males and females were separately divided into four groups according to the SUA quartile level. With the increase of the SUA level,the changes of coagulation indexes and its correlation with SUA were analyzed. Results:The prevalence of asymptomatic hyperuricemia was significantly higher in males than that in females(P <0.001). Both in male and female asymptomatic hyperuricemia patients,data displayed shortened plasma PT(P <0.05),while the levels of FIB and PLT increased(P <0.05). With the increase of SUA level,there were statistically significant differences in PT,FIB and PLT among different groups in males(P <0.05), and there existed statistically significant differences in plasma PT among different female groups(P <0.05). The SUA level of male patients was negatively correlated with PT nor DD,and positively correlated with FIB and PLT(P <0.05). The SUA level of female patients was negatively correlated with PT,and positively correlated with FIB and TT(P <0.05). Conclusion:The high SUA levels can increase plasma viscosity,activate platelets and affect exogenous coagulation function,suggesting correct recognition and timely intervention of asymptomatic hyperuricemia in clinical diagnosis and treatment. Periodic physical examination is highly recommended to provide effective guarantee for early prevention of coagulation disorders.

  • 尿酸(uric acid,UA)是循环系统中的嘌呤在一系列酶作用下的氧化产物[1]。正常情况下,人体每日生成和排泄的尿酸处于动态平衡,血液中 UA 水平增高提示这种平衡出现了异常,超过临床参考范围时即为高尿酸血症(hyperuricemia,HUA),不伴有痛风发作的为无症状 HUA。随着社会经济的发展和生活水平的提高,HUA患病率呈逐年上升趋势[2],我国男性 HUA 患病率高达 18.5%,女性为 8.0%[3],已成为一项严峻的公共卫生问题。早期HUA虽然没有明显的关节炎、泌尿系统结石等临床症状,但长期高血清尿酸(serum uric acid,SUA)水平可引发或伴发多种疾病。一系列流行病学研究提示SUA水平的升高与心血管疾病[4-8]、肾脏疾病[9-10]、代谢综合征[11-13] 等之间存在关联,即随着 SUA 水平的升高,患上述疾病和死亡的风险明显增加。近年研究表明,持续高水平SUA可导致血液流变学异常,主要是血浆黏度升高和红细胞特性改变,机体处于高凝状态,极易诱发血栓等凝血功能异常疾病[14],给人们的健康带来严重隐患,是需要密切关注的重要研究方向。本研究旨在通过分析健康体检人群 SUA 与凝血功能相关指标的关系,为凝血功能异常性疾病的早期预防和无症状HUA患者的健康综合管理提供科学依据。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 收集2018年1月—2021年9月于南京医科大学第一附属医院健康管理中心进行健康体检的人群,分别检测 SUA、血浆凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time,PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT)、纤维蛋白原(fibrinogen, FIB)、凝血酶时间(thrombin time,TT)、D⁃二聚体(D⁃ dimer,DD)和全血血小板(platelet,PLT)。纳入标准:①年龄≥18岁;②查体前3 d内正常嘌呤饮食及作息;③查体当天空腹采血,无剧烈运动;④临床资料完整。排除标准:①既往有痛风发作史;②SUA、血浆 PT、APTT、FIB、TT、DD 或全血 PLT 指标缺失者;③存在代谢性疾病及肿瘤、急慢性感染性疾病、自身免疫性疾病、肝肾功能损伤,消化系统、血液系统等其他系统疾病;④目前服用影响尿酸代谢和凝血功能的药物;⑤孕期女性;⑥近5年有严重创伤、手术或化疗;⑦近6个月发生过脑卒中或心功能障碍等心血管相关疾病。所有研究对象均知情同意并经医院伦理委员会批准。

  • 按以上方案,本研究筛选体检人群3 431例,剔除 1 042 例,共入选 2 389 例为研究对象。其中,男 1 497例,年龄18~86岁,中位年龄50岁;女892例,年龄19~88岁,中位年龄51岁。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 一般资料

  • 收集研究对象的年龄、空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose,FBG)和血脂等基本资料,其中血脂指标包括总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(triglyc⁃ eride,TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipo⁃ protein,HDL⁃C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein,LDL⁃C)、脂蛋白a(lipoprotein a,LPa)。

  • 1.2.2 标本采集及检测

  • 采集研究对象晨起空腹静脉血5 mL于含有血清分离胶和促凝剂的真空采血管中,室温3 000 r/min离心5 min分离血清;2.7 mL于3.2%枸橼酸钠抗凝的真空采血管中,轻柔混匀后室温1 500 g离心15 min分离血浆;2 mL 于 EDTA⁃K2抗凝的真空采血管中,上下轻柔颠倒混匀。

  • 采用Beckman Coulter AU5800全自动生化分析仪及其配套试剂检测 SUA 水平,采用 Sysmex CS5100全自动凝血分析仪及其配套试剂检测血浆 PT、APTT、FIB、TT和DD,采用Sysmex XN⁃1000全自动血液分析仪及其配套试剂检测全血PLT水平。上述检测项目每年卫生部室间质量评价成绩合格,且每日多水平质量控制合格。上述操作均于标本采集后2 h内完成。

  • 1.2.3 无症状HUA定义及凝血相关指标正常参考值范围

  • 国际上将HUA的诊断定义为正常嘌呤饮食状态下,空腹 SUA 水平男性> 416 μmol/L(7 mg/dL),女性> 357 μmol/L(6 mg/dL)[15],没有痛风发作的HUA 称为无症状HUA。

  • 凝血相关指标正常参考值范围:PT,8.00~14.00 s; APTT,25.0~31.3 s;FIB,2.00~4.00 g/L;TT,15~21 s; DD,<0.55 mg/L;PLT,125×109 个/L~350×109 个/L。

  • 1.2.4 分组方法

  • 男性SUA水平为381(333,433)μmol/ L,根据其四分位数将男性研究对象分为4组:Q1≤333 μmol/L, 333 μmol/L<Q2≤381 μmol/L,381 μmol/L<Q3 ≤433 μmol/L,Q4>433 μmol/L;女性 SUA 水平为 274(238,319)μmol/ L,根据其四分位数将女性研究对象分为 4 组:Q1≤238 μmol/L,238 μmol/L< Q2≤274 μmol/L,274 μmol/L<Q3≤319 μmol/L,Q4 >319 μmol/L。非无症状HUA组即UA正常对照组。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用 SPSS 24.0 软件进行数据统计分析,P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。研究中计量资料经Kol⁃ mogorov⁃Smirnov检验呈非正态分布,各指标水平以中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示,多组间比较采用 Kruskal ⁃Wallis H 检验,组间两两比较采用 Mann⁃Whitney U检验,SUA水平与凝血功能相关指标的相关性采用非参数 Spearman 相关分析。计数资料以例(百分比)表示,组间比较采用卡方检验。采用GraphPad Prism 9.0 软件绘制散点图。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 男性、女性一般资料比较

  • 各组之间年龄、TC、TG、HDL⁃C、LDL⁃C、LPa 和 FBG的差异均无统计学意义(P >0.05,表1)。

  • 2.2 男性、女性无症状HUA患病率比较

  • 男性无症状HUA患病率(31.6%)明显高于女性(11.8%),差异有统计学意义(P <0.001,表2)。

  • 2.3 男性、女性无症状 HUA 患者血浆 PT、APTT、 FIB、TT、DD和全血PLT变化分析

  • 与男性 UA正常对照组相比,男性无症状 HUA 患者中位血浆PT(11.4 s vs.11.3 s,P =0.019)缩短,中位血浆 FIB(2.53 g/L vs.2.58 g/L,P =0.019)、中位全血PLT(200×109 个/L vs.206×109 个/L,P =0.002)水平上升,中位血浆APTT、TT、DD差异无统计学意义(图1);与女性UA正常对照组相比,女性无症状HUA患者中位血浆PT(11.5 s vs.11.3 s,P <0.001)缩短,中位血浆 FIB(2.64 g/L vs.2.83 g/L,P =0.002)、中位全血 PLT(208×109 个/L vs.231×109 个/L,P <0.001)水平上升,血浆APTT、TT、DD差异无统计学意义(图2)。

  • 2.4 男性、女性不同组别凝血功能相关指标的比较

  • 男性随着 SUA 水平的升高,不同组别间血浆 PT、FIB、全血 PLT 差异具有统计学意义(P <0.05,表3);女性随着SUA的升高,不同组别间血浆PT差异具有统计学意义(P <0.05,表4)。

  • 2.5 男性、女性SUA水平与凝血功能相关指标的相关性分析

  • 男性SUA水平与血浆PT、DD呈负相关,与血浆 FIB、全血 PLT 水平呈正相关(P <0.05,表5);女性 SUA 水平与血浆 PT 呈负相关,与血浆 FIB、TT 呈正相关(P <0.05,表6)。

  • 3 讨论

  • 近年来,由于生活方式和饮食习惯的改变,我国 HUA 患病率已从 20 世纪 80 年代初期的 1.4%上升到21世纪初期的10%[16],部分沿海地区和发达城市甚至可达20%[17-18]。本研究数据分析表明,男性无症状HUA患病率明显高于女性,与以往研究结果一致[3]

  • 表1 研究对象一般资料

  • Table1 General information of research subjects

  • 表2 男性、女性无症状HUA患病率比较

  • Table2 Comparison of asymptomatic HUA prevalence in males and females

  • χ2 =119.782,P <0.001。

  • 机体高 SUA 状态可以导致组织中尿酸单钠结晶沉积,通过UA转运体在细胞内积聚,激活ERK1/2 和P38通路,上调单核细胞趋化蛋白⁃1并诱导环氧化酶⁃2,刺激氧化应激,诱导单核、巨噬细胞中炎症小体的形成,最终导致血管系统炎症[19-20] 和内皮功能受损[21]。炎症状态是静脉系统血栓形成的重要危险因素[22],它通过促进凝血和降低抗凝机制的活性、抑制纤维蛋白溶解和造成内皮功能障碍来干扰凝血系统,加快微血管并发症的发生[23-24]。同时,受损后的内皮细胞与异常活化的血小板相互作用,内皮素⁃1和血小板活化因子促进血管收缩,而组织因子(tissue factor,TF)、纤溶酶原激活抑制剂⁃1(plas⁃ minogen activator inhibitor⁃1,PAI⁃1)和凝血因子Ⅴ促进血栓形成[25-26]。此外,升高的SUA可促进血管平滑肌增殖并上调血小板衍生生长因子,这可能与血小板高反应性相关[27]。一项HUA小鼠模型研究结果显示,UA通过MEF2C依赖性NF⁃κB通路上调内皮细胞中的let⁃7c,导致血管细胞黏附蛋白⁃1、间质细胞黏附分子⁃1、PAI⁃1和TF表达明显增强,组织纤溶酶原激活物表达显著降低,从而促进血栓相关因子的表达以及单核细胞和血小板对血管内皮细胞的黏附,缩短小鼠 PT 和 APTT,延长 TT 并提高血栓形成相关分子或蛋白质(如FIB和DD)的水平[28],促进血液凝固和血栓形成。

  • 图1 男性无症状HUA患者凝血功能相关指标变化

  • Figure1 Changes of coagulation indexes in male asymptomatic HUA patients

  • 图2 女性无症状HUA患者凝血功能相关指标变化

  • Figure2 Changes of coagulation indexes in female asymptomatic HUA patients

  • 表3 男性不同组别凝血功能相关指标的比较

  • Table3 Comparison of coagulation indexes among different groups in males

  • 表4 女性不同组别凝血功能相关指标的比较

  • Table4 Comparison of coagulation indexes among different groups in females

  • 表5 男性SUA水平与凝血功能相关指标的相关性分析

  • Table5 Correlation between SUA levels and coagulation indexes in males

  • 表6 女性SUA水平与凝血功能相关指标的相关性分析

  • Table6 Correlation between SUA levels and coagulation indexes in females

  • 本研究结果显示,无论男性还是女性,与UA正常者相比,无症状 HUA 患者血浆 PT 均缩短,随着 SUA水平的增高,不同组别间血浆PT差异有统计学意义,且与SUA水平呈负相关,即血浆PT均呈整体缩短趋势。PT测定是检查机体外源性凝血系统功能有无障碍较为理想和常用的方法[29],其缩短常见于血栓性疾病、弥散性血管内凝血高凝期、口服避孕药等血液高凝状态,因此这一研究结果提示高 SUA可影响外源性凝血功能,加剧血液高凝及血栓形成。本研究中随着SUA水平的增高,研究对象血浆APTT无缩短趋势,临床上常以APTT来反映机体内源性凝血系统功能,说明本研究中无症状HUA患者属于疾病早期或者有发生临床症状的风险,其内源性凝血功能未见异常改变,分析原因认为机体在面对血栓形成时外源性凝血途径较内源性凝血途径启动得更早更迅速。

  • 血浆FIB,即凝血因子Ⅰ,其活性可通过血浆PT 反映。FIB在凝血酶的作用下易形成不稳定的可溶性纤维蛋白,进一步形成稳定的不溶于水的交联纤维蛋白多聚体,是反映血栓形成、血液高凝状态的指标之一[30]。同时,UA盐结晶可激活血小板,使其活性增加,促进其黏附、聚集等,促使PLT血栓形成[31]。本研究中男性血浆FIB和全血PLT均与SUA水平呈正相关,均随着 SUA 水平的增高呈整体上升趋势,女性血浆FIB与SUA水平呈正相关;与尿酸正常者相比,男性、女性无症状 HUA 患者血浆 FIB 和全血 PLT 均上升,提示男性、女性无症状 HUA 患者血浆黏度增加,血流速度减慢,为血栓形成创造有利的空间和时间条件;而活化后的PLT存活期缩短,刺激骨髓造血,造成PLT数量增加[32],本研究证实了这一观点。以上结果提示无症状HUA患者的机体内部可构建利于血栓形成的微环境,有处于血栓前状态的风险。

  • 与以往研究结果不同的是,本研究中男性、女性无症状 HUA 患者血浆 APTT、TT 和 DD 无明显改变,另外,男性血浆DD水平与SUA水平呈负相关,与前期研究矛盾,可能与无症状HUA患者SUA水平和持续时间未达到一定程度,机体产生代偿有关。女性血浆TT与SUA水平呈正相关,这与HUA小鼠模型中TT延长,促进血液凝固和血栓形成的结论一致[28]。女性血浆 FIB、TT 和全血 PLT 这 3 个指标的结果存在不一致性,可能是因为纳入的女性研究对象数量偏少,在后续工作中将增加女性的纳入量,并进行多中心研究。另一方面,SUA水平受雌激素影响较大[33],女性激素水平的个体差异也可能导致部分指标的变化趋势不一致。

  • 综上所述,当今无症状 HUA 的患病率日益增高,本研究证明了高 UA 水平可影响外源性凝血功能,增加血浆黏度,活化 PLT,易诱发血栓前状态。提醒研究者需要关注表观健康人群的 UA 水平,定期按时体检,在没有出现临床症状前及时进行健康管理,早期发现和早期干预凝血功能异常相关疾病,提高生活质量。

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    • [22] DAVIZON ⁃ CASTILLO P,MCMAHON B,AGUILA S,et al.TNF ⁃ α ⁃ driven inflammation and mitochondrial dys⁃ function define the platelet hyperreactivity of aging[J].Blood,2019,134(9):727-740

    • [23] WU H,WANG Y,ZHANG Y,et al.Breaking the vicious loop between inflammation,oxidative stress and coagula⁃ tion,a novel anti⁃thrombus insight of nattokinase by inhib⁃ iting LPS ⁃induced inflammation and oxidative stress[J].Redox Biol,2020,32:101500

    • [24] LEI C,WU B,LIU M,et al.Risk factors and clinical out⁃ comes associated with intracranial and extracranial ath⁃ erosclerotic stenosis acute ischemic stroke[J].J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis,2014,23(5):1112-1117

    • [25] KUBOTA Y,MCADAMS ⁃ DEMARCO M,FOLSOM AR.Serum uric acid,gout,and venous thromboembolism:The atherosclerosis risk in communities study[J].Thromb Res,2016,144:144-148

    • [26] YISIREYILI M,HAYASHI M,WU H,et al.Xanthine oxi⁃ dase inhibition by febuxostat attenuates stress⁃induced hy⁃ peruricemia,glucose dysmetabolism,and prothrombotic state in mice[J].Sci Rep,2017,7(1):1266

    • [27] RAO G N,CORSON M A,BERK B C.Uric acid stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by increasing platelet ⁃ derived growth factor A ⁃ chain expression[J].J Biol Chem,1991,266(13):8604-8608

    • [28] CHENG X,LIU T,MA L,et al.Prothrombotic effects of high uric acid in mice via activation of MEF2C ⁃ depen⁃ dent NF ⁃ κB pathway by upregulating let ⁃ 7c[J].Aging(Albany NY),2020,12(18):17976-17989

    • [29] 朱祎娜,翁晓芹,杜强,等.阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停与凝血功能的相关性研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(7):1049-1052

    • [30] LIU J,WANG D,XIONG Y,et al.Association between coagulation function and cerebral microbleeds in ische ⁃ mic stroke patients with atrial fibrillation and/or rheumat⁃ ic heart disease[J].Aging Dis,2017,8(2):131-135

    • [31] BICKEL C,RUPPRECHT H J,BLANKENBERG S,et al.Serum uric acid as an independent predictor of mortality in patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease[J].Am J Cardiol,2002,89(1):12-17

    • [32] 虞丹丹,王明山,吕美艳,等.高尿酸血症患者血小板及红细胞相关参数的变化分析[J].实用医学杂志,2010,26(10):1770-1772

    • [33] ATIL A,DENIZ A.Could be serum uric acid a risk factor for thrombosis and/or uveitis in Behcet's disease?[J].Vascular,2018,26(4):378-386

  • 参考文献

    • [1] LI S,LI L,YAN H,et al.Anti⁃gouty arthritis and anti⁃hy⁃ peruricemia properties of celery seed extracts in rodent models[J].Mol Med Rep,2019,20(5):4623-4633

    • [2] ZHANG C,LI L,ZHANG Y,et al.Recent advances in fructose intake and risk of hyperuricemia[J].Biomed Pharmacother,2020,131:110795

    • [3] WU J,QIU L,CHENG X Q,et al.Hyperuricemia and clus⁃ tering of cardiovascular risk factors in the Chinese adult population[J].Sci Rep,2017,7(1):5456

    • [4] LI L,ZHAO M,WANG C,et al.Early onset of hyperurice⁃ mia is associated with increased cardiovascular disease and mortality risk[J].Clin Res Cardiol,2021,110(7):1096-1105

    • [5] VIRDIS A,MASI S,CASIGLIA E,et al.Identification of the uric acid thresholds predicting an increased total and cardiovascular mortality over 20 years[J].Hypertension,2020,75(2):302-308

    • [6] ZHENG S,LUO Y,MIAO Q,et al.Serum uric acid levels and their changes and risk of stroke:a 7⁃year prospective cohort study in Northwest China[J].Cerebrovasc Dis,2022,51(2):225⁃234

    • [7] KUŹ MA Ł,KULIKOWSKA A,KURASZ A,et al.The effect of serum uric acid levels on the long⁃term prognosis of patients with non ⁃ ST ⁃ elevation myocardial infarction [J].Adv Clin Exp Med,2020,29(11):1255-1263

    • [8] CENTOLA M,MALOBERTI A,CASTINI D,et al.Impact of admission serum acid uric levels on in ⁃ hospital out⁃ comes in patients with acute coronary syndrome⁃Science⁃ Direct[J].Eur J Intern Med,2020,82:62-67

    • [9] CUI D,LIU S,TANG M,et al.Phloretin ameliorates hyperuricemia⁃induced chronic renal dysfunction through inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome and uric acid reabsorption [J].Phytomedicine,2020,66:153111

    • [10] CHENG Z Y,LIN Q T,CHEN P K,et al.Combined appli⁃ cation of DTI and BOLD ⁃MRI in the assessment of renal injury with hyperuricemia[J].Abdom Radiol(NY),2021,46(4):1694-1702

    • [11] KIM I Y,HAN K D,KIM D H,et al.Women with metabolic syndrome and general obesity are at a higher risk for sig⁃ nificant hyperuricemia compared to men[J].J Clin Med,2019,8(6):837

    • [12] 王芹,姜敏,郑闻,等.南京地区体检人群血尿酸与代谢综合征关系的研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(12):1815-1819

    • [13] LIU J H,MA Q H,XU Y,et al.Metabolic syndrome and 5 ⁃year incident hyperuricemia among older Chinese adults:a community⁃based cohort study[J].Diabetes Metab Syn⁃ dr Obes,2020,13:4191-4200

    • [14] 李葵花,李璐,许士奇,等.无症状高尿酸血症大鼠血液流变学和氧化应激[J].医用生物力学,2017,32(1):4

    • [15] DE LUCCHI L,NARDIN C,SPONCHIADO A,et al.Serum uric acid levels and the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism[J].J Thromb Haemost,2021,19(1):194-201

    • [16] LAI S W,TAN C K,NG K C.Epidemiology of hyperglyce⁃ mia in elderly persons[J].J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci,2000,55(5):257-259

    • [17] ZHOU Z,DONG Y,ZHOU H,et al.MiR⁃143⁃3p directly targets GLUT9 to reduce uric acid reabsorption and inflammatory response of renal tubular epithelial cells [J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2019,517(3):413⁃ 420

    • [18] LUK AJ,SIMKIN PA.Epidemiology of hyperuricemia and gout[J].Am J Manag Care,2005,11(Suppl):S435-442

    • [19] MISHIMA M,HAMADA T,MAHARANI N,et al.Effects of uric acid on the no production of HUVECs and its resto⁃ ration by urate lowering agents[J].Drug Res(Stuttg),2016,66(5):270-274

    • [20] 陈柔柔,刘煜.高尿酸血症及痛风与肠道菌群相关性的研究进展[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(10):1560-1564

    • [21] ZHAO Z,ZHAO Y,ZHANG Y,et al.Gout⁃induced endo⁃ thelial impairment:the role of SREBP2 transactivation of YAP[J].FASEB J,2021,35(6):e21613

    • [22] DAVIZON ⁃ CASTILLO P,MCMAHON B,AGUILA S,et al.TNF ⁃ α ⁃ driven inflammation and mitochondrial dys⁃ function define the platelet hyperreactivity of aging[J].Blood,2019,134(9):727-740

    • [23] WU H,WANG Y,ZHANG Y,et al.Breaking the vicious loop between inflammation,oxidative stress and coagula⁃ tion,a novel anti⁃thrombus insight of nattokinase by inhib⁃ iting LPS ⁃induced inflammation and oxidative stress[J].Redox Biol,2020,32:101500

    • [24] LEI C,WU B,LIU M,et al.Risk factors and clinical out⁃ comes associated with intracranial and extracranial ath⁃ erosclerotic stenosis acute ischemic stroke[J].J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis,2014,23(5):1112-1117

    • [25] KUBOTA Y,MCADAMS ⁃ DEMARCO M,FOLSOM AR.Serum uric acid,gout,and venous thromboembolism:The atherosclerosis risk in communities study[J].Thromb Res,2016,144:144-148

    • [26] YISIREYILI M,HAYASHI M,WU H,et al.Xanthine oxi⁃ dase inhibition by febuxostat attenuates stress⁃induced hy⁃ peruricemia,glucose dysmetabolism,and prothrombotic state in mice[J].Sci Rep,2017,7(1):1266

    • [27] RAO G N,CORSON M A,BERK B C.Uric acid stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by increasing platelet ⁃ derived growth factor A ⁃ chain expression[J].J Biol Chem,1991,266(13):8604-8608

    • [28] CHENG X,LIU T,MA L,et al.Prothrombotic effects of high uric acid in mice via activation of MEF2C ⁃ depen⁃ dent NF ⁃ κB pathway by upregulating let ⁃ 7c[J].Aging(Albany NY),2020,12(18):17976-17989

    • [29] 朱祎娜,翁晓芹,杜强,等.阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停与凝血功能的相关性研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(7):1049-1052

    • [30] LIU J,WANG D,XIONG Y,et al.Association between coagulation function and cerebral microbleeds in ische ⁃ mic stroke patients with atrial fibrillation and/or rheumat⁃ ic heart disease[J].Aging Dis,2017,8(2):131-135

    • [31] BICKEL C,RUPPRECHT H J,BLANKENBERG S,et al.Serum uric acid as an independent predictor of mortality in patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease[J].Am J Cardiol,2002,89(1):12-17

    • [32] 虞丹丹,王明山,吕美艳,等.高尿酸血症患者血小板及红细胞相关参数的变化分析[J].实用医学杂志,2010,26(10):1770-1772

    • [33] ATIL A,DENIZ A.Could be serum uric acid a risk factor for thrombosis and/or uveitis in Behcet's disease?[J].Vascular,2018,26(4):378-386