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通讯作者:

吴炜,E-mail:wwu@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R715.3

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)01-066-08

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20230110

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参考文献 15
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参考文献 17
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参考文献 24
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参考文献 27
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨孕期抑郁、焦虑和压力等心理因素对无医学指征剖宫产的影响。方法:采用前瞻性队列研究方法,以 2016年10月—2019年1月在南京医科大学附属妇产医院纳入的1453例孕妇作为研究对象。采用焦虑自评量表、抑郁流行病学研究中心量表和压力知觉量表分别评估孕妇孕早、中、晚期的心理状况。根据产科病例获取分娩方式并判断是否具有剖宫产医学指征,在无剖宫产医学指征的孕妇人群中,采用广义估计方程分析孕期心理因素与剖宫产的关联。结果:本研究最终纳入1453例孕妇作为研究对象,其中516例孕妇有剖宫产医学指征。余937例无剖宫产医学指征的孕妇中,139例孕妇选择剖宫产。调整母亲分娩年龄、孕前体重指数、产次、妊娠合并糖尿病和分娩孕周后,发现孕妇孕晚期伴有任一不良心理症状(高压力、抑郁或焦虑)可增加无医学指征剖宫产发生的风险(OR=1.69,95%CI:1.04~2.73,P=0.034),孕晚期抑郁与无医学指征剖宫产呈正相关(OR=1.32,95%CI:1.03~1.69,P=0.028),焦虑和压力与无医学指征剖宫产的关联无统计学意义。结论:孕晚期抑郁与无医学指征剖宫产发生的风险增加有关。建议在未来产检护理中,应重视孕产妇的心理疏导,尤其是孕晚期的心理健康。

    Abstract

    Objective:The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between psychological factors(depression,anxiety, and stress)during pregnancy and non-indicated cesarean delivery. Methods:We conducted a prospective cohort study of 1453 women who were enrolled between October 2016 and January 2019 in the Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. The self-rating anxiety scale,Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale,and perceived stress scale were used to assess the psychological status of pregnant women in the first,second and third trimesters. The generalized estimation equation(GEE)was performed to investigate the association between antepartum psychological status and cesarean delivery among pregnant women without medical indications for cesarean delivery. Results:Among the 1453 participants in this study,516 had medical indications for cesarean delivery. The rest 937 women had no medical indications for cesarean delivery,among which 139 women had cesarean delivery. Any adverse psychological symptom(depression,anxiety,or stress)in late pregnancy was associated with increased risk of non -indicated cesarean delivery(OR=1.69,95%CI:1.04~2.73,P=0.034)after the adjustment for maternal age at delivery,pre-pregnancy body mass index(BMI),diabetes during pregnancy,parity,and gestational age. Particularly,depressive symptom in pregnant women was significantly related to the risk of non-indicated cesarean delivery(OR=1.32,95%CI:1.03~1.69,P=0.028). No statistically significant association was observed between stress and press in women and the risk of non-indicated cesarean delivery. Conclusion:Depressive symptom in the third trimester increased the risk of non-indicated cesarean delivery. It is suggested that more attention should be paid to the psychological counseling of pregnant women,especially in late pregnancy.

    关键词

    压力抑郁焦虑无医学指征剖宫产孕期

  • 《中国妇幼健康事业发展报告(2019)》显示我国的剖宫产率为 36.7%,远高于 1985 年 WHO 推荐的 10%~15%[1]。根据有无剖宫产手术指征可以将剖宫产区分为医学指征剖宫产和无医学指征剖宫产。Song等[2] 指出医学指征剖宫产可以有效降低不良出生结局发生的风险,保障母婴健康。然而无医学指征的孕产妇剖宫产不仅增加产科并发症发生的风险[3],也会增加子代发生哮喘、肥胖、免疫力低下等疾病的风险[4-5]。WHO调查数据显示我国无医学指征剖宫产率为11.7%,居亚洲首位[6],无医学指征剖宫产可能是引起剖宫产率不断攀升的重要原因[7]

  • 多项流行病学研究证实孕期心理因素可影响分娩方式的选择[8-9],也有部分研究显示孕期心理因素与剖宫产间无统计学意义的关联[10],研究结论尚不一致。此外,既往研究大多关注总的剖宫产,而未考虑剖宫产适应证的混杂作用,目前鲜有研究在无剖宫产医学指征人群中,探讨孕期心理因素与剖宫产的关联,仅Zhang 等[11] 基于巢式病例对照研究发现产前焦虑是无医学指征剖宫产的危险因素。因此,本研究基于前瞻性出生队列,分析孕早、中、晚期的压力、抑郁和焦虑状况对无医学指征剖宫产的影响。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 基于已经建立的前瞻性出生队列,以 2016 年 10 月—2019 年 1 月在南京医科大学附属妇产医院纳入的1 596个自然妊娠且单胎活产家庭作为研究对象,排除孕早、中、晚3个时期心理量表评估均缺失的 132 个家庭、分娩期临床信息缺少的 11 个家庭,最终纳入 1 453 个家庭。本研究已通过南京医科大学附属妇产医院伦理委员会的审批[宁妇伦字 (2019)KY⁃057号],所有研究对象在纳入宣教时均被告知研究内容并签署知情同意书。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 孕妇于孕早期(8~14 周)纳入时,由经过培训的调查员使用自行设计的结构化问卷进行面对面调查,收集研究对象年龄、身高、体重、家庭收入、吸烟、饮酒、生殖生育史、膳食补充剂等信息。妊娠期糖尿病、妊娠期高血压等妊娠并发症,分娩孕周、分娩日期等出生结局从医院分娩记录中摘录。

  • 1.2.1 心理评估

  • 在孕早期(8~14周)、孕中期(22~26周)、孕晚期 (30~34周)产检时,研究对象自填完成压力知觉量表 (perceived stress scale,PSS⁃10)、抑郁流行病学研究中心量表(centre for epidemiologic studies depression scale,CES ⁃D)和焦虑自评量表(self ⁃ rating anxiety scale,SAS),分别评估过去 1 个月的压力、抑郁和焦虑状况。PSS⁃10 包括 10 个条目,PSS⁃10 总分为 0~40 分(分数越高代表承受的压力越大)。该量表压力没有明确的阈值标准,本研究参照既往文献[12],将 PSS⁃10 总分≥ 18 分定义为高压力水平。 CES⁃D由20个抑郁相关的条目组成,CES⁃D总分为各条目相加之和,分数范围为 0~60 分,分数的高低与抑郁程度正相关,CES⁃D 总分≥ 16 分表示有抑郁症状。SAS 由 Zung 于 1971 年编制,该量表包含 20 个反映焦虑主观感受的条目,SAS总分为各条目相加之和乘以 1.25,SAS 总分≥50 分表示有焦虑症状。PSS⁃10、CES⁃D和SAS量表在中国人群具有较高的可信度,Cronbach’s α值分别为 0.91[13]、0.90[14] 和0.93[15]

  • 1.2.2 结局定义

  • 本研究中的无医学指征剖宫产,指的是无任何剖宫产适应证而实行的剖宫产。从医院分娩记录中获取分娩方式、出院诊断等信息。依据《剖宫产手术的专家共识(2014)》[16] 和谢幸教授等主编的第 9版《妇产科学》,将研究人群划分为剖宫产医学指征人群和无剖宫产医学指征人群,其中剖宫产医学指征人群中的剖宫产适应证包括胎儿窘迫、头盆不称、瘢痕子宫、胎位异常等。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 所有的数据分析均基于 R 软件(3.6.1 版本)。均数与标准差、频数与百分比分别描述研究对象的连续性变量和分类变量。连续性变量用 t 检验比较医学指征组与无医学指征组间的差异,而分类变量采用卡方检验或者 Fisher 精确概率法检验比较两组间的差异。组内相关系数(ICC)评估研究对象在孕早、孕中、孕晚 3 个时期心理因素的时间变异性。在无剖宫产医学指征人群中,使用广义估计方程(generalized estimating equation,GEE)模型来分析孕早、孕中、孕晚的心理因素对无医学指征剖宫产的影响。模型调整的协变量为:孕妇分娩年龄(连续变量)、孕前体重指数(body mass index, BMI)(连续变量)、妊娠合并糖尿病(分类变量:是、否)、产次(分类变量:经产妇、初产妇)和分娩孕周 (连续变量)。P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 研究人群的基本特征

  • 本研究共纳入1 453例孕妇,其中937例孕妇无剖宫产医学指征,余下的 516 例有剖宫产医学指征。医学指征组与无医学指征组在分娩年龄、孕前 BMI、教育程度、妊娠合并糖尿病、妊娠期高血压疾病、分娩方式、产次和分娩孕周上的差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。最终选择 937 例无剖宫产医学指征人群进行关联分析,其人群平均年龄为29.61岁,孕前BMI 为20.95 kg/m2,几乎没有人在孕期吸烟饮酒,78.7%为初产妇,14.8%孕妇选择剖宫产分娩,分娩的孕周为39.70周,分娩的新生儿中有28例早产儿(表1)。

  • 表1 研究人群的基线特征

  • Table1 Baseline characteristics of the study population

  • (续表1)

  • a:妊娠合并糖尿病包括糖尿病合并妊娠和妊娠期糖尿病;b:妊娠期高血压疾病包括妊娠合并慢性高血压、妊娠期高血压、子痫前期、子痫。

  • 2.2 孕期心理因素的暴露分布

  • 焦虑和抑郁症状的检出率在孕早期最高,分别为 8.9% 和 41.0%;孕中期最低,分别为 2.4% 和 15.0%。高水平压力的检出率在孕早期最高 (22.4%),而在孕晚期最低(6.9%),提示压力水平随孕期的推移而逐渐缓解。孕期压力、抑郁和焦虑的 ICC分别为0.37、0.39和0.44,说明个体压力、抑郁和焦虑的时间变异性处于一般水平(表2)。

  • 表2 孕期压力、抑郁和焦虑的分布

  • Table2 Distribution of maternal stress,depression and anxiety during pregnancy

  • 2.3 压力、抑郁和焦虑评分与无医学指征剖宫产关联的GEE分析

  • 将孕期压力、抑郁和焦虑评分作为连续性变量分别纳入单因素模型和多因素模型里,结果显示孕期压力、抑郁和焦虑评分与无医学指征剖宫产的关联均没有统计学意义(表3)。

  • 2.4 压力、抑郁和焦虑症状与无医学指征剖宫产关联的GEE分析

  • 孕妇孕早期伴有高压力、抑郁和焦虑的剖宫产率分别为 15.0%、14.8%和 18.3%,孕中期伴有高压力、抑郁和焦虑的人群中剖宫产率分别为 15.4%、 15.4%和18.2%,孕晚期伴有高压力、抑郁和焦虑的人群中剖宫产率为18.9%、21.0%和23.5%。未调整协变量时,孕晚期伴有任一不良心理症状(高压力、抑郁或焦虑)与无医学指征剖宫产发生风险呈边缘正相关(OR=1.61,95%CI:1.00~2.58,P=0.050),孕晚期抑郁者无医学指征剖宫产发生的风险是孕晚期心理健康者(无高压力、抑郁和焦虑症状)的1.30倍 (OR=1.30,95%CI:1.02~1.66,P=0.036)。调整母亲分娩年龄、孕前BMI、妊娠合并糖尿病、产次和分娩孕周后,孕晚期伴有任一不良心理症状(高压力、抑郁或焦虑)可增加无医学指征剖宫产发生的风险 (OR=1.69,95%CI:1.04~2.73,P=0.034),孕晚期抑郁对无医学指征剖宫产的影响也仍显著(OR=1.32,95 %CI:1.03~1.69,P=0.028)。孕早期和孕中期的压力、抑郁和焦虑症状与无医学指征剖宫产的关联没有统计学意义(表4)。

  • 表3 孕期压力、抑郁和焦虑评分与无医学指征剖宫产的关联分析

  • Table3 Correlation analysis of stress,depression and anxiety scores during pregnancy with caesarean delivery without medical indications

  • a:调整母亲分娩年龄、孕前BMI、产次、妊娠合并糖尿病、分娩孕周。

  • 2.5 敏感性分析

  • 为检验上述结果的稳健性,剔除早产儿进行敏感性分析,其结果与上述结果一致(表5)。

  • 表4 孕期压力、抑郁和焦虑症状与无医学指征剖宫产的关联分析

  • Table4 Correlation analysis of stress,depression and anxiety symptoms during pregnancy with caesarean delivery without medical indications

  • a:调整母亲分娩年龄、孕前BMI、妊娠合并糖尿病、产次、分娩孕周。

  • 表5 孕期压力、抑郁和焦虑症状与无医学指征剖宫产关联的敏感性分析

  • Table5 Sensitivity analysis of stress,depression and anxiety symptoms during pregnancy associated with non⁃medically indicated cesarean delivery

  • a:调整母亲分娩年龄、孕前BMI、妊娠合并糖尿病、产次、分娩孕周。

  • 3 讨论

  • 本研究基于前瞻性出生队列研究,评估了孕期不同阶段心理因素对无医学指征剖宫产的影响,研究发现孕晚期抑郁症状显著增加无医学指征剖宫产发生的风险,孕期焦虑和压力与无医学指征剖宫产的关联无统计学意义,表明孕晚期抑郁是无医学指征剖宫产发生的危险因素。

  • 当前研究人群剖宫产率为38.2%,与《中国妇幼健康事业发展报告(2019)》中的36.7%相似,低于巴西的56%[17],高于美国的32.2%[18],也显著高于南非国家 <5%的剖宫产率[19]。本研究无医学指征剖宫产为 139 例,占剖宫产人群的 25.0%,与 WHO 报道的我国无医学指征剖宫产占剖宫产人群的25.2%相似[6],也与重庆地区的23.4%相似[20],低于湖北甘肃等地的 33.6%[21],也低于江苏省地区的 84.6%[2],表明无医学指征剖宫产是我国剖宫产率居高不下的重要原因。

  • 本研究基于无剖宫产医学指征人群,发现母亲孕晚期抑郁与剖宫产之间存在正相关。既往研究也发现了孕期抑郁与剖宫产率增加有关,中国香港的一项前瞻性研究发现孕晚期抑郁可显著增加剖宫产的发生风险[8],马来西亚的一项前瞻性队列研究也得出相似的结论,即报道了孕妇妊娠晚期抑郁可增加剖宫产的发生风险[22]。阿曼的一项研究也发现了孕晚期抑郁与剖宫产呈正相关[23]。而 Wu 等[24] 通过调查马萨诸塞州总医院的孕妇发现孕晚期抑郁与分娩方式之间没有统计学关联。这些研究未排除剖宫产医学指征的影响,此外,由于经济、地域、文化等的差异也会影响结局的发生[25],造成研究结论的不一致。

  • 本研究没有发现孕期压力与无医学指征剖宫产的关联,与之相似,伊朗的一项前瞻性队列研究表明孕期压力与剖宫产无统计学关联[10]。安徽马鞍山的队列研究发现妊娠中期的焦虑是选择性剖宫产的危险因素[9]。张绍菱等[11] 基于巢式病例⁃对照研究显示孕期患有焦虑可增加无医学指征剖宫产的发生风险。但本研究未发现孕期焦虑与无医学指征剖宫产之间的统计学关联,其可能的原因是本研究孕期焦虑状态的检出人数较少。

  • 目前孕期抑郁影响分娩方式的的潜在生理学机制仍然不清楚。产前对分娩疼痛的恐惧和对胎儿健康的担忧会改变孕产妇的心理状态,增加其抑郁水平,促使孕妇对疼痛的耐受性降低[26-27]。妊娠期间抑郁可引起下丘脑⁃垂体⁃肾上腺轴(HPA)失衡[28],表现为肾上腺增大,皮质醇水平升高[29],儿茶酚胺分泌增多,进而导致宫缩乏力或者产程延长。这些因素都会促使无医学指征的孕产妇选择剖宫产,从而缓解分娩造成的心理负担。

  • 本研究的优势是:①基于前瞻性队列使收集的信息更加精确和可靠。②当前研究评估孕期三个时点的心理状况对分娩方式的影响,而既往研究多评估单一时点孕期心理因素对结局的影响。③本研究结局是无医学指征剖宫产,排除剖宫产手术指征的干扰,使结果更加可信。不可避免地,本研究也存在局限性:首先,仍然存在其他可能影响结果的混杂因素。其次,孕产妇自填完成心理因素的评估,可能会造成一定的报告偏倚。最后,本研究的样本量相对较少,未来仍需要扩大样本量来进一步验证。

  • 综上所述,孕晚期抑郁是无医学指征剖宫产发生的危险因素,提示在未来产检护理中,应重视孕产妇的心理疏导,尤其是孕晚期的心理健康,可有效预防不良产科及妊娠结局的发生。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] Appropriate technology for birth[J].Lancet,1985,2(8452):436-437

    • [2] SONG C,XU Y,DING Y,et al.The rates and medical ne⁃ cessity of cesarean delivery in China,2012⁃2019:an in⁃ spiration from Jiangsu[J].BMC Med,2021,19(1):14

    • [3] SOUZA J P,GÜLMEZOGLU A,LUMBIGANON P,et al.Caesarean section without medical indications is associat⁃ ed with an increased risk of adverse short ⁃term maternal outcomes:the 2004⁃2008 WHO Global Survey on Mater⁃ nal and Perinatal Health[J].BMC Med,2010,8:71

    • [4] BOUTSIKOU T,MALAMITSI ⁃ PUCHNER A.Caesarean section:impact on mother and child[J].Acta Paediatr Os⁃ lo Nor,2011,100(12):1518-1522

    • [5] SOTIRIADIS A,MCGOLDRICK E,MAKRYDIMAS G,et al.Antenatal corticosteroids prior to planned caesarean at term for improving neonatal outcomes[J].Cochrane Data⁃ base Syst Rev,2021,12:CD006614

    • [6] LUMBIGANON P,LAOPAIBOON M,GÜLMEZOGLU A M,et al.Method of delivery and pregnancy outcomes in Asia:the WHO global survey on maternal and perinatal health 2007⁃08[J].Lancet,2010,375(9713):490-499

    • [7] ZHANG J,LIU Y,MEIKLE S,et al.Cesarean delivery on maternal request in southeast China[J].Obstet Gynecol,2008,111(5):1077-1082

    • [8] CHUNG T K,LAU T K,YIP A S,et al.Antepartum de⁃ pressive symptomatology is associated with adverse ob⁃ stetric and neonatal outcomes[J].Psychosom Med,2001,63(5):830-834

    • [9] SUN Y,HUANG K,HU Y,et al.Pregnancy⁃specific anxi⁃ ety and elective cesarean section in primiparas:a cohort study in China[J].PLoS One,2019,14(5):e0216870

    • [10] MOAMERI H,NEMATOLLAHI S,YASERI M,et al.The relationship between maternal mental health during preg⁃ nancy and type of delivery in the suburbs of Bandar Ab⁃ bas during 2017 ⁃ 2018[J].Med J Islam Repub Iran,2019,33:108

    • [11] 张绍菱,黄昕,谭红专.产前焦虑与非医学需要剖宫产的关系[J].中南大学学报(医学版),2013,38(10):1070-1074

    • [12] ASHRAP P,AKER A,WATKINS D J,et al.Psychosocial status modifies the effect of maternal blood metal and met⁃ alloid concentrations on birth outcomes[J].Environ Int,2021,149:106418

    • [13] ZHAN H,ZHENG C,ZHANG X,et al.Chinese college students’stress and anxiety levels under COVID⁃19[J].Front Psychiatry,2021,12:615390

    • [14] 孙晓艳,李怡雪,余灿清,等.中文版抑郁量表信效度研究的系统综述[J].中华流行病学杂志,2017,38(1):110-116

    • [15] SAMAKOURI M,BOUHOS G,KADOGLOU M,et al.Standardization of the Greek version of zung’s self⁃rating anxiety scale(SAS)[J].Psychiatriki,2012,23(3):212-220

    • [16] 张为远,余艳红.剖宫产手术的专家共识(2014)[J].中华妇产科杂志,2014,49(10):721-724

    • [17] ESTEVES⁃PEREIRA A P,DENEUX⁃THARAUX C,NA⁃ KAMURA ⁃ PEREIRA M,et al.Caesarean delivery and postpartum maternal mortality:a population ⁃ based case control study in Brazil[J].PLoS One,2016,11(4):e0153396

    • [18] HAMILTON B E,MARTIN J A,OSTERMAN M J K,et al.Births:preliminary data for 2014[J].Natl Vital Stat Rep,2015,64(6):1-19

    • [19] THE LANCET.Stemming the global Caesarean section epidemic[J].Lancet,2018,392(10155):1279

    • [20] DENG R,TANG X,LIU J,et al.Cesarean delivery on ma⁃ ternal request and its influencing factors in Chongqing,China[J].BMC Pregnancy Childbirth,2021,21(1):384

    • [21] LIAO Z,ZHOU Y,LI H,et al.The rates and medical ne⁃ cessity of cesarean delivery in the era of the two⁃child pol⁃ icy in Hubei and Gansu Provinces,China[J].Am J Pub⁃lic Health,2019,109(3):476-482

    • [22] NASREEN H E,PASI H B,RIFIN S M,et al.Impact of maternal antepartum depressive and anxiety symptoms on birth outcomes and mode of delivery:a prospective cohort study in east and west coasts of Malaysia[J].BMC Preg⁃ nancy Childbirth,2019,19(1):201

    • [23] AL RAWAHI A,AL KIYUMI M H,AL KIMYANI R,et al.The effect of antepartum depression on the outcomes of pregnancy and development of postpartum depression:a prospective cohort study of Omani women[J].Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J,2020,20(2):e179-e186

    • [24] WU J,VIGUERA A,RILEY L,et al.Mood disturbance in pregnancy and the mode of delivery[J].Am J Obstet Gy⁃ necol,2002,187(4):864-867

    • [25] 汤倩,李琥,顾洛.南京市妇幼保健院剖宫产率升高的影响因素及应对措施[J].南京医科大学学报(社会科学版),2012,12(6):471-473

    • [26] FUGLENES D,AAS E,BOTTEN G,et al.Why do some pregnant women prefer cesarean?The influence of parity,delivery experiences,and fear[J].Am J Obstet Gynecol,2011,205(1):45.e1-45.e9

    • [27] WALDENSTRÖM U,HILDINGSSON I,RYDING E L.Antenatal fear of childbirth and its association with subse⁃ quent caesarean section and experience of childbirth[J].BJOG,2006,113(6):638-646

    • [28] GLYNN L M,DAVIS E P,SANDMAN C A.New insights into the role of perinatal HPA⁃axis dysregulation in post⁃ partum depression[J].Neuropeptides,2013,47(6):363-370

    • [29] JURUENA M F,BOCHAROVA M,AGUSTINI B,et al.Atypical depression and non⁃atypical depression:is HPA axis function a biomarker?A systematic review[J].J Affect Disord,2018,233:45-67

  • 参考文献

    • [1] Appropriate technology for birth[J].Lancet,1985,2(8452):436-437

    • [2] SONG C,XU Y,DING Y,et al.The rates and medical ne⁃ cessity of cesarean delivery in China,2012⁃2019:an in⁃ spiration from Jiangsu[J].BMC Med,2021,19(1):14

    • [3] SOUZA J P,GÜLMEZOGLU A,LUMBIGANON P,et al.Caesarean section without medical indications is associat⁃ ed with an increased risk of adverse short ⁃term maternal outcomes:the 2004⁃2008 WHO Global Survey on Mater⁃ nal and Perinatal Health[J].BMC Med,2010,8:71

    • [4] BOUTSIKOU T,MALAMITSI ⁃ PUCHNER A.Caesarean section:impact on mother and child[J].Acta Paediatr Os⁃ lo Nor,2011,100(12):1518-1522

    • [5] SOTIRIADIS A,MCGOLDRICK E,MAKRYDIMAS G,et al.Antenatal corticosteroids prior to planned caesarean at term for improving neonatal outcomes[J].Cochrane Data⁃ base Syst Rev,2021,12:CD006614

    • [6] LUMBIGANON P,LAOPAIBOON M,GÜLMEZOGLU A M,et al.Method of delivery and pregnancy outcomes in Asia:the WHO global survey on maternal and perinatal health 2007⁃08[J].Lancet,2010,375(9713):490-499

    • [7] ZHANG J,LIU Y,MEIKLE S,et al.Cesarean delivery on maternal request in southeast China[J].Obstet Gynecol,2008,111(5):1077-1082

    • [8] CHUNG T K,LAU T K,YIP A S,et al.Antepartum de⁃ pressive symptomatology is associated with adverse ob⁃ stetric and neonatal outcomes[J].Psychosom Med,2001,63(5):830-834

    • [9] SUN Y,HUANG K,HU Y,et al.Pregnancy⁃specific anxi⁃ ety and elective cesarean section in primiparas:a cohort study in China[J].PLoS One,2019,14(5):e0216870

    • [10] MOAMERI H,NEMATOLLAHI S,YASERI M,et al.The relationship between maternal mental health during preg⁃ nancy and type of delivery in the suburbs of Bandar Ab⁃ bas during 2017 ⁃ 2018[J].Med J Islam Repub Iran,2019,33:108

    • [11] 张绍菱,黄昕,谭红专.产前焦虑与非医学需要剖宫产的关系[J].中南大学学报(医学版),2013,38(10):1070-1074

    • [12] ASHRAP P,AKER A,WATKINS D J,et al.Psychosocial status modifies the effect of maternal blood metal and met⁃ alloid concentrations on birth outcomes[J].Environ Int,2021,149:106418

    • [13] ZHAN H,ZHENG C,ZHANG X,et al.Chinese college students’stress and anxiety levels under COVID⁃19[J].Front Psychiatry,2021,12:615390

    • [14] 孙晓艳,李怡雪,余灿清,等.中文版抑郁量表信效度研究的系统综述[J].中华流行病学杂志,2017,38(1):110-116

    • [15] SAMAKOURI M,BOUHOS G,KADOGLOU M,et al.Standardization of the Greek version of zung’s self⁃rating anxiety scale(SAS)[J].Psychiatriki,2012,23(3):212-220

    • [16] 张为远,余艳红.剖宫产手术的专家共识(2014)[J].中华妇产科杂志,2014,49(10):721-724

    • [17] ESTEVES⁃PEREIRA A P,DENEUX⁃THARAUX C,NA⁃ KAMURA ⁃ PEREIRA M,et al.Caesarean delivery and postpartum maternal mortality:a population ⁃ based case control study in Brazil[J].PLoS One,2016,11(4):e0153396

    • [18] HAMILTON B E,MARTIN J A,OSTERMAN M J K,et al.Births:preliminary data for 2014[J].Natl Vital Stat Rep,2015,64(6):1-19

    • [19] THE LANCET.Stemming the global Caesarean section epidemic[J].Lancet,2018,392(10155):1279

    • [20] DENG R,TANG X,LIU J,et al.Cesarean delivery on ma⁃ ternal request and its influencing factors in Chongqing,China[J].BMC Pregnancy Childbirth,2021,21(1):384

    • [21] LIAO Z,ZHOU Y,LI H,et al.The rates and medical ne⁃ cessity of cesarean delivery in the era of the two⁃child pol⁃ icy in Hubei and Gansu Provinces,China[J].Am J Pub⁃lic Health,2019,109(3):476-482

    • [22] NASREEN H E,PASI H B,RIFIN S M,et al.Impact of maternal antepartum depressive and anxiety symptoms on birth outcomes and mode of delivery:a prospective cohort study in east and west coasts of Malaysia[J].BMC Preg⁃ nancy Childbirth,2019,19(1):201

    • [23] AL RAWAHI A,AL KIYUMI M H,AL KIMYANI R,et al.The effect of antepartum depression on the outcomes of pregnancy and development of postpartum depression:a prospective cohort study of Omani women[J].Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J,2020,20(2):e179-e186

    • [24] WU J,VIGUERA A,RILEY L,et al.Mood disturbance in pregnancy and the mode of delivery[J].Am J Obstet Gy⁃ necol,2002,187(4):864-867

    • [25] 汤倩,李琥,顾洛.南京市妇幼保健院剖宫产率升高的影响因素及应对措施[J].南京医科大学学报(社会科学版),2012,12(6):471-473

    • [26] FUGLENES D,AAS E,BOTTEN G,et al.Why do some pregnant women prefer cesarean?The influence of parity,delivery experiences,and fear[J].Am J Obstet Gynecol,2011,205(1):45.e1-45.e9

    • [27] WALDENSTRÖM U,HILDINGSSON I,RYDING E L.Antenatal fear of childbirth and its association with subse⁃ quent caesarean section and experience of childbirth[J].BJOG,2006,113(6):638-646

    • [28] GLYNN L M,DAVIS E P,SANDMAN C A.New insights into the role of perinatal HPA⁃axis dysregulation in post⁃ partum depression[J].Neuropeptides,2013,47(6):363-370

    • [29] JURUENA M F,BOCHAROVA M,AGUSTINI B,et al.Atypical depression and non⁃atypical depression:is HPA axis function a biomarker?A systematic review[J].J Affect Disord,2018,233:45-67

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