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通讯作者:

朱敏,E-mail:1553526445@qq.com

中图分类号:R493

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)01-131-10

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20230121

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目录contents

    摘要

    无创神经调控技术是利用非植入性技术(无创)对神经纤维进行物理或药物刺激以调控神经元活动,进而起到一定治疗效果的生物工程技术。近年来,无创神经调控技术快速发展,以经颅磁刺激和经颅直流电刺激等技术为代表的神经调控技术在康复医学领域广泛应用,成为临床治疗的一种有效“利器”。本文对无创神经调控技术在儿童康复中的应用、安全性及可能的发展趋势进行综述。

    Abstract

    Noninvasive neuromodulation techniques are bioengineering technologies that use non-implantable technology(non-invasive) to physically or pharmacologically stimulate nerve fibers to regulate neuronal activity and achieve a certain therapeutic effect. In recent years,noninvasive neuromodulation technology has developed rapidly. The neuromodulation technology represented by transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial DC/AC electrical stimulation has been widely used in the field of rehabilitation medicine and has become an effective“weapon”for clinical treatment. The application,safety and possible development trend of noninvasive neuromodulation techniques in children’s rehabilitation are reviewed.

  • 世界神经调控学会(International Neuromodulation Society,INS)将“神经调控技术(neuromodulation)”定义为利用植入性或非植入性技术、电或化学手段改善患者生活质量、提高神经功能的一项技术。目前临床上运用于儿童康复的无创神经调控技术主要包括重复经颅磁刺激和经颅直流电刺激,主要用于患有脑性瘫痪、注意缺陷多动障碍、孤独症谱系障碍和多发性抽动综合征的儿童[1]。在此,本文就目前临床常用的这两项无创性神经调控技术在儿童康复的临床治疗作一综述。

  • 1 无创神经调控技术

  • 1.1 经颅磁刺激(transcranial magnetic stimulation, TMS)

  • TMS是一种无创的神经调节程序,磁信号可以无衰减地刺激到脑神经元,产生兴奋或抑制作用。根据刺激模式,TMS 分为单脉冲 TMS(single TMS, sTMS)、成对 TMS(paired TMS、pTMS)、深部 TMS (deep TMS,dTMS)、重复TMS(repetitive TMS,rTMS) 和θ爆发刺激(theta burst stimulation,TBS)模式。其中 TBS 依据刺激间隔时间不同可分为间歇性复合刺激(intermittent TBS,iTBS)和连续性复合刺激 (continuous TBS,cTBS)。

  • 这些刺激模式中,临床最常用的是rTMS,rTMS 在神经元的不应期也可以进行刺激,从而产生累积效应,能调节皮质兴奋性,实现皮质功能的区域性重建。在刺激后 30~60 min 内仍然存在这种效应,称为刺激后效应[2]。sTMS和pTMS的生理效应持续毫秒级,而rTMS调节皮质兴奋性的临床效应可以持续几周到几个月,在24 h内再次接受rTMS刺激后,大脑可产生长期局部功能的改变,称为长效刺激效应[3]。因此,rTMS通常用于改善神经调节和神经可塑性。rTMS主要有以下几种功能:①调节大脑皮层的兴奋性;②调节脑部和神经递质的分泌(如谷氨酸、γ⁃氨基丁酸、5⁃羟色胺、多巴胺)[4];③一定程度地修复未完全受损的神经细胞;④促进神经因子的分泌[5];⑤调节脑部血流量[6]

  • rTMS已被证实是一种安全的非侵入性治疗方法,Allen 等[3] 的研究结果表明:在儿童和青少年的各种神经疾病中,尤其是在遵守安全指南的前提下,其不良事件的发生率类似于成人。其不良反应主要有头痛(11.5%)、头皮不适(2.5%)、抽搐(1.2%) 等,严重不良事件很少[7]

  • 不同参数设置的 rTMS(如频率、强度、刺激间歇和持续时间等)可对外周和中枢神经系统产生提高或者降低其兴奋性的不同作用。其中刺激频率可分为高频和低频,≤1 Hz 为低频(抑制作用), >1 Hz 为高频(兴奋作用)。频率为1 Hz而强度不同的rTMS作用于左侧背外侧前额叶皮质(DLPFC)的相关研究表明,与休息相比,所有的 TMS 期均可激活听觉皮层,刺激强度为 80% 运动阈值(motor threshold,MT)时没有其他区域的显著激活,100% MT 产生对侧颞中回、颞上回、岛叶激活,120% MT 产生双侧前额叶激活,更高的前额叶刺激强度产生更大的局部和对侧激活[8]

  • 1.2 经颅直流电刺激(transcranial direct current stimulation,tDCS)

  • tDCS是一种利用恒定的弱直流电(1.0~2.0 mA) 对神经元膜电位进行阈下调节并改变大脑皮质兴奋性的非侵入性神经调控技术。tDCS由阴、阳两个表面电极构成,称为极性特征。不同的参数设置 (如极性、刺激部位、电流强度和刺激方式等)可产生不同的生物学效应。

  • tDCS主要有以下几种功能:①膜电位极化的改变,阳极的直流电刺激促进神经元电位去极化,增加皮质兴奋性,而阴极则相反。Moliadze等[9] 的研究发现,1 mA的阴极和阳极刺激均可增加运动诱发电位(motor evoked potentials,MEP)的振幅,且1 mA阴极刺激可使皮质脊髓兴奋性增加,而不是减少。如果刺激强度降低到0.5 mA,阳极刺激对儿童MEP振幅的增加无效。此外阳极刺激可以增加局部脑血流量,阴极则降低局部脑血流量[10]。②突触重塑:直流电刺激皮层神经元后可引起突触重塑,突触效能增强后提高神经通路的信号转导效率,进而提高认知功能,降低则相反[11]。③功能连接:tDCS能够调节受刺激皮层和与之相联系的脑区功能连接,增强神经环路的认知加工能力。此外,tDCS 可改善健康受试者的认知功能,特别是对于记忆功能有增强作用[12]

  • tDCS同样存在刺激后效应,其效应时间可长达 1 h [13]。tDCS是一种安全的非侵入性治疗方法。运用更高的电流密度治疗能够获得更好的疗效,虽然同时增加了产生不良反应的可能性,但在≤40 min、 ≤4 mA、≤7.2℃的刺激参数范围内不会对人体造成损伤[14]。tDCS相关不良反应主要是皮肤灼伤、疼痛、瘙痒和局部刺痛感等,停止刺激后,不良反应大多消失[15]。虽然在儿童人群中有刺痛、瘙痒、发红和头皮不适的报道,但其发生率低于成人[16]。Krishnan等[7] 的研究也表明接受 tDCS 治疗的 191 例儿童没有出现任何重大不良反应,这些儿童使用的电流强度范围为 0.03~2.00 mA,每次治疗 18~50 min,总疗程为 1~102次。

  • 2 脑性瘫痪

  • 脑性瘫痪(脑瘫)是由于发育中的胎儿或婴幼儿脑部出现非进行性损伤,导致持续存在的中枢性运动和姿势发育障碍、活动受限的症候群。目前对脑瘫的治疗,仅限于对症支持,很多学者都在寻找更加安全有效的新技术。

  • 2.1 rTMS在脑瘫患儿中的应用

  • 中国2022年脑性瘫痪指南推荐rTMS的治疗手段为B级[17],虽暂未推荐具体方案,但其有效性已得到证实,此外 TMS 在脑瘫的临床诊断、评估及预后中发挥着重要的作用[18],如通过 sTMS 和 pTMS 获得皮质脊髓束和脑功能的相关参数,来研究皮质脊髓束的投射方式、发育程度和大脑皮质可塑性等。 rTMS 刺激部位为通常为运动皮质区(M1),可改善患儿的运动和肌肉痉挛等。Valle 等[18] 首次报道采用5 Hz的rTMS刺激四肢瘫脑瘫患儿的M1区,患儿的肢体痉挛得到明显改善。2022 年中国儿童脑性瘫痪经颅磁刺激治疗专家共识[19] 表示,>2 岁各分型、分级脑瘫患儿均可应用 TMS 治疗并从中获益,<2 岁的患儿应慎用,如必须使用,则需要听力保护。其推荐每次治疗时间为20 min,每天治疗 1次,每周5~7次,4~6周为1个疗程,间歇1~2周后开始下一疗程。如改善粗大、精细运动功能及平衡能力,可使用低频刺激,刺激部位选择功能优势侧 (如偏瘫患儿的健侧)或双侧 M1 区,刺激强度为 90%~100% rMT,脉冲总数1 000~2 000次;也可使用高频刺激,刺激部位则选择功能劣势侧 M1 区,刺激强度及脉冲总数同低频。如缓解痉挛,则可用高频刺激,刺激部位选择功能劣势侧 M1 区,刺激强度为 90%~100% rMT,脉冲总数1 500次。如控制不随意运动,则可选用低频刺激,刺激部位为双侧皮质辅助区,刺激强度 100%~120% rMT,脉冲总数 1 200 次。如提升认知功能,则可选用高频刺激,刺激部位为右侧背外侧前额叶皮质,刺激强度为 90%~100% rMT,脉冲总数1 500~2 000次。如提升语言功能,改善构音障碍,则可选用低频刺激,刺激部位为右侧大脑半球语言区(额下回三角部, BA45),刺激强度为 100%~120% rMT,脉冲总数 1 200次。如改善吞咽功能,则可选用高频刺激,刺激部位可为小脑(刺激强度为 90% rMT,脉冲总数 250 次)或皮层支配舌、食管等运动的脑区(刺激强度为90%~130% rMT,脉冲总数1 200次)。此外,rTMS 可联合强制性诱导疗法[20-21]、核心肌力训练[22]、虚拟现实训练[23]、针刺治疗[24] 等治疗脑瘫患儿,但具体方案需采用个体化方案治疗。

  • 综上所述,rTMS治疗痉挛型脑瘫有显著疗效,刺激部位大多选用 M1 区,可改善患儿的运动功能及肌肉痉挛等,但由于脑区间复杂的相互作用机制,相关参数的设置将影响治疗效果。目前关于不随意运动型、共济失调型和混合型的脑瘫相关研究较少。

  • 2.2 tDCS在脑瘫患儿中的应用

  • Aree⁃Uea等[25] 对偏瘫患儿的左侧M1区进行了连续5 d的阳极tDCS刺激(20 min,1 mA),治疗后患儿的上肢痉挛与肩外展被动活动度有所改善。同样,1.5 mA 的阳极[26] 和阴极刺激[27] 同样也可改善痉挛型偏瘫患儿的上肢功能。研究者们对tDCS改善脑瘫患儿下肢功能的意见不一,Grecco等[28] 发现 1 mA阳极刺激组患者的平衡能力改善,行走速度增加,但节奏没有变化。他们还发现1 mA的阴极刺激作用于枕骨粗隆下1 cm可改善共济失调型脑瘫儿童的平衡能力[29]。Aree⁃Uea 等[25] 对 46 例脑瘫患儿的左侧M1区进行tDCS刺激,结果显示治疗后手指痉挛立即减轻,治疗 24 h 后肘关节痉挛减轻,治疗后24 h和48 h手腕痉挛减轻。此外,虽有些研究没有明确指出患儿的痉挛改善,但是其活动能力的提高,提示患儿的痉挛程度减轻。最新的研究表明阳极tDCS联合虚拟现实训练可使痉挛型双瘫患儿运动皮层可塑性显著改变,MEP 的振幅增加,对步速和粗大运动功能产生更积极的治疗效果[30]

  • 综上所述,tDCS在脑瘫儿童的治疗方面有一定效果,痉挛是儿童脑瘫最常见的症状之一,也是 tDCS 应用于儿童脑瘫的关键靶症状。目前大部分研究阳极放在 M1 上,阴极放在眶上区域。电流强度范围从0.3~2.0 mA(最常见的是1 mA),持续时间长达20 min[7]

  • 3 儿童注意缺陷多动障碍(atention deficit hyperac⁃ tivity disorder,ADHD)

  • 美国精神病学会在2013年发布的《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》(diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders,DSM⁃Ⅴ)[31] 指出ADHD是以持续存在且与年龄不对称的注意力不集中、多动、冲动为核心症状,可伴有学习困难及认知功能障碍。我国 ADHD 患病率约为 5.6%[32],对 ADHD 头颅结构的 Meta 分析显示,患者在基底神经节和脑岛等皮层下区域的缺陷最为显著[33],杏仁核和海马等边缘区域的体积也存在减少[34]。ADHD患者的前脑和基底神经节存在明显的多巴胺能紊乱,ADHD患儿血清多巴胺(DA)水平与多动指数水平呈反比,5⁃羟色胺 (5⁃HT)水平与注意缺陷指数水平呈反比,服用相关药物后,ADHD的核心症状显著改善。根据这些模型,DLPFC 可能是抑制缺陷的主要参与区域,而眶额皮质(OFC)与动机功能障碍有关。tDCS 和rTMS 都能调节皮质和皮层下结构的多巴胺能传递,这些区域成为大多数rTMS和tDCS的尝试治疗ADHD的目标。

  • 3.1 rTMS在ADHD患儿中的应用

  • 低频rTMS可通过对运动皮层的抑制作用,使患儿抑制控制缺陷的皮层功能恢复正常,与多动、冲动等症状改善有关;高频rTMS作用于皮层运动区或 DLPFC可诱导调节内源性多巴胺释放到尾状核[35],增加皮质的兴奋性,提高额部脑功能,改善注意力缺陷。

  • 有相关研究用高频rTMS刺激成年ADHD患者的右侧 DLPFC,结果显示,患者的行为注意力有所改善[36]。而关于儿童的 rTMS 治疗,多为低频治疗。ADHD患儿的脑电图相关研究指出,N100可作为监测rTMS治疗ADHD患儿后的特异性标志物,反映了 rTMS 对儿童皮质区域的即时影响,比 MEP 振幅更敏感,Helfrich 等[37] 应用低频(1 Hz)的 rTMS 对 ADHD 患儿的 M1 区进行刺激。结果显示,患儿的 N100 振幅降低,提示 1 Hz 的 rTMS 减少了皮层抑制。Niederhofer[38] 将 1 Hz 的 rTMS 应用于接受哌醋甲酯治疗的ADHD患者的DLPFC,疗效明显且有助于减少原来药物的使用剂量。Cao等[39] 得到了相同的结论,他们发现无论是单纯rTMS、盐酸托莫西汀治疗还是两者联合治疗均能改善 ADHD 的核心症状,且联合治疗优于单一治疗。

  • 综上,关于rTMS对ADHD患儿的治疗,多为低频治疗,且联合治疗优于单一治疗,如果rTMS可以减少ADHD患者药物的使用,这似乎是一个积极的结论。我国 ADHD 防治指南第二版也同样强调制定一个长期、个体化及综合的治疗方案。

  • 3.2 tDCS在ADHD患儿中的应用

  • 3.2.1 tDCS治疗ADHD患儿的机制

  • 目前关于 tDCS 治疗 ADHD 患儿最常见的靶区是左、右背外侧前额叶皮质和额下回(IFG),而阳极 tDCS是最常用的方案,这些研究的结果各不统一。在ADHD中纹状体多巴通常减少,前额叶tDCS刺激可增加这一物质[40]。相关研究表明,不同前额叶区域的tDCS 对于改善ADHD 患者认知功能受损的范围是有效的,这与 fMRI 相关 Meta 分析[41] 的结果相一致,即ADHD患者的多系统神经功能损害涉及不同的内侧、背外侧和下额纹状体网络。

  • Leffa 等[42] 用 tDCS 刺激 ADHD 大鼠的 DLPFC,结果显示大鼠的工作记忆(working memory,WM)显著改善,而 WM 相关缺陷是 ADHD 患儿的特征性缺陷,提示 tDCS 可能在 ADHD 中发挥作用。此外,在 tDCS 刺激后,多动症患者的功能性脑连通性增加[43]。有多个研究结果显示,阳极左侧DLPFC 改善了 ADHD 患者的反应抑制、注意力、工作记忆和认知灵活性,可能影响与工作记忆表现相关的整个神经网络[44]

  • 3.2.2 tDCS治疗ADHD患儿

  • Cornelia 等[45] 用 1 mA 的阳极刺激作用于左侧 DLPFC 上,与假刺激相比,阳极 tDCS 可减少 ADHD青少年的多动和注意力不集中症状,且效果在刺激结束后 7 d 更为明显,但对冲动性没有影响。但左侧阴极刺激各研究者所得到的结果并不相同, Soltaninejad 等[46] 在使用 1.5 mA 阴极刺激 ADHD 患儿的左侧 DLPFC 进行 Go/No⁃Go 任务时的准确度和反应时间高于阴极和伪刺激,而 Cosmo 等[43] 则发现没有显著影响。Breitling 等[47-48] 对ADHD患儿的右侧 IFG 应用 1 mA 阳极刺激,结果显示患儿的干扰控制和冲动性有明显改善,但并没有改善工作记忆,提示 tDCS 的区域特异性。慢振荡 tDCS(slow oscillating tDCS,toDCS)可增加 DLPFC 在睡眠期间的慢振荡功率,从而改善 ADHD 的陈述性记忆和执行功能[49]。与双侧 DLPFC 的 tDCS 和右侧阳极 IFG tDCS 相比,单侧阳极 DLPFC 的 tDCS 在抑制控制方面对 ADHD 更有效[50]。对于那些涉及动机和情绪处理的执行功能域(如威斯康星卡片分类任务(WCST),前额叶和额极区的 tDCS 则比只涉及 DLPFC的tDCS更有效[51]

  • 综上所述,tDCS 可提高 ADHD 患者工作记忆的准确性、反应速度和抑制控制功能,刺激部位多采用 DLPFC,相关 Meta 分析也显示 tDCS 在改善 ADHD的临床注意力不集中有积极的结果[52],但认知功能的影响有限,对冲动、多动等症状没有影响。有证据表明1~5个疗程作用于DLPFC 的rTMS 和tDCS,改善了ADHD相关的临床症状[52]

  • 4 孤独症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorder,ASD)

  • ASD 是以社会交往和交流障碍、兴趣狭窄、重复刻板行为为主要临床特征的神经发育性障碍。 2021 年 12 月 3 日,美国疾病控制与预防中心发布 ASD患病率为1/44,且呈逐年上升趋势。ASD治疗仍以对症治疗为主,TMS和tDCS对ASD的潜在治疗价值引起广泛关注,但相关研究仍在探索中。

  • 4.1 TMS在ASD患儿中的应用

  • 4.1.1 rTMS治疗ASD患儿的机制

  • Casanova等[53] 发现ASD儿童的神经微柱结构发育异常,以额叶皮层较为典型,而低频 rTMS可刺激并修复这一功能。Sokhadze 等[54] 首次尝试将 rTMS 用于ASD患者,他们用0.5/1.0 Hz的rTMS作用于患儿的 DLPFC,发现患儿在多种任务下的注意选择、面部识别和视听觉的统合能力显著改善,他们研究了ASD患者的γ⁃信号通路,这一通路解释了皮质内抑制功能障碍导致抑制/兴奋失衡,这种不平衡会导致脑电图(EEG)γ频率振荡的异常,这被认为是自闭症的神经生理标志物。这些研究结果表明,使用低频rTMS激活抑制性γ⁃中间神经元可以改变皮层抑制,从而改善抑制/兴奋失衡。

  • 尽管ASD的发病机制无统一定论,但上述研究表明ASD患者可能出现前额叶功能异常、结构改变等而导致发病,因此目前对于ASD患儿的TMS干预大多采用DLPFC为靶点。

  • 4.1.2 rTMS在ASD患儿中的应用

  • Sokhadze等[55] 发现ASD患儿存在过度处理区分目标刺激和新刺激所需信息的现象,对于 DLPFC, 1 Hz 的 rTMS 刺激可解决 ASD 的刺激超敏特征,改善错误监测和纠正功能,降低针对目标刺激的运动反应错误。在他们最新的研究中,仍是相同的刺激部位与参数,参与者扩大到112例,比较了患儿6周、 12周和18周治疗的效果,结果显示18周的rTMS治疗后变化最大,显著提高ASD儿童的执行功能和行为,促进认知控制等[56]。Abujadi 等[57] 用 iTBS 用于患儿的右侧 DLPFC,治疗后,患儿的限制和重复行为以及强迫性行为症状都有改善,神经认知功能也得到改善。

  • 此外,研究发现用经颅磁刺激ASD患儿的其他脑区也可改善症状,如内侧前额叶(mPFC),顶叶 (PC)和颞上沟(STS)等。Yang 等[58] 对 11 名 ASD 患儿的PC进行20 Hz的rTMS刺激,干预后患儿的语言和社会行为能力显著改善,并且监护人员也报告患儿的模仿能力和认知功能方面有所改善。Ni 等[59] 对 ASD 患者(平均年龄为 20.8 岁)的 STS 进行 rTMS 刺激,结果虽没有统计学意义,但发现iTBS刺激双侧 STS 可提高患者社交沟通能力。Fecteau 等[60] 发现,运用 1 Hz 的低频 rTMS 刺激左三角部能够提高 ASD患儿的命名能力,而刺激左岛盖部则会损伤命名能力。

  • 综上,rTMS 对 ASD 患儿的刺激部位多采用 DLPFC,可能通过改善皮质内抑制功能从而改善 ASD患儿的语言和社会行为,但不同的刺激参数可能会有不同的效果。Meta分析显示,虽然有研究表明rTMS对ASD的刻板印象、重复、社会行为和执行功能的某些方面具有积极作用,但这些发现受到数据异质性、发表偏倚和原始研究质量的限制,且单侧刺激的结果似乎并不逊于使用双侧靶点的等效研究,因此 rTMS 治疗 ASD 的持续有效性和安全性的证据仍不明确[61]。关于rTMS治疗孤独症谱系障碍潜力的国际共识申明[62] 也表示:关于ASD的现有研究的数据表明rTMS具有治疗潜力,但仍需进行大型、多位点、双盲、假对照试验,以便对ASD 的神经生理学异质性有更深入的了解,从而确定合适的治疗方案,使治疗效果最大化。

  • 4.2 tDCS在ASD患儿中的应用

  • 目前tDCS治疗ASD患儿的相关研究所采取的最常见治疗靶点仍为 DLPFC,也有人选择前额叶、颞叶等相关位置,这些研究的结果各不统一。

  • Gómez 等[63]用阴极 1 mA tDCS 对患者的左侧 DLPFC进行了20次刺激,结果显示,患儿的社会交往能力得到提高,且效果能持续 6 个月。Hupfeld 等[64] 采用0.4 mA阳极刺激作用于左侧DLPFC,结果显示 ASD 患儿的语法使用障碍和运动规划能力得到改善。Schneider等[65] 得到类似的结论,他们采用的是2 mA的阳极电极,治疗后发现患儿的语法及词汇能力得到改善,然而,以上研究均不包括假刺激对照,不排除安慰剂效应的可能性。而Amatachaya 等[66]采取双盲实验对患儿 DLPFC 进行 20 min 的 2 mA阳极刺激,在治疗1周后儿童自闭症评定量表 (CARS)评分得到显著改善,但孤独症治疗评估表 (ATEC)中的语言评分组间无差异,这与 Schneider 的结论不一致,提示tDCS的参数不同,产生的效应可能不同。进一步的研究显示,在阳极刺激后, ATEC 社交量表评分显著改善,且靠近刺激部位的电极记录的 EEG 峰值α波(peak alpha frequency, PAF)频率增加。重要的是,突触连通性的增加(以峰值α频率的增加为指标)越大,心理社会功能的改善(ATEC 评分)就越大[67]。有相关研究用 1 mA 的阳极 tDCS 刺激患儿的 DLPFC,结果显示 tDCS 能够重新配置自闭症儿童的大脑网络,ASD患者功能连接模式的非典型性可通过 tDCS 刺激进行调节[68]。这种调节提示tDCS在ASD儿童中是可行的。

  • tDCS对ASD患儿治疗的疗效受到刺激强度、频率和极性等不同参数的影响,tDCS通过刺激DLPFC 降低ASD患儿大脑的慢波段,从而改善其交流障碍等心理社会功能,疗效持续时间可达6个月以上。

  • 5 多发性抽动综合征(Tourette syndrome,TS)

  • TS临床特征为慢性、波动性、多发性运动肌快速抽搐,并伴有不自主发声和语言障碍,以肢体抽动及喉中发出怪声或口出秽语为主要临床表现,TS 患者80%以上可出现共患行为障碍,导致TS病情复杂且治疗困难。TS治疗主要包括药物治疗、心理行为治疗等,但这些措施并不是对所有患者都有积极作用,寻找更有效和安全的疗法显得尤为重要。

  • 5.1 rTMS/tDCS治疗TS患儿的机制

  • TS的发病机制尚不明确,有研究表明皮质⁃纹状体⁃丘脑⁃皮层(CSTC)环路的功能障碍与TS有关[69]。使用 rTMS、tDCS 均可引起相应区域的血氧水平依赖(blood oxygen level dependent,BOLD)改变[70],因此,非侵入性脑刺激(noninvasive brain stimulation, NIBS)治疗TS的机制主要有①减少区域内的皮层兴奋性,如补充运动皮层(SMA)和初级运动皮层 (PMC);②增加抑制回路的参与,增加皮层区域和相关更深结构之间的连通性。从理论上来说,重复应用NIBS可能改变皮质区域(如SMA和PMC)兴奋/抑制的平衡,改善TS患者的症状。

  • 5.2 rTMS在TS患儿中的应用

  • 有研究称在使用与皮质兴奋性降低相关的脉冲配置(如100%~110% MT的1 Hz rTMS)对SMA进行双侧刺激后,TS患儿的耶鲁综合抽动严重程度量表(YGTSS)评分显著降低。但Bloch等[71] 在研究中未能发现 12 例参与者在 20 次 1 Hz rTMS 后的 YGTSS 测量值有显著变化。Kahl 等[72] 也得到了类似的结论。Meta 分析显示,经 rTMS 治疗后后抽动症状有显著改善,但还需进行一些对照 TS 患者研究[73]。Landeros⁃Weisenberger等[74] 研究表示rTMS组与假刺激组对抽动症状的治疗效果无显著差异,但额外经历了3周主动刺激后,与基线相比,抽动严重程度显著降低。最近的一项研究对双侧顶叶进行了0.5 Hz的rTMS治疗,与假刺激对照组相比,经治疗后患者的YGTSS分数显著下降[75],这提示双侧顶叶是一个新的靶点。此外,年轻人和老年人之间大脑回路的神经元可塑性不同,并可能随着年龄的增长而下降[76],相关Meta分析也表示,越年轻,预后越好[73],这表明TS的早治疗尤为重要。

  • 综上,可能受到不同刺激靶点和频率等的影响,各个研究者的结论不一,且尚缺少大样本的临床试验探索rTMS技术在TS患儿群体中的疗效。

  • 5.3 tDCS在TS患儿中的应用

  • Carvalho 等[77] 对 1 例 16 岁的难治性 TS 患者在第 1 周和第2周进行阴极tDCS 治疗后,YGTSS评分分别降低了23%和46%。在随访3个月和6个月时,抽搐的严重程度和整体评分与基线相比分别降低了 39%和 44%。这些结果表示患者的运动性抽搐和语音抽搐显著减少,患者的总体评分从严重转为轻度。Eapen 等[78]对 TS 患者的运动皮层进行 1.4 mA阴极tDCS刺激,结果显示,患者抽动和先兆冲动的频率和强度降低,以及抑制功能改善。

  • 综上,目前关于 tDCS 治疗 TS 患者的相关研究很少,有限的证据表明,tDCS可使TS患儿的抽动频率降低,但同rTMS一样,仍需大样本的临床试验。

  • 6 其他

  • 除上述疾病外,Picker 等[79] 指出神经调控技术还可用于儿童语言发育迟缓、智力发育障碍、阅读障碍等疾病的。Costanzo等[80] 应用1 mA的tDCS(左侧阳极/右侧阴极)治疗阅读障碍儿童的顶颞区,结果显示患儿的非词汇阅读速度和低频词汇阅读错误症状较治疗前减轻,效果能持续至治疗结束后6个月。

  • 7 小结

  • 目前,无创神经调控技术在国内外已广泛应用于各种神经精神类疾病,且取得了较好的疗效。 TMS是一种相对有噪声的设备,而tDCS是一种便携式的、安静的、经济的设备,TMS和tDCS已成为治疗儿童神经精神类疾病的一种非侵入性的有效治疗与研究工具,但仍存在以下不足:①这两种刺激技术只能到达皮层,而深部的脑区却不能进一步触及,仍需要相关研究进一步深入;②相关刺激治疗的作用机制仍需进一步研究,一些疾病的治疗有效性仍存在争议,如表示 rTMS 治疗 ADHD 患儿的有效性等,最佳刺激参数和大脑刺激部位仍未确定; ③各个研究者所进行的试验对象较少,相关疾病的评估量表各异,使用的仪器型号不统一;④该技术不可能在所有症状领域取得显著改善,部分研究的安慰剂疗效不能排除,大型、多位点、双盲、假对照试验仍需进行,以便对疾病的神经生理学异质性有更深入的了解,从而确定合适的治疗方案并使临床效果最大化。总之,该技术是一个蓬勃发展的新技术,具有广阔的研究及发展空间。

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