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通讯作者:

李铮,E-mail:lizhengboshi@sjtu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R699.8

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)04-555-08

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20230416

参考文献 1
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参考文献 11
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参考文献 12
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参考文献 14
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参考文献 15
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参考文献 16
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参考文献 17
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参考文献 18
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参考文献 19
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参考文献 20
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参考文献 21
WITHERSPOON L,DERGHAM A,FLANNIGAN R.Y ⁃microdeletions:a review of the genetic basis for this com⁃ mon cause of male infertility[J].Transl Androl Urol,2021,10(3):1383-1390
参考文献 22
ABUR U,GUNES S,ASCI R,et al.Chromosomal and Y⁃ chromosome microdeletion analysis in 1,300 infertile males and the fertility outcome of patients with AZFc mi⁃ crodeletions[J].Andrologia,2019,51(11):e13402
参考文献 23
MIRAGHAZADEH A,SADIGHI G M,REIHANI⁃SABET F,et al.Detection of partial AZFc microdeletions in azo⁃ ospermic infertile men is not informative of microTESE outcome[J].Int J Fertil Steril,2019,12(4):298-302
参考文献 24
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参考文献 25
COCUZZA M,ALVARENGA C,PAGANI R.The epide⁃ miology and etiology of azoospermia[J].Clinics(Sao Pau⁃ lo),2013,68(Suppl 1):15-26
参考文献 26
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参考文献 27
TIAN R H,CHEN H X,ZHAO L Y,et al.Efficacy and safety study of microsurgical varicocelectomy in the treat⁃ ment of non ⁃obstructive azoospermia with varicocele[J].Chin Med J(Engl),2018,98(46):3737-3740
参考文献 28
MAJZOUB A,ARAFA M,KHALAFALLA K,et al.Pre⁃ dictive model to estimate the chances of successful sperm retrieval by testicular sperm aspiration in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia[J].Fertil Steril,2021,115(2):373-381
参考文献 29
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参考文献 30
LI H,CHEN L P,YANG J,et al.Predictive value of FSH,testicular volume,and histopathological findings for the sperm retrieval rate of microdissection TESE in nonob⁃ structive azoospermia:a meta ⁃ analysis[J].Asian J An⁃ drol,2018,20(1):30-36
参考文献 31
CAROPPO E,COLPI E M,D’AMATO G,et al.Predic⁃ tion model for testis histology in men with non⁃obstructive azoospermia:evidence for a limited predictive role of se⁃ rum follicle ⁃ stimulating hormone[J].J Assist Reprod Genet,2019,36(12):2575-2582
参考文献 32
HUANG X,BAI Q,YAN L Y,et al.Combination of se⁃ rum inhibin B and follicle⁃stimulating hormone levels can not improve the diagnostic accuracy on testicular sperm extraction outcomes in Chinese non⁃obstructive azoosper⁃ mic men[J].Chin Med J(Engl),2012,125(16):2885-2889
参考文献 33
MAGLIA E,BOERI L,FONTANA M,et al.Clinical com⁃ parison between conventional and microdissection testicu⁃ lar sperm extraction for non⁃obstructive azoospermia:Un⁃ derstanding which treatment works for which patient[J].Arch Ital Urol Androl,2018,90(2):130-135
参考文献 34
RAMASAMY R,TRIVEDI N N,REIFSNYDER J E,et al.Age does not adversely affect sperm retrieval in men undergoing microdissection testicular sperm extraction [J].Fertil Steril,2014,101(3):653-655
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:分析不同病因的非梗阻性无精子症(non-obstructive azoospermia,NOA)患者经显微镜下睾丸取精术(microdis- section testicular sperm extraction,micro-TESE)的治疗结局。方法:回顾性分析上海市第一人民医院2015年3月—2022年1月 1355例接受micro-TESE的患者,病因/危险因素包括克氏综合征(Klinefelter syndrome,KS)、Y染色体AZFc缺失、隐睾、腮腺炎性睾丸炎、放化疗、精索静脉曲张以及特发性NOA,研究分析各组患者精子获取率(sperm retrieval rate,SRR),并比较各组取精成功的妊娠结局。结果:NOA患者的总体SRR为26.2%(355/1355),其中腮腺炎性睾丸炎SRR最高(75.9%,22/29),其次分别为隐睾(70.5%,43/61)、Y染色体AZFc缺失(55.6%,30/54)、KS(47.6%,71/149)、特发性NOA(18.6%,167/897)、放化疗(15.4%, 2/13),精索静脉曲张SRR最低(13.2%,20/152)。根据手术结局,将NOA患者分为取精成功组及取精失败组。特发性NOA及放化疗类型中,取精成功组卵泡刺激素(follicle-stimulating hormone,FSH)和黄体生成素(luteinizing hormone,LH)水平显著高于取精失败组;Y染色体AZFc缺失类型中,取精成功组FSH、LH水平显著低于取精失败组;腮腺炎性睾丸炎类型中,取精成功组睾丸体积高于取精失败组。回归分析发现年龄可作为预测特发性NOA患者取精结局的因素,年龄较高者拥有较好的取精结局。卵胞浆内单精子注射治疗的妊娠率为51.4%(200/389),活产率为73.5%(147/200)。结论:不同病因/危险因素NOA患者的 SRR具有显著差异,是影响micro-TESE取精结局的重要指标。

    Abstract

    Objective:To investigate the outcomes of non - obstructive azoospermia(NOA) patients with different etiologies undergoing microdissection testicular sperm extraction(micro - TESE). Methods:A retrospective analysis was carried out in 1355 patients who accepted micro-TESE in Shanghai General Hospital from March 2015 to January 2022. The etiology/risk factors of NOA patients included Klinefelter syndrome(KS),Y - chromosome AZFc deletion,cryptorchidism,mumps orchitis,chemoradiotherapy,varicocele,idiopathic etiology. The sperm retrieval rate(SRR)of patients in each group were analyzed,and the pregnancy outcomes of successful sperm retrieval in each group were compared. Results:The overall SRR was 26.2%(355/1355). The mumps orchitis group ranked the highest SRR of 75.9%(22/29),followed by cryptorchidism(70.5%,43/61),Y-chromosome AZFc deletion(55.6%,30/54), KS(47.6%,71/149),idiopathic etiology(18.6%,167/897),radiotherapy and chemotherapy(15.4%,2/13),and varicocele was the lowest(13.2%,20/152). According to the clinical outcome,NOA patients were divided into a success group and a failure group. In idiopathic and chemoradiotherapy group,the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH)and luteinizing hormone(LH)in successful cases were significantly higher than those failed;In Y-chromosome AZFc deletion group,the levels of FSH was significantly lower than those failed;In mumps orchitis group,the volume of the testis in the success group was higher than those failed. In addition,we found that age can serve as an independent factor to predict sperm retrieval outcome in patients with idiopathic NOA,and the older had better sperm retrieval outcomes. After ICSI treatment,the pregnancy rate was 51.4%(200/389),and the live birth rate was 73.5%(147/200). Conclusion:The SRR of NOA patients with different causes/risk factors are significantly different,which are important indicators affecting the outcome of micro-TESE.

  • 非梗阻性无精子症(non⁃obstructive azoospermia, NOA)是最严重的男性不育类型,约占男性不育症的 10%~15%[1]。研究表明,部分 NOA 患者睾丸中存在孤立精子发生区域,可以通过睾丸取精手术 (testicular sperm extraction,TESE)获取精子[2],联合卵胞浆内单精子注射(intracytoplasmic sperm injection, ICSI)可能使其配偶成功获得妊娠和活产。基于 TESE 发展的显微镜下睾丸取精术(microdissection testicular sperm extraction,micro⁃TESE)具有更佳手术视野,便于分辨选取粗大饱满生精小管,显著提高精子获取率(sperm retrieval rate,SRR);同时有利于保护睾丸血管,尽可能减少对睾丸组织消耗,有利于保护睾丸功能[3]。然而,micro⁃TESE 是一项侵入性操作,存在睾丸血供受损、血肿等并发症,且近一半患者无法成功获取精子[4]。因此,术前评估并预测手术结局对医生和患者至关重要。本研究旨在回顾性分析不同病因/危险因素的 NOA 患者 micro ⁃ TESE 的治疗结局,比较不同病因/危险因素的 SSR 及取精成功者的妊娠结局,以期为NOA患者临床诊疗提供指导。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 收集2015年3月—2022年1月于南京医科大学附属上海一院接受micro⁃TESE治疗的1 355例NOA 患者数据。NOA 诊断参考《WHO 人类精液检查与处理实验室手册》第5版的标准[5]:至少3次精液检查,3 000 r/min条件下离心5 min,400倍显微镜下观察未见精子。NOA 患者体格检查提示睾丸平均体积小于正常值;血清卵泡刺激素(follicle⁃stimulating hormone,FSH)和黄体生成素(luteinizing hormone, LH)平均水平均高于正常值。在此期间,本院micro⁃ TESE 手术适应证及禁忌证符合《睾丸显微取精术围手术期管理中国专家共识》[6]。染色体核型分析和Y染色体无精子症因子(azoospermia factor,AZF) 微缺失检查评估 NOA 的遗传相关病因,包括克氏综合征(Klinefelter syndrome,KS)、Y 染色体 AZFc 缺失等遗传异常,全外显子测序分析筛选的基因突变类型进行剔除。体格检查结合多普勒超声检查(内径>2 mm,回流时间≥2 s)判断是否存在精索静脉曲张。记录患者是否曾患隐睾、腮腺炎性睾丸炎,接触放化疗等病史。所有患者均排除梗阻性因素,如输精管缺如、附睾炎、射精管梗阻等。本研究通过上海市第一人民医院伦理委员会审核 (2022KY107),纳入患者均签署知情同意书。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 显微镜下睾丸取精术

  • micro⁃TESE 手术参照文献报道[2],于全身麻醉下进行。优先选取睾丸体积较大、质地较硬一侧进行手术,如双侧睾丸体积较一致,则从右侧开始。术中沿阴囊中线切开睾丸,逐层打开鞘膜暴露出睾丸。显微镜15~20倍视野下观察睾丸实质,收集粗大饱满的的生精小管,剪碎后置于 400 倍显微镜下寻找精子。当成功获取足量精子,或双侧睾丸均未检见精子且进一步手术会损伤睾丸重要血管供应时结束手术。隐睾类型患者手术方式包括两种: ①既往存在隐睾下降固定外科手术史,行 micro⁃ TESE 手术;②隐睾未经外科手术处理,则行隐睾探查术+小切口 micro⁃TESE 手术。精索静脉曲张手术为显微镜下精索静脉结扎术+micro⁃TESE 手术或仅 micro⁃TESE手术。

  • 1.2.2 观察指标

  • 收集患者临床指标,包括年龄、性激素水平、双侧睾丸体积,分析比较不同病因NOA患者在临床指标上是否存在差异。根据病因类型将NOA患者进行分组,病因包括:特发性、KS、精索静脉曲张、隐睾、 Y染色体AZFc缺失、腮腺炎性睾丸炎、放化疗。纳入性激素检测项目包括 FSH、LH、睾酮(testosterone, T)。根据手术结局是否发现精子,将患者进一步分为取精成功组(术中识别≥ 5个活动或不活动精子)[7] 及取精失败组,逐步分析并探讨不同病因以及临床指标与SSR的关系。同时,收集取精成功组妊娠数据,统计分析不同病因NOA患者的妊娠率及活产率。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 使用Stata、GraphPad Prism7.00软件进行统计分析。数值变量以均值±标准差(x-± s)表示,分类变量比例以百分比(%)表示。使用卡方检验比较不同病因 NOA 患者及不同年龄阶段特发性 NOA 患者中 SRR 水平的差异。使用 t 检验分析各病因类型中,不同取精结局患者临床指标的差异。将各病因赋值为虚拟变量(1~7),分别为:特发性、KS、精索静脉曲张、隐睾、Y染色体AZFc缺失、腮腺炎性睾丸炎、放化疗,以 1 作为参照,使用二元 Logistic 回归分析不同病因及临床指标对取精结局(成功)的影响。进一步按照不同病因类型,使用 Logistic 模型分析各临床指标对取精结局(成功)的影响,因放化疗组样本量过小,将其进行剔除。在特发性 NOA 患者中,使用probit 回归分析模型分析各临床指标对取精结局的影响。P <0.05 为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 不同病因NOA患者临床指标水平

  • 纳入 NOA 患者的年龄为(30.06±4.28)岁,睾丸平均体积小于正常值,左侧为(8.12±3.62)mL,右侧为(8.13±3.62)mL。患者的 FSH 和 LH 水平分别为 (27.56±16.20)mU/mL 和(14.84±9.64)mU/mL,均高于正常值;T 水平为(4.47±2.64)nmol/L。进一步将 1 355例NOA患者按照不同病因进行分类,其年龄、睾丸体积、性激素水平详见表1。

  • 根据micro⁃TESE手术结果,NOA患者分为取精成功组与取精失败组,进行统计分析。两组患者间的年龄水平无统计学差异;取精成功组FSH、LH水平均显著高于取精失败组,而睾丸体积及T水平显著低于取精失败组(P <0.05,表2)。

  • 表1 不同病因类型NOA患者基本信息

  • Table1 Clinical characteristics of NOA patients with different etiologies

  • 表2 总体NOA患者不同取精结局的临床指标比较

  • Table2 Comparison of clinical indicators in overall NOA patients with different sperm retrieval outcomes

  • 2.2 不同病因NOA患者SRR水平

  • micro⁃TESE结果显示,总体SRR为26.2%(355/1 355),其中腮腺炎性睾丸炎患者SRR最高(75.9%, 22/29),其次分别为隐睾(70.5%,43/61)、Y 染色体AZFc缺失(55.6%,30/54)、KS(47.6%,71/149)、特发性(18.6%,167/897)、放化疗(15.4%,2/13),精索静脉曲张患者SRR最低(13.2%,20/152)。比较不同病因 NOA 患者的 SRR 水平,差异具有统计学意义 (P <0.05)。

  • 2.3 各病因类型下不同取精结局的比较

  • 比较各病因 NOA 患者不同取精结局的临床指标,特发性 NOA 中,取精成功组 FSH、LH 及年龄显著高于取精失败组;Y 染色体 AZFc 缺失中,取精成功组 FSH、LH 水平均显著低于取精失败组;腮腺炎性睾丸炎中,取精成功组睾丸体积显著大于取精失败组;放化疗中,取精成功组 FSH、LH 水平显著高于取精失败组(P <0.05,表3)。

  • 表3 不同病因类型NOA患者取精结局临床指标比较

  • Table3 Comparison of clinical indicators of different sperm retrieval outcomes in NOA patients under different etiology types

  • 与失败组比较,* P <0.05。

  • 2.4 回归分析比较取精结局的影响因素

  • 采用二元Logistic 回归分析方法比较临床指标及病因类型对取精结局的影响。结果表明,病因及 T 水平可作为预测 NOA 患者取精结局的独立因素 (表4)。按照不同病因类型,使用Logistic模型分析各临床指标与取精结局的关系(表5)。结果显示,在控制 FSH、LH、T、睾丸体积变量时,年龄可作为特发性NOA患者中预测取精结局的因素(P <0.05,表4、5)。

  • 使用probit回归分析模型,研究特发性NOA患者中不同临床特征对取精结局的影响,结果表明年龄每增长 1 岁,成功的概率约增加 0.7%(P <0.05,表6)。进一步按照年龄,将特发性NOA患者划分为组1(年龄≤30岁)和组2(年龄>30岁),比较其取精结局,结果显示,组2(22.0%,75/341)取精结局优于组1(16.5%,92/556)(P <0.05)。以上表明,年龄对取精结局具有一定预测价值,年龄较高或可作为取精成功的有利因素。

  • 2.5 各病因类型下取精成功NOA患者妊娠结局比较

  • 251例NOA取精成功患者进入后续ICSI治疗,整体ICSI周期数为389,妊娠率为51.4%,活产率为 73.5%,另外 25 例生化妊娠,5 例异位妊娠,21 例流产。进一步按照不同病因进行分类,统计不同病因类型下NOA患者的妊娠结局(表7)。冻存精子未用于 ICSI 治疗包括以下情形:①精子冻融复苏,经评估其质量或形态较差;②女方卵子经评估形态较差;③患者未进一步行ICSI治疗方案。

  • 表4 Logistic 模型:不同临床指标及病因类型对取精结局 (成功)影响分析

  • Table4 Logistic model:analysis of the effects of different clinical indicators and etiology types on the out⁃ come of successful sperm retrieval

  • 1~7:特发性、KS、精索静脉曲张、隐睾、Y染色体AZFc缺失、腮腺炎性睾丸炎、放化疗。

  • 3 讨论

  • NOA主要由睾丸自身精子发生障碍引起[8]。临床上预测 micro⁃TESE 取精结局的相关指标包括睾丸体积、FSH、睾丸组织病理学等[9-11],但部分研究持不同甚至截然相反的观点,micro⁃TESE术前进行睾丸组织病理学检查也颇具争议,这一有创操作可能产生睾丸水肿、血肿等并发症,增加患者经济、心理负担,并可能对患者进一步的micro⁃TESE治疗产生不利影响。研究认为,病因是影响micro⁃TESE取精结局的重要因素,病因明确(例如腮腺炎性睾丸炎、 KS等)的NOA患者往往预示着较高的SRR[12-13]。本研究回顾性分析本临床中心(单中心)1 355例NOA 患者接受 micro⁃TESE 治疗的资料,发现不同病因 NOA患者的取精结局具有显著差异(P <0.05)。

  • 表5 Logistic模型:各病因类型下不同临床指标对取精结局的影响

  • Table5 Logistic model:effects of clinical indicators on sperm retrieval outcomes among different etiological types

  • 表6 特发性NOA患者中不同临床特征对取精结局的影响

  • Table6 Effect of different clinical features on sperm re⁃ trieval outcomes in idiopathic NOA patients

  • 表7 各病因类型下取精成功NOA患者妊娠结局比较

  • Table7 Comparison of pregnancy outcomes of NOA patients with successful sperm extraction under various etiological types

  • 其中,腮腺炎性睾丸炎NOA患者SRR最高,为 75.9%,与以往研究结果一致[14]。此类患者,术中往往可见较饱满、粗大的生精小管并找到精子。在周梁等[15] 的研究中,腮腺炎性睾丸炎病因的NOA患者 SRR 为 94.4%,而单纯性腮腺炎未合并睾丸炎的患者SRR为26.5%,差异甚大,本文推测,腮腺炎性睾丸炎引起的NOA,可能与病毒引起的睾丸炎继而损伤睾丸功能有关;而NOA合并单纯腮腺炎类型,患者生精障碍的发病机制可能与睾丸感染无关,而是另有其他原因。研究表明,腮腺炎性睾丸炎 NOA 中,病毒会促进炎症反应发生,导致睾丸温度的升高,使生殖细胞变性,且病毒会破坏间质细胞功能,从而影响T的产生,部分患者会出现睾丸萎缩及不育的现象[16]。本研究中,患者双侧睾丸体积较小,并拥有较高的FSH、LH水平,这与既往研究一致[12-13],激素水平变化可能与患者自身下丘脑—垂体—性腺轴的负反馈调控有关。该病因类型,取精成功组睾丸体积显著高于取精失败组,这提示睾丸体积大小可能与生精功能的受损程度呈负相关,睾丸体积较大者术中有更多机会发现残留生精灶,往往具备生育后代的潜能。

  • 本研究发现,隐睾症患者 micro ⁃TESE 治疗的 SRR较高,与既往研究结果一致[1317]。隐睾影响精子发生的作用机制较为复杂,高温是其关键因素。早期行隐睾下降固定术能够有效挽救睾丸功能,维持男性生育力[18]。Barbotin等[19] 比较分析了单侧及双侧隐睾患者的临床指标及 TESE 结果,发现两组在睾丸体积、性激素水平上均无明显差异,取精率均约为 60%,提示隐睾这一危险因素可能往往导致双侧睾丸功能受损。此外,隐睾患者睾丸肿瘤的发病率较高,显微镜下睾丸取精术更易于发现睾丸肿瘤。本研究中虽未见睾丸肿瘤发生,但仍需定期随访。

  • KS、Y 染色体 AZFc 缺失是 NOA 最常见的两种遗传学病因。本研究中,KS患者SRR为47.6%,Y染色体微缺失患者SRR为55.6%,均高于特发性NOA 患者。KS患者中,多会发现睾丸支持细胞及生殖细胞的进行性玻璃化、纤维化及变性现象,性腺功能出现减退,多表现为小睾丸,低T水平,而FSH和LH 水平负反馈性升高[20],当前研究结果与其一致。Y染色体微缺失中,AZF区域包括a、b、c区域的缺失,导致生精障碍,是无精子症的常见病因,约占3%~15%,其中,AZFc缺失是Y染色体微缺失的最主要类型,约占 80%,该区域包含较多回文结构和重复序列,使其在减数分裂过程中更容易受到非等位基因同源重组介导的基因组重排的影响,从而导致 AZFc 缺失[21-22]。Miraghazadeh等[23] 报道LH在取精成功及取精失败组具有显著差异,然而Logistic回归分析中未发现有统计学意义的预测指标。一项系统综述发现,Y 染色体 AZFc 缺失患者的 SRR 约为 50%~60%[24],本文结果与其一致。

  • 本研究发现,NOA 合并精索静脉曲张患者的 SRR最低。临床上,NOA与精索静脉曲张的关系常具有不确定性,难以确定精索静脉曲张是否为NOA 的病因/危险因素,或者仅是 NOA 的伴发疾病。文献报道,精索静脉曲张可能导致睾丸内部温度升高、细胞活性氧水平增加、精子 DNA 断裂、睾酮水平降低,对睾丸功能造成危害,从而影响男性生育力[25]。研究表明,NOA 合并精索静脉曲张患者,前期行精索静脉曲张手术可使精液出现精子,甚至使其配偶自然妊娠,即便无法恢复精子,也可提高后期睾丸取精的SRR[26-27]。本研究中,精索静脉曲张与特发性NOA患者的SRR水平无统计学差异,提示精索静脉曲张可能不是影响NOA精子发生的独立因素。

  • 本研究纳入 13 例曾接受放化疗的 NOA 患者,仅有2例经micro⁃TESE获得精子(15.4%),1例经过 ICSI 治疗生育 1 子。在 Chen 等[13] 的研究中,3 例患者中有2例成功获取精子并在后期ICSI治疗中成功妊娠。但是,纳入的样本量较小,不足以进行后续分析,后期需要大样本量以便分类统计分析放化疗病因对micro⁃TESE结局的影响。

  • 特发性NOA患者比例最高,而其SRR很低,仅为18.6%,是当前临床工作中的最棘手类型,对该类患者的术前评估及取精结局预测具有重要临床价值。患者的FSH、LH水平显著高于正常值,且双侧睾丸体积小于正常值;取精成功组具有较高的FSH 及LH水平[28-30],可能与自身性腺轴的负反馈调控或术前接受过内分泌治疗有关。然而,一些研究持不同意见[31-32],在 Logistic 回归分析模型中,我们同样发现性激素与取精结局的关系无统计学意义。 Maglia等[33] 通过Logistic回归分析发现,年龄可作为预测特发性NOA患者micro⁃TESE 成功取精的独立因子。Ramasamy等[34] 研究表明,micro⁃TESE治疗结局不受高龄带来的负面影响。本文结果发现,年龄与micro⁃TESE取精结局密切相关,可能存在以下因素:①年龄较高者意味着经历更长的性腺轴负反馈调控时间或内分泌等其他治疗周期;②可能与近年生育力呈下降趋势相关,NOA发病逐渐呈低龄化表现且睾丸功能受损较严重。仍需更多研究,探索年龄较高是否可作为特发性NOA患者micro⁃TESE 取精结局成功的有利因素。

  • 总之,本研究纳入1 355例NOA患者接受micro⁃ TESE治疗,证明NOA病因/危险因素是影响其取精结局的关键因素,年龄因素对特发性 NOA 取精结局也具有一定预测价值。此外,本研究提供了取精成功 NOA 患者的妊娠数据,包括妊娠率、活产率等,对不同病因/危险因素 NOA 患者临床咨询及治疗决策具有指导意义,对深入开展某一特定病因 micro⁃TESE 结局的分析研究提供了初步探索。然而,本研究为回顾性分析,且部分病因类型患者可纳入样本数不足,未来亟须开展多中心前瞻性研究,针对各病因类型精细分组,并联合多因素等分析方法,以探索不同病因/危险因素中取精结局的重要影响因素,为NOA患者的诊疗带来帮助。

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  • 参考文献

    • [1] FAKHRO K A,ELBARDISI H,ARAFA M,et al.Point⁃of⁃ care whole⁃exome sequencing of idiopathic male infertility [J].Genet Med,2018,20(11):1365-1373

    • [2] DABAJA A A,SCHLEGEL P N.Microdissection testicu⁃ lar sperm extraction:an update[J].Asian J Androl,2013,15(1):35-39

    • [3] BOHRING C,SCHROEDER ⁃ PRINTZEN I,WEIDNER W,et al.Serum levels of inhibin B and follicle ⁃ stimulat⁃ ing hormone may predict successful sperm retrieval in men with azoospermia who are undergoing testicular sperm extraction[J].Fertil Steril,2002,78(6):1195-1198

    • [4] TANG D,LI K,HE X,et al.Non⁃invasive molecular bio⁃ markers for predicting outcomes of micro ⁃ TESE in pa⁃ tients with idiopathic non⁃obstructive azoospermia[J].Ex⁃ pert Rev Mol Med,2022,24:e22

    • [5] SHARMA R,HARLEV A,AGARWAL A,et al.Cigarette smoking and semen quality:a new meta⁃analysis examin⁃ ing the effect of the 2010 World Health Organization labo⁃ ratory methods for the examination of human semen[J].Eur Urol,2016,70(4):635-645

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