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通讯作者:

石中华,E-mail:jesse_1982@163.com

中图分类号:R714.256

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)05-720-04

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20230519

参考文献 1
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参考文献 9
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参考文献 16
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参考文献 17
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参考文献 18
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参考文献 19
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参考文献 20
SIEGLER Y,WEINER Z,SOLT I.ACOG practice bulle⁃ tin No.217:prelabor rupture of membranes[J].Obstet Gynecol,2020,136(5):1061
参考文献 21
SELEN D J,THAWEETHAI T,SCHULTE C C M,et al.Gestational glucose intolerance and risk of future diabetes [J].Diabetes Care,2022,46(1):83-91
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GONZÁLEZ CORONA C,PARCHEM R J.Maternal dia⁃ betes negatively impacts fetal health[J].Open Biol,2022,12(9):220135
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苗苗,张悦,穆娟,等.妊娠期糖尿病妇女孕中期血脂水平及其与妊娠结局的关系[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(10):1529-1532
参考文献 24
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)足月胎膜早破(premature rupture of membrane,PROM) 孕妇不同引产时机对母儿结局的影响。方法:回顾性分析南京市妇幼保健院2017年6月—2021年7月,除GDM以外无其他合并症及并发症的足月胎膜早破催产素引产的孕妇585例,根据PROM距离启动催产素(oxytocin)引产的时间间隔(P-O)分为3 组:A组(2~6 h),B组(6~9 h)和C组(9~12 h)。对3组病例的一般临床资料、母儿主要结局进行统计学分析。结果:①PROM距离分娩(delivery)的时间(P-D)随着引产启动时间(P-O)的延迟而增加(P 趋势<0.05),其中A组的P-D时间最短(P<0.05);②剖宫产、产间发热、绒毛膜羊膜炎、胎儿宫内窘迫的发生率会随着 P-O 的延长而升高(P 趋势<0.05),其中 A 组发生率最低(P< 0.05);3组子宫收缩乏力、产后出血、产褥病率等发生率未见统计学差异;③3组产妇因子宫收缩乏力而剖宫产的发生率随着P-O 的延迟而增加(P 趋势<0.05);④A组新生儿败血症的发病率、新生儿颅内出血的发生率显著低于C组(P<0.05)。结论:妊娠期糖尿病足月胎膜早破孕妇在无其他并发症且排除阴道分娩禁忌症情况下,选择2~6 h内催产素引产,既可以减少临床抗菌素的使用,也可以显著降低母儿不良结局的发生率。

    Abstract

    Objective:To study the precise timing of labor induction in GDM women with term premature rupture of membranes and its infuence on maternal and neonatal outcomes. Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on 585 pregnant women with premature rupture of membranes at term without other comorbidities and complications except GDM in Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Hospital between June 2017 and July 2021,which were divided into three groups according to the interval time(P-O)between preterm rupture of membranes and initiation of oxytocin induction:group A(2~6 h),group B(6~9 h),group C(9~12 h). The general clinical data,maternal and neonatal outcomes of the cases in the three groups were statistically analyzed. Results:①The time from premature rupture of membranes to delivery(P-D)increased with the delay of induction of labor initiation(P-O)(Ptrend < 0.05),with the shortest P-D time in group A(P < 0.05). ②The incidence of cesarean delivery,interpartum fever,chorioamnionitis,and intrauterine distress increased with the prolongation of P-O(Ptrend < 0.05),of which the incidence was the lowest in group A(P < 0.05);no statistical difference was found in the incidence of uterine contraction weakness,postpartum hemorrhage,and puerperal disease in the three groups. ③The incidence of cesarean delivery due to uterine atony increased with the delay of P-O in the three groups(Ptrend < 0.05). ④ The incidence of neonatal sepsis and neonatal intracranial hemorrhage in group A was significantly lower than that in group C(P trend<0.05),incidence were significantly lower than those in group C(P < 0.05). Conclusion:In pregnant women with GDM and PROM at term,to exclude other complications and contraindications to vaginal delivery,the choice of oxytocin induction of labor within 2~6 h can both reduce the use of clinical antimicrobials and significantly reduce the incidence of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes.

  • 足月胎膜早破(premature rupture of membrane, PROM)是指孕妇在临产前胎膜自然破裂,妊娠达到或超过37周发生的胎膜早破[1-2]。中华医学会产科学组《胎膜早破的诊断与处理指南》推荐,无剖宫产指征者破膜后 2~12 h 内积极引产可以显著减少孕妇和新生儿感染,降低绒毛膜羊膜炎和新生儿新生儿重症监护病房(neonatal intensive care unit,NICU) 的入住率[3]。然而,该指南仅推荐了足月胎膜早破的引产时间窗,对于精准的引产时机,尤其是伴有妊娠合并症或并发症的孕妇,引产时机暂无明确的建议。妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM)是妊娠期最常见的并发症之一,目前发病率高达 16.5%~18.0%,并呈急剧上升趋势[4]。临床 GDM足月胎膜早破孕妇群体基数大,且母儿潜在感染风险显著高于正常胎膜早破孕妇[5-8]。GDM足月胎膜早破孕妇是否需要更加积极地实施催产素引产是临床值得思考的话题。因此,本研究探讨了 GDM足月胎膜早破孕妇不同的引产时机对母儿结局的影响,为GDM足月胎膜早破孕妇的临床决策提供参考依据。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 选择2017年6月—2021年7月在南京医科大学附属妇产医院(南京市妇幼保健院)规律产检并住院分娩的所有孕妇为筛选对象,根据严格的纳入标准和排除标准,最终纳入GDM足月胎膜早破催产素引产的孕妇共585例。纳入标准:临床病例资料完整、足月单胎、头先露、无剖宫产指征、孕期诊断 GDM。排除标准:孕前糖尿病、孕期诊断为糖尿病合并妊娠、多胎妊娠、胎儿发育异常、辅助生殖受孕、妊娠期高血压疾病、妊娠期甲状腺功能异常、妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症、B 族溶血性链球菌阳性等。按照三分法,根据PROM距离启动催产素(oxytocin) 引产的时间间隔(P⁃O)的第 33%位为 5.9 h,第 67% 位为8.7 h,取时间整数分为3组:A组201例(2~6 h);B 组 204 例(6~9 h);C 组 180 例(9~12 h)。本研究获得医院伦理委员会批准(2022LSKY⁃024),患者均知情同意。

  • GDM 诊断标准及治疗采用 IADPSG 标准[9],孕 24~28 周行 75 g 口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT):空腹血糖≥5.1 mmol/L、1 h 血糖≥10.0 mmol/L、2 h血糖≥8.5 mmol/L,满足一项即可诊断为GDM。对于GDM患者,给予孕期专业营养和运动指导。血糖控制目标:餐前血糖≤5.3 mmol/L,餐后 2 h 血糖≤6.7 mmol/L,对饮食及运动管理后仍血糖控制不良者,给予胰岛素控制血糖[10]。其他妊娠期合并症及并发症的诊断标准均参考第9版《妇产科学》[11]。新生儿相关疾病的诊断及分类均参考第九版《儿科学》[12]

  • 1.2 方法

  • 本研究为回顾性研究,所有临床资料和实验室指标均通过院内五级结构化电子病例系统数据检索获取,再经双人人工核对。具体数据包括:①孕妇基本特征[年龄、孕前体重指数(body mass index, BMI)、孕次、产次、分娩孕周、胎膜早破时间、催产开始时间、胎儿娩出时间、总催产时间、第一产程、第二产程、第三产程、抗生素使用时间、PROM距离分娩(delivery)的时间(P⁃D)等];②妊娠期糖尿病孕期血糖指标(OGTT⁃空腹、OGTT⁃1 h、OGTT⁃2 h等);③ 妊娠结局(母亲结局,如剖宫产、产间发热、绒毛膜羊膜炎、胎儿宫内窘迫、子宫收缩乏力、产后出血、产褥病率及剖宫产的手术指征等;新生儿结局,如新生儿 NICU 住院、新生儿肺炎、新生儿颅内出血、新生儿败血症、新生儿低血糖、高胆红素血症等)。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS 26.0进行数据分析,正态分布的数值变量以均数±标准差(x-±s)表示,3组间比较采用方差分析,两两比较采用 SNK 法;非正态分布的数值变量,3 组比较采用非参数检验,各组间比较采用 Steel⁃Dwass检验。分类变量以例数和百分比表示,采用χ2 检验,各组间比较采用Bonferroni法调整显著性。分析中采用Linear⁃by⁃Linear⁃association趋势检验引产间隔时间ABC各组的线性趋势,结果用P 趋势表示。所有的统计检验均为双侧,P<0.05 为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 孕妇基本临床资料比较

  • 比较3组孕妇基本临床资料,结果显示,3组孕妇年龄、孕次、产次、孕前BMI、分娩孕周、OGTT⁃空腹、OGTT⁃1 h、OGTT⁃2 h 无统计学差异(P>0.05)。 3组产妇的总催产时间、第一产程、第二产程、第三产程时长均无差异。3 组新生儿体重无差异(P> 0.05)。但3组的抗生素使用时间及P⁃D时间随着P⁃ O时间的延迟而增加(P 趋势<0.05),其中A组的抗生素使用时间与B组无明显差异,但均比C组短(P< 0.05);A组P⁃D时间短于B组和C组(P<0.05,表1)。

  • 表1 三组孕妇基本临床资料比较

  • Table1 Comparison of basic clinical data of the three groups

  • 与A 组比较,* P <0.05;与B组比较,# P <0.05;△:P 趋势

  • 2.2 孕产妇妊娠结局比较

  • 3 组孕产妇的剖宫产、产间发热、绒毛膜羊膜炎、胎儿宫内窘迫发生率随着 P⁃O 的延长而升高 (P 趋势<0.05)。两两比较发现,A组剖宫产率均小于 B组和C组(P<0.05);A组的产间发热率及胎儿宫内窘迫发生率均显著低于其他两组(P<0.05);A组绒毛膜羊膜炎发生率显著低于C组(P<0.05),与B 组相比无显著差异(P>0.05);3组孕产妇的子宫收缩乏力发生率、产后出血率及产褥病率无显著性差异(P>0.05,表2)。

  • 2.3 孕产妇剖宫产指征比较

  • 分析3组孕产妇剖宫产的手术指征,结果显示, 3组剖宫产的产妇中子宫收缩乏力、胎儿宫内窘迫、持续性枕横/后位、宫内感染、引产失败的发生率无明显差异。但随着P⁃O时间的延长,因子宫收缩乏力而剖宫产的比例增加(P 趋势<0.05,表3)。

  • 2.4 新生儿不良结局分析

  • 分析3组新生儿的不良结局,结果显示,新生儿肺炎、新生儿颅内出血的发病率随着P⁃O的延长而增加(P 趋势<0.05)。新生儿肺炎感染率及新生儿颅内出血发生率A组与B组比较差异无统计学意义,但明显低于 C 组(P<0.05)。新生儿 NICU 住院率、新生儿败血症、新生儿低血糖、高胆红素血症发生率3组间均无明显差异(P>0.05,表4)。

  • 表2 3组孕产妇妊娠结局比较

  • Table2 Comparison of maternal pregnancy outcomes among the three groups

  • 与 A 组比较,* P <0.05。

  • 表3 3组孕产妇剖宫产手术指征比较

  • Table3 Comparison of indications for intermediate ce⁃ sarean section in the three groups

  • 表4 3组新生儿不良结局分析

  • Table4 Analysis of adverse neonatal outcomes in the three groups

  • 与A 组比较,* P <0.05。

  • 3 讨论

  • 足月胎膜早破占足月妊娠的 8%,胎膜早破期待观察中,阴道内细菌可能通过上行性乃至血源性途径,诱发母体感染及新生儿感染[13]。催产素能有效提高阴道分娩率[14],但若催产素使用时机不当则会增加母儿并发症的发生率,如宫缩过强、胎儿宫内窘迫、绒毛膜羊膜炎,甚至子宫破裂等[15-16]。因此,足月胎膜早破孕产妇临床管理的焦点在于是期待观察等待自然临产还是积极催产素引产。国外多项随机对照研究试验表明,期待观察患者中,约 50%将在24 h内自然临产,95%将在3 d内临产,但她们发生母体感染、新生儿感染的风险均高于积极引产者[17-18]。因此,2018 年美国妇产科医师学会 (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, ACOG)建议,对于足月胎膜早破的患者立即引产,可降低母体感染和新生儿感染的风险,减少治疗费用,并且不会增加剖宫产风险[19]。2020年ACOG对此建议做了适当的补充,推荐足月胎膜早破无分娩禁忌证应建议积极引产,适当进行短时间期待治疗是合理的[120]。然而,我国由于缺乏高质量的循证医学依据,目前中华医学会的指南[3] 暂支持足月胎膜早破的女性尽早住院评估母体健康状况,对无剖宫产指征者破膜后 2~12 h 内积极引产。临床上足月胎膜早破催产素引产的精准时机如何把控,伴有妊娠合并症或并发症孕妇随着催产素引产时机的延长是否显著增加不良结局、引产时机是否需要更加积极,这些重要问题的答案,对于临床决策尤为重要。

  • GDM作为临床最常见的妊娠并发症,发病率正逐年攀升,高达16.5%~18.0%[21]。GDM孕妇长期处于高血糖环境,对病原微生物的抵抗力下降,其妊娠期间生殖道、蜕膜、羊膜感染均可能引起绒毛膜羊膜炎,GDM孕妇发生胎膜早破会使宫腔暴露于病原微生物,更加容易诱发母体感染[722];此外,绒毛膜羊膜炎发生后,GDM孕妇体内高水平的炎症因子及病原体会升高胎儿体内内毒素水平,增加胎儿感染的风险[23]。因此,本研究主要针对有GDM并发症的足月胎膜早破患者,探讨如何合理选择催产素引产时机。

  • 有专家在胎膜早破人群中研究发现,足月胎膜早破6 h内实施催产素引产在可以显著减少抗生素使用、缩短分娩潜伏期、降低胎心异常发生率以及缩短住院时间[24],这与本研究结果基本一致。然而该研究并未指出不同引产时机对母体及新生儿感染等不良结局的影响,且未重点讨论GDM胎膜早破这一高危人群的催产素引产。本研究结果给予我们新的启示:①期待观察的利弊。针对GDM胎膜早破的高风险人群,延长期待观察的时间确实可以使一小部分短时间内自然临产的孕妇避免了催产素的使用,然而总体来说并没有减少催产素使用的时间,而且增加了抗菌素的使用;本研究发现,即使按照指南建议,严格控制在破水后 12 h 内引产,并给予充分的抗菌素预防感染,也会明显增加GDM孕妇的绒毛膜羊膜炎、产间发热和胎儿宫内窘迫的发生率;②积极实施催产素引产的利弊。本研究结果发现,GDM足月胎膜早破孕妇在破膜后2~6 h内积极实施催产素引产,虽然可能增加了催产素使用率,但是并未增加催产素导致的胎儿窘迫发生率、催产时间及产程延长。积极实施催产素引产的孕妇临床获益更多,包括明显提高阴道分娩率,降低母体并发症发生率(如剖宫产、绒毛膜羊膜炎、产间发热、胎儿宫内窘迫等),降低新生儿并发症发生率 (如新生儿败血症、新生儿颅内出血等),减少抗菌素的使用。

  • 综上所述,对于GDM足月胎膜早破孕妇,积极评估并排除阴道分娩禁忌证后,产科医师尽早在破膜后 2~6 h 内给予催产素引产,一方面可以显著提高阴道分娩率,另一方面可以显著降低母儿不良结局发生率。此外,针对GDM的孕妇,孕期应加强宣教,破水后应立即入院并核实孕周及胎位,评估胎儿状况,尽早进行催产素引产。虽然本研究的人群来源于江苏省内15个城市,但数据来源于一家医疗中心的回顾性研究,未来有望纳入多中心临床数据,甚至开展多中心随机对照研究,以期获得更高质量的循证医学依据来支持本研究的结论。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] Prelabor Rupture of Membranes:ACOG Practice Bulletin,Number 217[J].Obstet Gynecol,2020,135(3):e80-e97

    • [2] YANG L,WANG H,LI Y,et al.Development of a novel nomogram for predicting premature rupture of membrane in pregnant women with vulvovaginal candidiasis[J].Front Med(Lausanne),2021,8:717978

    • [3] 中华医学会妇产科学分会产科学组.胎膜早破的诊断与处理指南(2015)[J].中华妇产科杂志,2015,50(1):3-8

    • [4] KREJCI H.Gestational diabetes mellitus[J].Vnitr Lek,2016,62(11 Suppl 4):S52-S61

    • [5] MISTRY S K,DAS GUPTA R,ALAM S,et al.Gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM)and adverse pregnancy outcome in South Asia:a systematic review[J].Endocrinol Diabe⁃ tes Metab,2021,4(4):e00285

    • [6] GOLDSTEIN R F,ABELL S K,RANASINHA S,et al.Gestational weight gain across continents and ethnicity:systematic review and meta ⁃ analysis of maternal and in⁃ fant outcomes in more than one million women[J].BMC Med,2018,16(1):153

    • [7] LI Y X,LONG D L,LIU J,et al.Gestational diabetes mel⁃ litus in women increased the risk of neonatal infection via inflammation and autophagy in the placenta[J].Medicine(Baltimore),2020,99(40):e22152

    • [8] PAN Y,LIU H Y,ZHONG S.Effect of cognitive behavior therapy(CBT)on lowering of blood glucose levels in gesta⁃ tional diabetes mellitus(GDM)patients:study protocol for a prospective,open⁃label,randomized controlled trial[J].Trials,2023,24(1):26

    • [9] METZGER B E,GABBE S G,PERSSON B,et al.Interna⁃ tional association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hy⁃ perglycemia in pregnancy[J].Diabetes Care,2010,33(3):676-682

    • [10] 中华医学会糖尿病学分会.中国2型糖尿病防治指南(2020 年版)[J].国际内分泌代谢杂志,2021,41(5):482-548

    • [11] 谢幸,孔北华,段涛.妇产科学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2018:105-109,154-156

    • [12] 王卫平,孙锟,常立文.儿科学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2018:50-75

    • [13] BETHOU A,BHAT B V.Neonatal sepsis ⁃newer insights [J].Indian J Pediatr,2022,89(3):267-273

    • [14] CLARK S L,BELFORT M A,BYRUM S L,et al.Im⁃ proved outcomes,fewer cesarean deliveries,and reduced litigation:results of a new paradigm in patient safety[J].Am J Obstet Gynecol,2008,199(2):105

    • [15] 汝萍,刘铭.缩宫素在催引产中的规范化应用[J].中国实用妇科与产科杂志,2021,37(9):907-911

    • [16] LEATHERSICH S J,VOGEL J P,TRAN T S,et al.Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal dis⁃ tress[J].Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2018,7(7):Cd009770

    • [17] DEVILLARD E,PETILLON F,ROUZAIRE M,et al.Dou⁃ ble balloon catheter(plus oxytocin)versus dinoprostone vaginal insert for term rupture of membranes:a random⁃ ized controlled trial(RUBAPRO)[J].J Clin Med,2022,11(6):1525

    • [18] GARG R,BAGGA R,KUMARI A,et al.Comparison of in⁃ tracervical Foley catheter combined with a single dose of vaginal misoprostol tablet or intracervical dinoprostone gel for cervical ripening:a randomised study[J].J Obstet Gynaecol,2022,42(2):232-238

    • [19] Committee on Practice Bulletins ⁃Obstetrics.ACOG prac⁃ tice bulletin No.188:prelabor rupture of membranes[J].Obstet Gynecol,2018,131(1):e1-e14

    • [20] SIEGLER Y,WEINER Z,SOLT I.ACOG practice bulle⁃ tin No.217:prelabor rupture of membranes[J].Obstet Gynecol,2020,136(5):1061

    • [21] SELEN D J,THAWEETHAI T,SCHULTE C C M,et al.Gestational glucose intolerance and risk of future diabetes [J].Diabetes Care,2022,46(1):83-91

    • [22] GONZÁLEZ CORONA C,PARCHEM R J.Maternal dia⁃ betes negatively impacts fetal health[J].Open Biol,2022,12(9):220135

    • [23] 苗苗,张悦,穆娟,等.妊娠期糖尿病妇女孕中期血脂水平及其与妊娠结局的关系[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(10):1529-1532

    • [24] YU J,CHEN L,WANG X,et al.Efficacy and safety analy⁃ sis of phloroglucinol in combination with oxytocin for the induction of labor in women with term premature rupture of membranes(PROM)[J].Comput Math Methods Med,2022,2022:2617075

  • 参考文献

    • [1] Prelabor Rupture of Membranes:ACOG Practice Bulletin,Number 217[J].Obstet Gynecol,2020,135(3):e80-e97

    • [2] YANG L,WANG H,LI Y,et al.Development of a novel nomogram for predicting premature rupture of membrane in pregnant women with vulvovaginal candidiasis[J].Front Med(Lausanne),2021,8:717978

    • [3] 中华医学会妇产科学分会产科学组.胎膜早破的诊断与处理指南(2015)[J].中华妇产科杂志,2015,50(1):3-8

    • [4] KREJCI H.Gestational diabetes mellitus[J].Vnitr Lek,2016,62(11 Suppl 4):S52-S61

    • [5] MISTRY S K,DAS GUPTA R,ALAM S,et al.Gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM)and adverse pregnancy outcome in South Asia:a systematic review[J].Endocrinol Diabe⁃ tes Metab,2021,4(4):e00285

    • [6] GOLDSTEIN R F,ABELL S K,RANASINHA S,et al.Gestational weight gain across continents and ethnicity:systematic review and meta ⁃ analysis of maternal and in⁃ fant outcomes in more than one million women[J].BMC Med,2018,16(1):153

    • [7] LI Y X,LONG D L,LIU J,et al.Gestational diabetes mel⁃ litus in women increased the risk of neonatal infection via inflammation and autophagy in the placenta[J].Medicine(Baltimore),2020,99(40):e22152

    • [8] PAN Y,LIU H Y,ZHONG S.Effect of cognitive behavior therapy(CBT)on lowering of blood glucose levels in gesta⁃ tional diabetes mellitus(GDM)patients:study protocol for a prospective,open⁃label,randomized controlled trial[J].Trials,2023,24(1):26

    • [9] METZGER B E,GABBE S G,PERSSON B,et al.Interna⁃ tional association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hy⁃ perglycemia in pregnancy[J].Diabetes Care,2010,33(3):676-682

    • [10] 中华医学会糖尿病学分会.中国2型糖尿病防治指南(2020 年版)[J].国际内分泌代谢杂志,2021,41(5):482-548

    • [11] 谢幸,孔北华,段涛.妇产科学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2018:105-109,154-156

    • [12] 王卫平,孙锟,常立文.儿科学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2018:50-75

    • [13] BETHOU A,BHAT B V.Neonatal sepsis ⁃newer insights [J].Indian J Pediatr,2022,89(3):267-273

    • [14] CLARK S L,BELFORT M A,BYRUM S L,et al.Im⁃ proved outcomes,fewer cesarean deliveries,and reduced litigation:results of a new paradigm in patient safety[J].Am J Obstet Gynecol,2008,199(2):105

    • [15] 汝萍,刘铭.缩宫素在催引产中的规范化应用[J].中国实用妇科与产科杂志,2021,37(9):907-911

    • [16] LEATHERSICH S J,VOGEL J P,TRAN T S,et al.Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal dis⁃ tress[J].Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2018,7(7):Cd009770

    • [17] DEVILLARD E,PETILLON F,ROUZAIRE M,et al.Dou⁃ ble balloon catheter(plus oxytocin)versus dinoprostone vaginal insert for term rupture of membranes:a random⁃ ized controlled trial(RUBAPRO)[J].J Clin Med,2022,11(6):1525

    • [18] GARG R,BAGGA R,KUMARI A,et al.Comparison of in⁃ tracervical Foley catheter combined with a single dose of vaginal misoprostol tablet or intracervical dinoprostone gel for cervical ripening:a randomised study[J].J Obstet Gynaecol,2022,42(2):232-238

    • [19] Committee on Practice Bulletins ⁃Obstetrics.ACOG prac⁃ tice bulletin No.188:prelabor rupture of membranes[J].Obstet Gynecol,2018,131(1):e1-e14

    • [20] SIEGLER Y,WEINER Z,SOLT I.ACOG practice bulle⁃ tin No.217:prelabor rupture of membranes[J].Obstet Gynecol,2020,136(5):1061

    • [21] SELEN D J,THAWEETHAI T,SCHULTE C C M,et al.Gestational glucose intolerance and risk of future diabetes [J].Diabetes Care,2022,46(1):83-91

    • [22] GONZÁLEZ CORONA C,PARCHEM R J.Maternal dia⁃ betes negatively impacts fetal health[J].Open Biol,2022,12(9):220135

    • [23] 苗苗,张悦,穆娟,等.妊娠期糖尿病妇女孕中期血脂水平及其与妊娠结局的关系[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(10):1529-1532

    • [24] YU J,CHEN L,WANG X,et al.Efficacy and safety analy⁃ sis of phloroglucinol in combination with oxytocin for the induction of labor in women with term premature rupture of membranes(PROM)[J].Comput Math Methods Med,2022,2022:2617075

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