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通讯作者:

钟天鹰,E-mail:13851875320@163.com

中图分类号:R714.15

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)05-738-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20230522

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目录contents

    摘要

    妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)是一种常见的产科并发症,易导致早产等严重不良妊娠结局的发生,进而增加新生儿转归不良的风险,严重威胁新生儿的健康。因此及早的筛查、诊断对于GDM早产意义重大。本文简述了近年国内外有关GDM孕妇早产的筛查及预测方法,系统性分析了常规及新型生物标志物在GDM孕妇早产中的预测价值,以期为建立合理的GDM孕妇早产预测模型提供依据,从而实现早诊断、早干预,改善母婴结局。

    Abstract

    Gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM)is a common obstetric complication that can easily lead to the occurrence of serious adverse pregnancy outcomes,including preterm birth,high risk of poor outcomes in newborns and seriously threatening the health of newborns. Early screening and diagnosis are critical for preterm birth in GDM pregnant women. In this review,the screening and prediction methods for preterm birth in GDM pregnant women at home and abroad in recent years are briefly summarized,and the predictive values of routine and novel biomarkers in preterm birth of GDM pregnant women is systematically summarized,in order to provide a basis for establishing a reasonable prediction model for preterm birth of GDM pregnant women,so as to achieve early diagnosis and intervention,as well as improve maternal and infant outcomes

  • 妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM)是孕妇在妊娠期间出现或首次出现的葡萄糖耐受不良,是常见的妊娠并发症之一。有研究表明,GDM与自发早产风险增加独立相关,在调整了早产相关因素如子痫前期、妊娠高血压、慢性高血压和羊水过多后,产妇血糖和自然早产之间的直接联系只是轻微减弱[1]。国外一项临床调查研究发现,GDM 孕妇早产发病率为 3.7%~9.4%[2];而我国 GDM的并发症中早产发生率占10%~25%[3]。近年研究发现,GDM患者的早产发病率还呈现出逐年攀升的流行特征[4-5]。由于GDM孕妇多患有高胰岛素血症,可导致胎儿肺表面的活性物质减少,胎儿肺成熟时间延长,而GDM孕妇早产则会造成更严重的危害,如胎儿呼吸窘迫等[6]。GDM孕妇早产还增大了感染的发生率,导致新生儿窒息、肺炎等风险加大[7]。由于GDM早产儿严重影响正常发育,导致围产期胎儿病死率增加,给个人、家庭和社会带来了极重的负担。因此,寻找特异性的早期诊断标志物,促进早期、主动、适当的干预,对于预防和延缓 GDM孕妇早产的发生和进展具有重要意义。

  • 目前临床上对GDM孕妇早产的预测主要是通过超声测量宫颈长度及生化检测胎儿纤连蛋白水平进行的[8]。由于分娩标志为宫颈变化,因此临床上推荐B超检测宫颈管长度以预测早产的发生,其中阴道B超(3次取平均值)更为准确[9]。然而目前这项检查存在一定不足:临床症状往往存在个体差异性,对于GDM孕妇早产的预测缺乏特异性及准确的量化标准;由于检测通常是在有早产病史或是出现早产的临床症状时进行[10],因此存在一定的滞后性。此外,阴道B超易增加感染等不良事件的发生,同时多次测量给患者增加了心理不适感。而胎儿纤连蛋白存在着低灵敏度及特异性问题,在预测 GDM孕妇早产中的效能较低。

  • 因此,仍需进一步努力寻找可靠的方法以预测 GDM孕妇早产的发生。生物标志物是疾病诊断和预测的常用工具,能够准确、灵敏地评价早期、低水平的损害,可提供早期预警。因此,亟需高特异性及灵敏度,同时简便易行的生物标志物来预测GDM 患者中的早产人群,从而为母儿制定相关预防及治疗措施,减轻长期及短期并发症的危害。事实上,研究者们已在GDM早产早期预测标志物的挖掘上作出了诸多努力[11-13]。本文综述了 GDM 孕妇早产的潜在生物标志物,以期为GDM孕妇早产进行早发现、早诊断、早治疗提供依据。

  • 1 常规生物标志物

  • 1.1 阴道分泌物来源标志物

  • 阴道分泌物中是相对来说较易获取的母体体液,且采集不会对孕期母儿造成损害。GDM孕妇内分泌功能失调,使得阴道微生态失衡,增加了阴道感染及胎膜早破的风险[14]。由于阴道分泌物的分子成分往往可以提供较为准确的宫内信息,是妊娠疾病良好的诊断及预测标志物。

  • 1.1.1 胎儿纤连蛋白

  • 由于病史体征及B超诊断效能较低,研究者们遂将胎儿纤连蛋白(fetal fibronectin,fFN)及测量宫颈长度纳入诊断及预测模型中,这极大地提高了检测效率[811]。fFN是一种由滋养细胞、胎儿组织产生的高分子量糖蛋白,功能是维持绒毛膜⁃蜕膜细胞外基质界面[11]。在一定范围内,自然早产的风险随着 fFN 的增加而增加,且目前大多以 50 ng/mL 作为阳性标准的截断值[811]。然而fFN检测存在假阳性、敏感性较低等问题[1115],美国妇产科学会建议,不使用阳性的 fFN 检测或仅使用短宫颈来指导患者的治疗。因此,针对有先兆早产症状的孕妇,联合应用 fFN 与宫颈长度两项指标进行预测,可弥补其单一检测值的低灵敏度及低特异性问题,大大提高了 GDM孕妇早产的诊断效能。尽管如此,fFN与宫颈长度的联合检测仍存在滞后于临床症状的问题,且针对并发GDM的早产孕妇,缺乏一定的特异性。

  • 1.1.2 胎盘α微球蛋白

  • 研究表明,与fFN相比,胎盘α球蛋白(placental alpha microglobulin⁃1,PAMG⁃1)有着高阳性预测值、高灵敏度及特异性,在预测 7 d 及 14 d 内早产的价值中,PAMG⁃1有着明显的优势[15]。PAMG⁃1是存在于羊水、阴道分泌物中的一种蛋白,目前大量研究认为PAMG⁃1可被用作为早产的标志物,特别是有临床症状及宫颈管缩短<25 mm或宫颈扩张<3 cm时的早产孕妇[15-16]。这对于早产孕妇,可以辅助早期用药,促胎肺成熟以预防呼吸窘迫等并发症大有裨益。然而,由于昂贵的价格,PAMG⁃1的临床应用受到了极大的限制。类似于fFN,PAGM⁃1往往在已出现早产症状时检测,因而可能无法对更早期的早产孕妇进行预测,也无法阐明GDM所致的高危早产的发病机制,延迟分娩发动甚至逆转GDM孕妇早产的妊娠结局的能力还远远不够。

  • 1.1.3 阴道微生物——B族链球菌

  • GDM孕妇易并发围生期感染,其中B族链球菌 (group B Streptococcus,GBS)是常见的阴道致病菌[17-18]。GBS可通过上行性感染,导致绒毛膜蜕膜细胞炎,进而分泌蛋白酶和激活细胞因子⁃前列腺素级联反应,导致自发性早产和胎膜早破的发生[1719]。一项系统性回顾研究表明,妊娠26~28周时GBS阳性是妊娠期早产的危险因素,且早期检测GBS有利于预测早产的发生[18]。国内一项研究表明,GBS是 GDM并发下生殖道感染的主要病原微生物之一,一定程度上增加了胎膜早破的发生[20]。不仅如此, GBS还增加了非GDM孕妇发生自发性早产的风险,主要原因是 GBS 对于绒毛膜有着极强的吸附及穿透能力,这提高了孕妇胎膜早破的发生率[21]。对于 GDM孕妇,常规筛查阴道GBS或许能够帮助临床早期发现有早产风险的患者。但目前关于 GBS 与 GDM孕妇早产的研究相对较少,进一步的发病机制及预测价值有待进一步探索。

  • 1.2 蛋白类血液循环标志物

  • 外周血以其创伤小、易获取及价格低廉等优点,易被人们广泛接受,成为研究人体生理病理机制的良好载体。血液提供丰富的生物标志物,能够有效地预测、诊断及预防疾病的发生发展。

  • 1.2.1 糖化血红蛋白

  • 糖化血红蛋白(glycated hemoglobin,HbA1c)水平是反映 GDM 患者近 2~3 月内平均血糖水平的生物指标,其控制不佳可导致GDM孕妇早产的发生率增加。HbA1c 的异常增加可导致血管壁通透性增加,加之GDM患者常并发高血糖及高胰岛素血症,使得孕妇处于高渗状态,易导致羊水过多,促进早产的发生[22]。研究表明,增加的HbA1c浓度可通过提高胎膜早破、胎盘早剥、巨大儿、胎儿窘迫及子痫前期等妊娠并发症的发生率,进而促进GDM孕妇发生早产[4623]。且早在孕妇常规检测口服糖耐量测试之前,异常增加的HbA1c提示着更高的早产威胁[24]。由于HbA1c是GDM孕妇的血糖检测指标,一定程度上提示了 GDM 的严重程度,对于早发现、早诊断 GDM孕妇的早产风险是有可能的,但由于HbA1c水平在很长一段时间内保持恒定,或许不能够及时预警GDM孕妇的早产信号。

  • 1.2.2 脂肪因子

  • 在母胎适应中,一些脂肪因子被认为是包括早产在内的妊娠相关并发症的生物标志物,脂联素、网膜素及视黄醇结合蛋白4等脂肪因子具有调节葡萄糖稳态、炎症反应及细胞生长等功能,是GDM的潜在生物标志物[25]。脂联素水平与GDM孕妇早产的发生密切相关,低水平的脂联素可通过激活促炎因子,导致子宫肌层过早收缩而发动分娩[1225]。另一项研究表明,与脂联素相比,网膜素⁃1 能够更好地预测GDM孕妇早产,且与早产呈负相关[13]。在早产过程中,网膜素可通过一氧化氮调节血管舒张或作为一种抗炎剂抑制环氧合酶2,促进分娩的发动[13]。此外,作为一种新型脂肪因子,高表达的视黄醇结合蛋白4增加了GDM孕妇早产的发生率,这可能与其参与胰岛素抵抗和炎症反应有关[12]。GDM孕妇体内异常的脂肪因子水平,是早产预测及诊断的潜在标志物。目前关于脂肪因子在GDM中的作用研究较多,相关GDM早产的研究较少,因此脂肪因子在GDM孕妇早产中的价值有待进一步验证。

  • 2 新型诊断标志物

  • 2.1 外泌体

  • 外泌体是具有脂质双分子层囊泡,直径 30~150 nm,内含RNA[包括 microRNA(miRNA)]、蛋白质、脂质等信号分子[26]。外泌体由绝大多数细胞分泌而来,广泛存在于血液、尿液、唾液等体液中,以旁分泌的方式作用于靶器官,是细胞间信息沟通的良好媒介[27],具有独特的稳定性、特异性及内容物丰富性等优点,是生理病理过程中良好的生物标志物。

  • 近期研究表明,外泌体的数量及其内容物RNA、蛋白等在早产人群中差异性表达[28-29],且与GDM和早产等妊娠期并发症存在着广泛联系[2830-31]。与正常血糖孕妇相比,GDM孕妇体内循环外泌体较高,且生物学活性也不同;在GDM中,循环外泌体所携带的miRNA 可通过调节骨骼肌细胞迁移和葡萄糖摄取,促进胰岛素抵抗,导致血糖异常分泌[30]。与足月妊娠相比,早产孕妇血浆外泌体存在差异性的 miRNA,通过调节细胞增殖分化、衰老和凋亡程序,增加前列腺素产生,可导致分娩提前发动[2832]。一些基于循环外泌体的蛋白组学分析表明,GDM孕妇血液外泌体内差异性表达的蛋白参与了凝血及补体反应,可导致内环境稳态失衡,破坏了妊娠的维持,进而可能导致早产的发生[2933]。除血液外,羊水中也存在差异性表达的外泌体蛋白,能够促进胎膜早破及早产的发生[34]。一项联合检测血浆及其外泌体的研究表明,早产孕妇外泌体内高表达的甘油二酯、神经酰胺、多不饱和脂肪酸类花生酸、磷脂醇及氧化磷脂,可通过产生炎症及氧化应激反应,对细胞膜造成破坏[35]。GDM孕妇分泌的外泌体可携带炎症信号,参与早产的发生发展。此外,研究显示,早在妊娠第6周时,胎盘外泌体便分泌至母体循环中[27],这为 GDM孕妇早产的早期预测提供了新方向。

  • 2.2 代谢物

  • 代谢组学是对生物液、细胞或组织中的低分子产物进行彻底和系统的分析,这些产物起源于生物体在特定时间点和特定病理生理条件下发生的各种生化和代谢途径,反映了机体的应答规律,是疾病过程的新型生物标志物[36]。已有研究发现与 GDM相关的代谢物群,包括碳水化合物(如葡萄糖和果糖)、氨基酸(如支链氨基酸、芳香族氨基酸)和核苷酸代谢(如尿酸),这可以为GDM孕妇早产的病因和潜在机制提供新的见解[36-37]

  • 研究发现,与足月妊娠相比,早产孕妇血液中苯丙氨酸和乙酸盐以及肌酐、乳酸盐和葡萄糖二酸盐及乳酸在妊娠早期就表现出差异性,表明氨基酸代谢及糖酵解在早产早期即存在改变[38]。研究发现,短宫颈的孕妇阴道分泌物存在26种差异性表达的代谢物,其中二乙醇胺变化较为明显[39]。二乙醇胺是有毒化合物,能够刺激氧化反应的发生。此外,GDM孕妇血清高尿酸水平也提示着机体内存在代谢紊乱[40-41]。而研究发现,尿酸在GDM孕妇中的表达不稳定,较高水平和低水平的表达量均与早产及胎膜早破的发生有关联[3741]。这可能主要与尿酸的生理病理功能有关:一方面,高尿酸水平与胰岛素抵抗及胰腺功能损害密切相关,加重了GDM并发症的风险;另一方面,尿酸作为抗氧化剂,通过降低氧化应激及细胞凋亡对胎膜早破起着良好的保护作用[3740-41]。此外,研究样本的年龄、体重指数、孕周、生理及病理情况也可产生干扰结果,相关研究可通过降低干扰因素以获得更为准确的结果。这些研究显示代谢组学分析可发展为快速识别存在早产风险患者的方法。

  • 2.3 脂质

  • 尽管脂质属于代谢物,但由于脂质种类丰富,广泛地参与了能量供给、信号转导及协调运输等生物学过程,扮演着重要角色,已被科学家们单独划分出来。脂质组学通过技术手段对生物体、组织或者细胞内部的整体脂质成分及与其存在相互作用的分子和基因的表达进行系统性分析,用于识别各种疾病的生物标志物和潜在的分子机制[42]

  • GDM 孕妇体内高血糖常可导致脂质合成异常增加,破坏脂质平衡。而 GDM 孕期异常增加的脂质,一方面可通过增加母胎血脂转移,导致胎儿过度生长;另一方面可增加炎症反应及氧化应激,进而促进早产的发生[43]。一项前瞻性研究表明,以血浆甘油三酯升高和胆固醇酯、鞘磷脂和磷脂酰胆碱降低为主要特征的脂质网络与发生 GDM 的较高风险相关,且纵向分析表明,相关脂质的变化还存在时间上的不同[44]。甘油三酯升高是GDM中常见的脂质紊乱,其对GDM的预测价值也较高,除甘油酯外,亚油酸代谢也参与了GDM的形成[45]。一项关于早产的脂质组学的分析,揭示了孕妇血液中失调的脂质,包括亚油酸及亚麻酸两种脂肪酸增多及参与细胞膜构成的磷脂酰胆碱减少[46]。除脂肪酸外,血液中的磷脂酰乙醇胺与自发性早产的风险增加也存在相关性[47]。一项关于尿液代谢物的系统性综述表明,暴露于邻苯二甲酸酯孕妇发生早产的风险明显增加,与炎症及氧化应激有关[48]。此外,作为细胞膜的结构及功能的基础,鞘脂在短宫颈的孕妇阴道分泌物中也存在差异性表达[39]。这些研究表明,母体血浆脂肪酸类物质是GDM及早产的重要预测标志物,这主要与脂肪酸的促炎作用有关;磷脂以其独特的结构及功能,在稳定膜结构、抗氧化、抗凋亡及抗炎中起重要作用,其血浆浓度的降低,一定程度上加大了GDM与早产的不良风险;此外,宫颈阴道分泌物中低浓度的鞘脂也可能提示早期宫颈重塑的早产特征。GDM引起的脂质紊乱导致炎症及氧化应激反应,通过促进宫颈成熟、子宫收缩及胎膜早破的形成与早产相关联。

  • 2.4 游离DNA

  • 游离DNA(cell free DNA,cfDNA)是一种无细胞状态的的胞外DNA,由来自母体细胞的母源cf DNA 及胎盘细胞来源的胎儿cf DNA组成,主要应用于无创产前基因检测以筛选染色体异常的胎儿。近期研究发现cfDNA与不良妊娠有着一定的相关性:胎儿cfDNA量低的女性在GDM中的患病率增加,这种关联受体重指数的影响,而研究者们并未发现胎儿 cfDNA含量与早产明显相关[49];而一些研究发现,母体血液高水平的cfDNA通过促炎机制,与早产及胎膜早破发生相关[50-51]。血液中的cfDNA可能反映了胎盘功能的受损,导致 GDM 及早产等不良妊娠结局。因而仍需进一步实验以探索 cfDNA 含量对于 GDM早产等不良妊娠结局的作用。

  • 2.5 菌群

  • 正常育龄期女性阴道中存在多种细菌微生物寄生,其中以乳酸杆菌为主。乳酸杆菌通过保持酸性环境,抑制病原微生物的生存。而当母体合并 GDM时,受阴道微生态失衡及免疫抑制的影响,阴道病原定植并感染,增加促炎因子及前列腺素的释放,从而导致胎膜早破及子宫肌提前收缩[14]。近期研究发现,宫颈阴道分泌物中乳酸杆菌的减少与短宫颈有关,主要是由于在缺少乳酸杆菌下宫颈微生物破坏上皮细胞屏障、诱导免疫反应,进而导致了宫颈重塑[39]。除常见的GBS菌外,阴道分泌物中解脲衣原体、支原体、动弯杆菌属及加德菌属等微生物均参与了宫颈重塑[1452-53]。GDM孕妇易导致阴道分泌物中的菌群失调,诱导胎膜早破、子宫收缩及宫颈重塑,是早产的发病原因之一。

  • 2.6 表观遗传改变

  • 表观遗传学指DNA 序列在不发生改变的情况下基因表达发生的可遗传改变,主要包含DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰及非编码RNA等,参与协调组织分化、发育及特异性基因表达。研究表明,多种组织细胞来源的基因组学变化在GDM发病过程中起重要作用,并可对后代产生一定影响[54]。一项针对美国黑人女性的研究发现,母体全血中 CYTIP 和LINC00114基因启动子区域的甲基化水平与早产相关,这种基因修饰的变化可能通过感染炎症途径,促进子宫肌层的过早收缩来诱发早产的发生[55]。此外,对早产儿的脐带血及脐带组织的研究发现, DNA 甲基化在炎症免疫方面起到突出的作用[56]。 GDM孕妇携带经基因修饰的遗传物质,可能通过促进炎症免疫反应,导致分娩的提前发动。

  • 3 小结

  • 目前,许多关于预测因子与GDM孕妇早产之间存在关联的研究,为临床对该疾病的预防、诊断、治疗、预后等提供了可靠的依据。有明确早产预测意义的包括早产病史、妊娠中期短宫颈及阴道分泌物中 fFN 检测等,联合多种诊断结果如 fFN 和宫颈长度可提高包括GDM等高危因素导致的早产的预测准确性。而对于高危GDM孕妇早产的预测手段中,高水平的糖化血红蛋白及紊乱的脂肪因子提示着 GDM孕妇存在着较高的早产危险,其诊断价值及致病机制有待进一步研究。一些新型标志物如外泌体、代谢物、脂质、游离DNA、菌群和表观遗传改变等,通过增加炎症、氧化应激及破坏免疫反应等促进GDM孕妇子宫肌提前收缩、宫颈重塑及胎膜早破等导致早产,是 GDM 孕妇早产良好的潜在预测指标。需进一步扩大样本量来明确GDM早产孕妇体内这些新型标志物的变化,进而探索其潜在的发病机制。由于GDM孕妇早产相关研究较少,目前尚未明确有价值的生物标志物。为保障临床GDM孕妇早产发生率,需进一步研究GDM所致早产的预测新方法及其有效性。

  • 综上,GDM 孕妇早产增加了新生儿的病死率,为我国的医疗卫生成本增添了负担。利用高效的生物标志物对GDM早产孕妇进行早期预测和筛查,能够及早发现GDM孕妇早产并进行有效治疗,是减少不良妊娠结局发生的有效手段,也是今后临床上检测GDM早产的趋势和方向。因此,本文简要回顾了目前已发现的潜在GDM早产生物标志物及预测价值。未来还需要通过扩大研究样本量,以遴选出优质、高效的生物标志物,并针对这些标志物加强检测技术手段革新、降低技术难度和提高预测准确度等方面的努力;另外,加强多种标志物联合检测的研究,可能更有望建立一套方便快捷、敏感度和准确度高的 GDM孕妇早产的早期预测方法。

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    • [7] 李天超,郭学励,韩金芬,等.新乡市15 924名产妇早产现状及相关影响因素研究[J].华南预防医学,2021,47(5):655-657

    • [8] KYOZUKA H,MURATA T,SATO T,et al.Utility of cer⁃ vical length and quantitative fetal fibronectin for predict⁃ ing spontaneous preterm delivery among symptomatic nul⁃ liparous women[J].Int J Gynaecol Obstet,2019,145(3):331-336

    • [9] 胡娅莉.早产临床诊断与治疗指南(2014)[J].中华妇产科杂志,2014,49(7):481-485

    • [10] 殷茵,周欣,陈黎.妊娠中期检测羊水中IL⁃6和 IL⁃16水平预测早产的临床应用[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2016,36(11):1393-1396

    • [11] GOEPFERT A R,GOLDENBERG R L,MERCER B,et al.The preterm prediction study:quantitative fetal fibro⁃ nectin values and the prediction of spontaneous preterm birth.The national institute of child health and human de⁃ velopment maternal⁃fetal medicine units network[J].Am J Obstet Gynecol,2000,183(6):1480-1483

    • [12] 杨欢,盛敏敏,胡明珠.妊娠期糖尿病患者孕晚期血清HbA1c、RBP4及脂联素水平与妊娠结局的关系[J].临床和实验医学杂志,2020,19(17):1845-1847

    • [13] MIERZYNNSKI R,DŁUSKI D,NOWAKOWSKI Ł,et al.Adiponectin and omentin levels as predictive biomarkers of preterm birth in patients with gestational diabetes melli⁃ tus[J].Biomed Res Int,2018,2018:7154216

    • [14] 贾燚鑫,宋志慧,高春燕,等.妊娠期糖尿病合并未足月胎膜早破与阴道微生物感染及妊娠结局的相关性[J].国际妇产科学杂志,2021,48(1):105-109

    • [15] MELCHOR J C,NAVAS H,MARCOS M,et al.Predictive performance of PAMG⁃1 vs fFN test for risk of spontane⁃ ous preterm birth in symptomatic women attending an emergency obstetric unit:retrospective cohort study[J].Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2018,51(5):644-649

    • [16] GOKCE A,KALAFAT E,SUKUR Y E,et al.Role of cer⁃ vical length and placental alpha microglobulin ⁃ 1 to pre⁃ dict preterm birth[J].J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med,2022,35(17):3388-3392

    • [17] 张言博,赵志梅,杨雪,等.妊娠期糖尿病对早产发生风险影响[J].中国公共卫生,2019,35(9):1142

    • [18] TANO S,UENO T,MAYAMA M,et al.Relationship be⁃ tween vaginal group B streptococcus colonization in the early stage of pregnancy and preterm birth:a retrospec⁃ tive cohort study[J].BMC Pregnancy Childbirth,2021,21(1):141

    • [19] BIANCHI⁃JASSIR F,SEALE A C,KOHLI⁃LYNCH M,et al.Preterm birth associated with group B Streptococcus maternal colonization worldwide:systematic review and meta ⁃ analyses[J].Clin Infect Dis,2017,65(suppl 2):S133⁃S142

    • [20] 江志发,许燕滨,叶湘云,等.妊娠期糖尿病孕妇妊娠晚期下生殖道感染与妊娠结局的相关性分析[J].中国计划生育和妇产科,2021,13(5):54-58

    • [21] KAN H,HE Y,LI Q,et al.Differential effect of vaginal microbiota on spontaneous preterm birth among Chinese pregnant women[J].Biomed Res Int,2022,2022:3536108

    • [22] 王海艳,张中敏,刘艳芳,等.HbA1c水平对GDM孕妇临床结局和母婴肠道菌群的影响[J].中华医院感染学杂志,2021,31(4):585-589

    • [23] BARBRY F,LEMAITRE M,TERNYNCK C,et al.HbA1c at the time of testing for gestational diabetes identifies women at risk for pregnancy complications[J].Diabetes Metab,2022,48(3):101313

    • [24] ROWAN J A,BUDDEN A,IVANOVA V,et al.Women with an HbA1c of 41⁃49 mmol/mol(5.9⁃6.6%):a higher risk subgroup that may benefit from early pregnancy inter⁃ vention[J].Diabet Med,2016,33(1):25⁃31

    • [25] PHEIFFER C,DIAS S,JACK B,et al.Adiponectin as a potential biomarker for pregnancy disorders[J].Int J Mol Sci,2021,22(3):1326

    • [26] COLOMBO M,RAPOSO G,THÉRY C.Biogenesis,secre⁃ tion,and intercellular interactions of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles[J].Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol,2014,30:255-289

    • [27] SARKER S,SCHOLZ⁃ROMERO K,PEREZ A,et al.Pla⁃ centa ⁃ derived exosomes continuously increase in mater⁃ nal circulation over the first trimester of pregnancy[J].J Transl Med,2014,12:204

    • [28] MENON R,DEBNATH C,LAI A,et al.Circulating exo⁃ somal miRNA profile during term and preterm birth preg⁃ nancies:a longitudinal study[J].Endocrinology,2019,160(2):249-275

    • [29] MENON R,DIXON C L,SHELLER ⁃ MILLER S,et al.Quantitative proteomics by SWATH⁃MS of maternal plas⁃ ma exosomes determine pathways associated with term and preterm birth[J].Endocrinology,2019,160(3):639-650

    • [30] NAIR S,JAYABALAN N,GUANZON D,et al.Human placental exosomes in gestational diabetes mellitus carry a specific set of miRNAs associated with skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity[J].Clin Sci(Lond),2018,132(22):2451-2467

    • [31] BURKOVA E E,SEDYKH S E,NEVINSKY G A.Human placenta exosomes:biogenesis,isolation,composition,and prospects for use in diagnostics[J].Int J Mol Sci,2021,22(4):2158

    • [32] FALLEN S,BAXTER D,WU X,et al.Extracellular vesi⁃ cle RNAs reflect placenta dysfunction and are a biomark⁃ er source for preterm labour[J].J Cell Mol Med,2018,22(5):2760-2773

    • [33] BERNEA E G,SUICA V I,UYY E,et al.Exosome pro⁃ teomics reveals the deregulation of coagulation,comple⁃ ment and lipid metabolism proteins in gestational diabe⁃ tes mellitus[J].Molecules,2022,27(17):5502

    • [34] DIXON C L,SHELLER ⁃MILLER S,SAADE G R,et al.Amniotic fluid exosome proteomic profile exhibits unique pathways of term and preterm labor[J].Endocrinology,2018,159(5):2229-2240

    • [35] ZHAO Q,MA Z,WANG X,et al.Lipidomic biomarkers of extracellular vesicles for the prediction of preterm birth in the early second trimester[J].J Proteome Res,2020,19(10):4104-4113

    • [36] 王彬,王军,高洁,等.妊娠糖尿病的代谢组学研究现状[J].医学研究杂志,2019,48(10):16-19

    • [37] GUO M,LU J,YU X,et al.The protective role of serum uric acid against premature membrane rupture in gesta⁃ tional diabetes:a cross ⁃ sectional study[J].BMC Endocr Disord,2021,21(1):95

    • [38] GUPTA J K,CARE A,GOODFELLOW L,et al.Metabol⁃ ic profiling of maternal serum of women at high ⁃ risk of spontaneous preterm birth using NMR and MGWAS ap⁃ proach[J].Biosci Rep,2021,41(9):BSR20210759

    • [39] GERSON K D,YANG N,ANTON L,et al.Second trimes⁃ ter short cervix is associated with decreased abundance of cervicovaginal lipid metabolites[J].Am J Obstet Gyne⁃ col,2022,227(2):273.e1-273.e18

    • [40] ZHAO Y,ZHAO Y,FAN K,et al.Serum uric acid in ear⁃ly pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus:a cohort study of 85,609 pregnant women[J].Diabetes Metab,2022,48(3):101293

    • [41] 张起舞,陈蕾.妊娠期糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗、血尿酸水平及其对妊娠结局的影响研究[J].川北医学院学报,2020,35(6):1002-1005

    • [42] 田琪,李肖飞,冯晔,等.脂质组学技术在疾病诊断中的研究进展[J].中医药导报,2019,25(21):83-86

    • [43] 苗苗,张悦,穆娟,等.妊娠期糖尿病妇女孕中期血脂水平及其与妊娠结局的关系[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(10):1529-1532

    • [44] RAHMAN M L,FENG Y A,FIEHN O,et al.Plasma lip⁃ idomics profile in pregnancy and gestational diabetes risk:a prospective study in a multiracial/ethnic cohort [J].BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care,2021,9(1):e001551

    • [45] ZHAN Y,WANG J,HE X,et al.Plasma metabolites,es⁃ pecially lipid metabolites,are altered in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus[J].Clin Chim Acta,2021,517:139-14

    • [46] CHEN Y,HE B,LIU Y,et al.Maternal plasma lipids are involved in the pathogenesis of preterm birth[J].Gigasci⁃ ence,2022,11:giac004

    • [47] AUNG M T,ASHRAP P,WATKINS D J,et al.Maternal lipidomic signatures in relation to spontaneous preterm birth and large⁃for⁃gestational age neonates[J].Sci Rep,2021,11(1):8115

    • [48] WANG X,WANG L,TIAN Y,et al.Association between exposures to phthalate metabolites and preterm birth and spontaneous preterm birth:a systematic review and meta⁃ analysis[J].Reprod Toxicol,2022,113:1-9

    • [49] BECKING E C,WIRJOSOEKARTO S A M,SCHEFFER P G,et al.Low fetal fraction in cell⁃free DNA testing is as⁃ sociated with adverse pregnancy outcome:analysis of a subcohort of the TRIDENT ⁃ 2 study[J].Prenat Diagn,2021,41(10):1296-1304

    • [50] DUGOFF L,BARBERIO A,WHITTAKER P G,et al.Cell ⁃free DNA fetal fraction and preterm birth[J].Am J Ob⁃ stet Gynecol,2016,215(2):231.e1-7

    • [51] VAN BOECKEL S R,DAVIDSON D J,NORMAN J E,et al.Cell⁃free fetal DNA and spontaneous preterm birth[J].Reproduction,2018,155(3):R137-R145

    • [52] DUDE C M,SAYLANY A,BROWN A,et al.Microbial su⁃ pernatants from Mobiluncus mulieris,a bacteria strongly associated with spontaneous preterm birth,disrupts the cervical epithelial barrier through inflammatory and miR⁃ NA mediated mechanisms[J].Anaerobe,2020,61:102127

    • [53] ANTON L,FERGUSON B,FRIEDMAN E S,et al.Gard⁃ nerella vaginalis alters cervicovaginal epithelial cell func⁃ tion through microbe ⁃specific immune responses[J].Mi⁃ crobiome,2022,10(1):119

    • [54] SAMRA N A,JELINEK H F,ALSAFAR H,et al.Genom⁃ ics and epigenomics of gestational diabetes mellitus:un⁃ derstanding the molecular pathways of the disease patho⁃ genesis[J].Int J Mol Sci,2022,23(7):3514

    • [55] HONG X,SHERWOOD B,LADD⁃ACOSTA C,et al.Ge⁃ nome ⁃wide DNA methylation associations with spontane⁃ ous preterm birth in US blacks:findings in maternal and cord blood samples[J].Epigenetics,2018,13(2):163-172

    • [56] WU Y,LIN X,LIM I Y,et al.Analysis of two birth tissues provides new insights into the epigenetic landscape of neo⁃ nates born preterm[J].Clin Epigenetics,2019,11(1):26

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    • [18] TANO S,UENO T,MAYAMA M,et al.Relationship be⁃ tween vaginal group B streptococcus colonization in the early stage of pregnancy and preterm birth:a retrospec⁃ tive cohort study[J].BMC Pregnancy Childbirth,2021,21(1):141

    • [19] BIANCHI⁃JASSIR F,SEALE A C,KOHLI⁃LYNCH M,et al.Preterm birth associated with group B Streptococcus maternal colonization worldwide:systematic review and meta ⁃ analyses[J].Clin Infect Dis,2017,65(suppl 2):S133⁃S142

    • [20] 江志发,许燕滨,叶湘云,等.妊娠期糖尿病孕妇妊娠晚期下生殖道感染与妊娠结局的相关性分析[J].中国计划生育和妇产科,2021,13(5):54-58

    • [21] KAN H,HE Y,LI Q,et al.Differential effect of vaginal microbiota on spontaneous preterm birth among Chinese pregnant women[J].Biomed Res Int,2022,2022:3536108

    • [22] 王海艳,张中敏,刘艳芳,等.HbA1c水平对GDM孕妇临床结局和母婴肠道菌群的影响[J].中华医院感染学杂志,2021,31(4):585-589

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    • [24] ROWAN J A,BUDDEN A,IVANOVA V,et al.Women with an HbA1c of 41⁃49 mmol/mol(5.9⁃6.6%):a higher risk subgroup that may benefit from early pregnancy inter⁃ vention[J].Diabet Med,2016,33(1):25⁃31

    • [25] PHEIFFER C,DIAS S,JACK B,et al.Adiponectin as a potential biomarker for pregnancy disorders[J].Int J Mol Sci,2021,22(3):1326

    • [26] COLOMBO M,RAPOSO G,THÉRY C.Biogenesis,secre⁃ tion,and intercellular interactions of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles[J].Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol,2014,30:255-289

    • [27] SARKER S,SCHOLZ⁃ROMERO K,PEREZ A,et al.Pla⁃ centa ⁃ derived exosomes continuously increase in mater⁃ nal circulation over the first trimester of pregnancy[J].J Transl Med,2014,12:204

    • [28] MENON R,DEBNATH C,LAI A,et al.Circulating exo⁃ somal miRNA profile during term and preterm birth preg⁃ nancies:a longitudinal study[J].Endocrinology,2019,160(2):249-275

    • [29] MENON R,DIXON C L,SHELLER ⁃ MILLER S,et al.Quantitative proteomics by SWATH⁃MS of maternal plas⁃ ma exosomes determine pathways associated with term and preterm birth[J].Endocrinology,2019,160(3):639-650

    • [30] NAIR S,JAYABALAN N,GUANZON D,et al.Human placental exosomes in gestational diabetes mellitus carry a specific set of miRNAs associated with skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity[J].Clin Sci(Lond),2018,132(22):2451-2467

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    • [33] BERNEA E G,SUICA V I,UYY E,et al.Exosome pro⁃ teomics reveals the deregulation of coagulation,comple⁃ ment and lipid metabolism proteins in gestational diabe⁃ tes mellitus[J].Molecules,2022,27(17):5502

    • [34] DIXON C L,SHELLER ⁃MILLER S,SAADE G R,et al.Amniotic fluid exosome proteomic profile exhibits unique pathways of term and preterm labor[J].Endocrinology,2018,159(5):2229-2240

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    • [37] GUO M,LU J,YU X,et al.The protective role of serum uric acid against premature membrane rupture in gesta⁃ tional diabetes:a cross ⁃ sectional study[J].BMC Endocr Disord,2021,21(1):95

    • [38] GUPTA J K,CARE A,GOODFELLOW L,et al.Metabol⁃ ic profiling of maternal serum of women at high ⁃ risk of spontaneous preterm birth using NMR and MGWAS ap⁃ proach[J].Biosci Rep,2021,41(9):BSR20210759

    • [39] GERSON K D,YANG N,ANTON L,et al.Second trimes⁃ ter short cervix is associated with decreased abundance of cervicovaginal lipid metabolites[J].Am J Obstet Gyne⁃ col,2022,227(2):273.e1-273.e18

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    • [41] 张起舞,陈蕾.妊娠期糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗、血尿酸水平及其对妊娠结局的影响研究[J].川北医学院学报,2020,35(6):1002-1005

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    • [43] 苗苗,张悦,穆娟,等.妊娠期糖尿病妇女孕中期血脂水平及其与妊娠结局的关系[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(10):1529-1532

    • [44] RAHMAN M L,FENG Y A,FIEHN O,et al.Plasma lip⁃ idomics profile in pregnancy and gestational diabetes risk:a prospective study in a multiracial/ethnic cohort [J].BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care,2021,9(1):e001551

    • [45] ZHAN Y,WANG J,HE X,et al.Plasma metabolites,es⁃ pecially lipid metabolites,are altered in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus[J].Clin Chim Acta,2021,517:139-14

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    • [49] BECKING E C,WIRJOSOEKARTO S A M,SCHEFFER P G,et al.Low fetal fraction in cell⁃free DNA testing is as⁃ sociated with adverse pregnancy outcome:analysis of a subcohort of the TRIDENT ⁃ 2 study[J].Prenat Diagn,2021,41(10):1296-1304

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