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通讯作者:

孙崇秀,E-mail:cxsun@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R329.25

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)08-1076-09

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20230806

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参考文献 4
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参考文献 6
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参考文献 7
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参考文献 8
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参考文献 9
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参考文献 11
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参考文献 12
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探究穹窿主体蛋白(major vault protein,MVP)对动脉内皮细胞(endothelial cell,EC)增殖的作用,揭示MVP对动脉EC发挥保护作用的潜在机制。方法:以人主动脉EC(human aortic EC,HAEC)为细胞模型,感染慢病毒以抑制或过表达 MVP。使用CCK-8实验和流式细胞术检测细胞增殖活性和死亡。使用凋亡抑制剂Z-VAD和坏死性凋亡抑制剂Nec-1确定细胞死亡方式。以流式细胞术检测Annexin V结合阳性率和Caspase 3活性,以Western blot检测Caspase剪切体蛋白表达以评价细胞凋亡。以荧光定量PCR和Western blot 技术鉴定靶分子,并明确MVP与靶分子之间的调控关系。结果:敲降MVP抑制 HAEC增殖,促进HAEC死亡,过表达MVP结果则相反。Z-VAD逆转MVP敲降引起的死亡,而Nec-1无此作用。过表达MVP抑制TNF-α诱导的HAEC凋亡,敲降MVP时作用相反。MVP通过上调干扰素调节因子2(interferon regulatory factor 2,IRF2)促进凋亡抑制蛋白1(cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1,cIAP1)的转录。敲降IRF2逆转MVP过表达引起的cIAP1表达增多和凋亡抑制。结论:MVP通过上调IRF2蛋白促进cIAP1转录表达从而抑制TNF-α诱导的HAEC凋亡,发挥对EC的保护作用。

    Abstract

    Objective:To investigate the effects and the underlying mechanism of major vault protein(MVP)on the proliferation of arterial endothelial cells. Methods:Human aortic endothelial cell(HAEC)were infected with lentivirus to inhibit or overexpress MVP. Cell proliferation and death were detected with CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry. Apoptosis inhibitor Z-VAD and necroptosis inhibitor Nec-1 were used to distinguish the mode of cell death. Annexin V binding and Caspase 3 activity were detected by flow cytometry,and cleaved Caspase was examined by Western blot. Real time PCR and Western blot were performed to investigate target molecules and the regulatory relationship. Results:Knockdown of MVP inhibited the proliferation activity of HAEC and promoted the HAEC cell death. Overexpression of MVP resulted in the opposite results. Treatment with Z - VAD reversed HAEC death caused by MVP knockdown,while Nec-1 did not. Consistently,TNF-α-induced HAEC apoptosis was inhibited by MVP overexpression and exaggerated by MVP knocked down. MVP promoted the transcriptional expression of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins1(cIAP1)by up - regulating interferon regulatory factor 2(IRF2)protein expression. IRF2 knockdown reversed the increase in cIAP1 expression and the decrease in apoptosis caused by MVP overexpression. Conclusion:MVP promoted cIAP1 transcription by up-regulating IRF2 protein expression,thereby inhibiting TNF-α-induced apoptosis and promoting the proliferation of arterial EC.

  • 内皮细胞(endothelial cell,EC)是位于血管壁表面一层连续的扁平细胞,充当着血流与血管壁之间的结构屏障,在血管稳态的维持上起着重要作用。由于所处位置的特殊性,EC经常受到一些危险因素的刺激,如肿瘤坏死因子(TNF⁃α)、氧化低密度脂蛋白(oxLDL)等炎症因子或血流应切力,均可打破EC 增殖与死亡动态平衡,导致EC功能失调。EC过度死亡后,内皮完整性不复存在,血管壁结构和通透性显著改变,血流动力学改变,可促进oxLDL以及单核细胞黏附并浸润到血管壁,导致动脉粥样硬化(ath⁃ erosclerosis,AS)斑块及其他血管性疾病[1-2]

  • 穹窿体是一种在真核生物体内高度保守的核糖核蛋白复合物,许多研究表明穹窿体参与广泛的细胞功能,包括核质运输、药物耐受、感染免疫、细胞信号传导、mRNA定位和核孔装配等[3-4]。穹窿主体蛋白(major vault protein,MVP)是细胞内构成穹窿体的主要成分之一。MVP 因最早在肺耐药相关研究中被鉴定,因此又称为肺耐药相关蛋白(lung resistant associated protein,LRP)。后续研究发现 MVP 与肿瘤细胞的增殖凋亡密切相关,通过 PI3K⁃ AKT、Ras/Raf/MEK信号通路调控细胞活性[5]。近年来发现,MVP 可调控血管平滑肌细胞增殖活性[6],巨噬细胞中的MVP对动脉粥样硬化、肥胖有抑制作用[7],而 EC 中的 MVP 相关研究仍未见报道。血管壁稳态在 AS 等心血管疾病进展中至关重要,探究 MVP 在人主动脉内皮细胞(human aortic endothelial cell,HAEC)中发挥的作用及机制,可为心血管疾病的防治提供思路。

  • 1 材料和方法

  • 1.1 材料

  • HAEC(Catalog No. PCS ⁃ 100 ⁃ 011,Lot No.63233442,Manassas,VA)购自美国模式培养物集存库(American Type Culture Collection,ATCC)。EC 培养基EGM⁃2(Lonza公司,瑞士),胎牛血清FBS、胰蛋白酶(Gibco公司,美国),青/链霉素混合液(双抗) (Thermo 公司,美国),rh ⁃TNF ⁃α(R&D Systems,美国),脂质体转染试剂盒(Invitrogen 公司,美国), TRIzol 试剂(TaKaRa 公司,日本),CCK⁃8 试剂检测盒、Z ⁃VAD ⁃ FMK(Z ⁃VAD)、Necrostatin ⁃ 1(Nec ⁃ 1) (Med Chem Express 公司,美国),PCR 逆转录试剂盒、PCR 荧光定量试剂盒(上海翊圣生物技术公司),Annexin V⁃FITC/propidium iodide(PI)检测试剂盒(南京Fcmacs公司),Caspase3、8活性检测试剂盒(BioVision公司,美国),凋亡抑制蛋白1(cellular in⁃ hibitor of apoptosis protein 1,cIAP1)siRNA、IRF2 siRNA (Santa Cruz Biotechnology,美国),BCA 蛋白浓度测定试剂盒(北京碧云天生物技术有限公司),Lipo⁃ factamine2000、Protein Marker(Thermo公司,美国), MVP抗体(Santa Cruz Biotechnology,美国),cIAP1抗体、cIAP2 抗体、cleaved Caspase3 抗体(Cell Signal⁃ ing Technology,美国),GAPDH 抗体、α⁃Tubulin抗体 (Proteintech 公司,中国),β⁃actin 抗体(上海 Abmart 公司)。MVP敲降和过表达慢病毒(shRNA⁃MVP和 Lenti⁃MVP)以及空载体病毒由南京医科大学陈琪教授课题组赠送。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 细胞培养及处理

  • HAEC 使用含 10%FBS 的 EC 培养基 EGM⁃2 重悬,铺到以明胶包被的培养板内,置于37℃、5% CO2 培养箱中培养。待细胞生长到培养板表面约 80% 时,以Z⁃VAD⁃FMK(50 μmol/L)或Nec⁃1(50 μmol/L) 预处理4 h,加入人TNF⁃α(10 ng/mL)共孵育8 h后,收集细胞进行下一步分析。

  • 1.2.2 慢病毒感染及细胞转染

  • 待HAEC 生长到培养板表面约80%时,直接加入慢病毒感染细胞以敲降或过表达MVP。siRNA则以 Lipofactamine2000 转染 HAEC:按照说明书配制转染液和 siRNA 稀释液,两者混匀后室温下静置 20 min,加入到已换液的细胞培养板中。培养72 h 后,进行下一步处理与分析。

  • 1.2.3 CCK⁃8试验

  • 在96孔板中每孔加入100 μL的HAEC 细胞悬液,密度约5 000个细胞/孔。37℃培养箱中培养24 h 后,感染慢病毒。72 h后,以TNF⁃α(10 ng/mL)处理 8 h。贴壁加入 10 μL CCK⁃8 溶液,在 37℃孵育 1 h 后,用酶标仪(ELx800)检测 450 nm 与 600 nm 的吸光度值,计算两者的差值。以已知数量细胞绘制细胞活性曲线,计算细胞增殖活力。

  • 1.2.4 流式细胞术

  • Annexin V 结合实验和 Caspase3、Caspase8 活性实验均按试剂盒说明书要求操作。使用不含 EDTA 的胰酶消化 HAEC,以培养液终止消化后, 400 g离心5 min,收集细胞。PBS洗涤细胞后,加入 FITC⁃Annexin V/PI 染料,或 Caspase3、Caspase8 底物荧光染料避光染色后,以 FACSCalibur 流式细胞仪(BD Biosciences,美国)进行检测,以 FlowJo 软件进行数据分析。

  • 1.2.5 RNA提取和荧光定量PCR

  • 使用 TRIzol 试剂分离提取总 RNA。使用逆转录试剂盒将1 μg总核糖核酸逆转录成cDNA。逆转录温度参数如下:25℃ 5 min,42℃ 30 min,85℃ 5 min。使用荧光定量试剂盒进行实时聚合酶链反应,热循环参数如下:在 95℃下初始变性 5 min; 40 个扩增循环:95℃ 10 s,60℃ 20 s;最后在72℃延伸20 s。使用2-△△Ct方法(其中Ct是循环阈值)将相关基因表达量与GAPDH mRNA水平做标准化计算,每个处理组做3个复孔。MVP、IRF2引物由南京擎科公司合成,其他引物均由上海生工公司合成(表1)。

  • 表1 荧光定量PCR引物序列

  • Table1 Primer sequences for real⁃time PCR

  • 1.2.6 蛋白质免疫印迹(Western blot)

  • 在冰上以蛋白裂解液裂解HAEC细胞,提取总蛋白。经 BCA 试剂盒测量蛋白浓度后,取含等量 (20~30 μg)蛋白质的裂解液,于 95℃加热 5 min。以SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶(SDS⁃PAGE)分离样品中的蛋白质,转到0.22 μm聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜。将膜置于室温下以5%脱脂奶粉溶液封闭2 h后,加入相应的一抗于 4℃孵育过夜。第 2 天,用 TBST(含 0.1%吐温20)洗涤后,在室温下与辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)标记的二抗孵育2 h。使用增强型化学发光试剂(ECL)和数字凝胶图像分析系统检测结果。使用Image J软件定量蛋白质表达水平。本研究展示了至少3个独立实验的代表性图像。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 所得数据采用 GraphPad Prism 软件作图,数据以均数±标准差(x-±s)表示。两组数据的差异通过t 检验进行分析,多组之间的比较采用单因素方差分析。所有实验至少独立重复3次,P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 MVP促进HAEC增殖,抑制HAEC死亡

  • 为探究MVP对HAEC增殖活性的影响,使用慢病毒在 HAEC 中敲降 MVP。荧光定量 PCR 和蛋白 Western blot 均验证敲降效率(P <0.01,图1A、B)。 CCK⁃8 法检测 MVP 对 HAEC 增殖的影响,结果显示,与对照组相比,敲降 MVP 显著降低 HAEC 基底增殖活性(P <0.01,图1C)。TNF⁃α是促细胞死亡的炎性细胞因子,10 ng/mL的TNF⁃α处理8 h后,降低了HAEC增殖水平。在MVP被敲降的HAEC中,其增殖进一步降低。与该结果相一致,流式细胞术检测 PI阳性细胞,结果显示,敲降MVP显著增加基底以及 TNF⁃α诱导的细胞死亡(P <0.05,图1D、E)。

  • 在 HAEC 中过表达 MVP,荧光定量 PCR 和 Western blot 均验证过表达效率(P <0.01,图1F、 G)。在基底或 TNF⁃α处理时,MVP 过表达均促进 HAEC 增殖(图1H)、抑制HAEC 死亡(图1I、J)。以上结果证实,MVP对HAEC具有保护作用。

  • 2.2 MVP抑制TNF⁃α诱导的HAEC凋亡

  • 使用两种抑制剂评估 MVP 对 HAEC 死亡的调控:①Z⁃VAD⁃FMK(简写Z⁃VAD),一种广谱的半胱氨酸蛋白酶(Caspase)抑制剂,阻断凋亡通路;② Necrostatin⁃1(简写 Nec⁃1),是受体相互作用蛋白 1 (receptor⁃interacting protein 1,RIP1)的激酶抑制剂,被认为是坏死性凋亡的阻断剂。结果显示,Z⁃VAD 可以显著逆转 MVP 敲降引起的 HAEC 死亡(P <0.01,图2A、B),而使用 Nec⁃1 对敲降 MVP 引起的 HAEC死亡无明显影响(图2C、D),提示细胞凋亡参与了MVP缺失导致的HAEC死亡。

  • 以流式细胞术检测Annexin V结合与Caspase3 活性,以Western blot检测Caspase3剪切体,均证实敲降MVP增加TNF⁃α诱导的HAEC凋亡(P <0.01,图2E~G),过表达 MVP 则完全相反(P <0.05,图2 H~J)。这些结果表明 MVP 抑制 TNF ⁃α诱导的 HAEC凋亡。

  • 图1 MVP促进HAEC增殖和抑制HAEC死亡

  • Figure1 MVP promoted HAEC proliferation and inhibited HAEC death

  • 2.3 MVP促进凋亡抑制蛋白cIAP1的转录表达

  • 本研究探究MVP 与外源性凋亡之间的调控关系。流式细胞术结果显示,TNF⁃α可诱导外源性凋亡关键分子 Caspase8 的活性增高(P <0.01),敲降 MVP 增加 TNF⁃α诱导的 Caspase8 活性(P <0.001,图3A),而过表达 MVP 抑制 TNF⁃α诱导的 Caspase8 活性(P <0.05,图3B)。结果提示外源性凋亡通路参与了MVP敲降引起的HAEC凋亡。

  • 为了进一步探究机制,检测了Caspase8通路相关分子(包括 FADD、FLIP、RIP1、cIAP1/2、CYLD、 TRADD、TNFR1 和 TRAF2)mRNA 表达水平。结果显示,凋亡抑制蛋白 cIAP1/2 的 mRNA 水平在敲降MVP时显著降低(P <0.05,图3C)。Western blot 检测其蛋白水平变化,发现敲降 MVP 降低 cIAP1 的蛋白表达,过表达 MVP 升高 cIAP1 的蛋白表达,而 MVP 的缺失或过表达对 cIAP2 的蛋白表达水平都无明显的影响(图3D、E)。定量 PCR 结果显示,在基底以及 TNF⁃α处理条件下,过表达 MVP 均增加 cIAP1的mRNA表达水平(P <0.05,图3F)。

  • 图2 MVP抑制TNF⁃α诱导的HAEC凋亡

  • Figure2 MVP inhibited TNF⁃α⁃induced HAEC apoptosis

  • 2.4 cIAP1敲降逆转MVP过表达导致的凋亡抑制

  • 为了探究 MVP 是否通过 cIAP1 调控 HAEC 凋亡,使用 cIAP1 siRNA 降低 cIAP1 的表达(图4A)。流式细胞术结果显示,与对照组相比,敲降cIAP1恢复了过表达 MVP 导致的 Caspase3 活性、Caspase3 剪切体蛋白表达以及 Anneexin V 阳性率降低(P <0.01,图4B~E)。这些结果表明 MVP 通过增加cIAP1的转录表达进而抑制HAEC凋亡。

  • 2.5 MVP通过上调IRF2介导cIAP1表达升高,实现对凋亡的抑制

  • 为了进一步探究MVP对cIAP1的作用机制,通过JASPAR网站预测转录因子干扰素调节因子2(in⁃ terferon regulatory factor 2,IRF2)可与 BIRC2 启动子结合,因此将IRF2作为下一步探究靶标。免疫印迹结果显示,过表达MVP上调IRF2蛋白表达水平(图5 A、B)。IRF2 siRNA显著下调cIAP1的mRNA 和蛋白表达水平(图5C~E)。

  • 图3 MVP促进cIAP1的转录表达

  • Figure3 MVP promoted cIAP1 transcriptional expression

  • 图4 cIAP1敲降逆转MVP过表达引起的HAEC凋亡抑制

  • Figure4 cIAP1 knockdown reversed HAEC apoptosis inhibited by MVP overexpression

  • 流式检测IRF2对HAEC凋亡的影响。结果显示, IRF2敲降后HAEC凋亡大量升高,表现为Annexin V 结合细胞数增多和Caspase3活性的升高(P <0.05,图5F、G)。

  • 进一步研究显示,敲降 IRF2 明显逆转过表达 MVP 导致的 cIAP1 表达升高(P <0.05,图5H、I)和 HAEC凋亡抑制(P <0.001,图5J)。

  • 3 讨论

  • EC生存与死亡动态平衡被危险因素打破造成内皮损伤,被认为是动脉粥样硬化等多种血管疾病发生的始动环节[8]。近年来研究发现,MVP在血管平滑肌细胞增殖活性的调控中发挥着重要的保护作用,而巨噬细胞中的MVP可减弱IKK⁃NF⁃κB通路介导的炎症而抑制动脉粥样硬化与肥胖[7]。本研究对HAEC 中MVP发挥的作用及潜在机制等进行了探索,揭示 MVP在HAEC细胞增殖与凋亡功能中发挥的作用,即 MVP 抑制 TNF ⁃α诱导的 HAEC 凋亡,促进其增殖。后续研究发现,MVP可通过上调IRF2、cIAP1表达而抑制 HAEC 凋亡。这些结果为阐明 MVP 保护内皮细胞的具体机制提供部分线索,给临床诊治相关疾病带来启发。

  • MVP 最初在肿瘤与肿瘤耐药中被广泛研究。研究发现,MVP 能抑制 PTEN,促进 PI3K/AKT 途径介导的细胞增殖;MVP也能通过增强ERK/MAPK磷酸化水平介导肝癌细胞增殖[9-10]。MVP与细胞凋亡的调控关系也十分密切。研究表明,MVP能通过调控蛋白激酶p38抑制凋亡信号[11]。最新一项研究表明MVP通过与IRF2互作破坏IRF2⁃HDM2复合物,释放的 HDM2 导致 p53 降解和转录失活,从而增加肝癌细胞增殖活性和凋亡耐受性[12]。MVP 不仅参与细胞内信号转导、核质药物运输,在先天免疫、病毒感染中也具有重要作用[13]。在临床研究中,MVP 被作为前列腺癌的预后指标[14]。MVP和抗MVP的自身抗体也可作为类风湿关节炎诊断和预后的生物学标志[15]。在不同的疾病模型中MVP也有着重要的调控作用,MVP可通过氧化修饰调控人气道平滑肌细胞的存活,在哮喘发生时发挥保护气道平滑肌的作用[16]

  • 图5 MVP通过上调IRF2蛋白介导cIAP1转录表达升高,抑制HAEC凋亡

  • Figure5 MVP promoted cIAP1 transcriptional expression by up ⁃ regulating IRF2 protein expression thereby inhibiting⁃ HAEC apoptosis

  • cIAP1/2分别由基因BIRC2和BIRC3转录,属于 IAP家族,IAP家族主要功能是抑制外源信号和内源信号刺激所诱发的细胞凋亡[17]。研究发现cIAP1/2 可通过以下方式抑制TNF⁃α诱导的凋亡:①cIAP1/2 发挥E3泛素连接酶特性泛素化RIP1,激活NF⁃κB,进一步促进自身和其他抗凋亡蛋白,如 FLIP、Sur⁃ vivin 的转录表达,从而抑制凋亡[18]。②cIAP1 通过直接结合 Caspase3、7、9 阻断凋亡[19]。BIRC2 和 BIRC3基因串联在11号染色体上,由于它们的高度相似性,有学者认为 cIAP1 和 cIAP2 的产生可能是由基因复制引起的,然而一些研究表明,在某些相同环境中它们可能发挥不同的作用:①cIAP1是NF⁃κB 信号通路中一个关键调节因子,能减轻去神经引起的肌肉萎缩,而cIAP2并不能[20];②cIAP1在细胞中的表达更丰富、更广泛,其表达水平可以经由泛素化而得到负调控,cIAP1可能是TNF⁃α介导的NF⁃κB 激活的主要调节因子,而 cIAP2 可能是在 cIAP1 不足时的“备份”[21]。这些差异或许是导致 cIAP1 和 cIAP2在同种情形下表现出不同功能的原因。

  • IRF2 属于 IRF 家族,该家族是一类转录因子,在先天和适应性免疫应答、肿瘤增殖中具有非常重要的调控作用[22]。研究表明IRF2⁃INPP4B可诱导自噬并抑制白血病细胞的凋亡[23],而敲降IRF2可通过升高Caspase3/7活性促进前列腺癌细胞凋亡[24],但 IRF2 与 EC 凋亡的调控还未见报道。本研究发现 IRF2敲降促进HAEC凋亡,表明IRF2在HAEC凋亡调控中可发挥保护性作用。

  • 综上所述,本研究显示,MVP通过促进IRF2表达上调cIAP1,保护HAEC免受TNF⁃α诱导的凋亡。本研究首次揭示MVP在动脉EC中具有保护作用,为防治AS等血管疾病提供新思路和理论基础。本研究也存在一些局限性,如未研究MVP的在体表达及作用,寻找到的靶分子可能需要体内模型的进一步验证等。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] PAONE S,BAXTER A A,HULETT M D,et al.Endotheli⁃ al cell apoptosis and the role of endothelial cell ⁃ derived extracellular vesicles in the progression of atherosclerosis [J].Cell Mol Life Sci,2019,76(6):1093-1106

    • [2] 孙冰,王海昌.动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病高危人群胆固醇管理的临床研究进展[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(10):1546-1551

    • [3] LOU L,WANG J,LV F,et al.Y⁃box binding protein 1(YB⁃ 1)promotes gefitinib resistance in lung adenocarcinoma cells by activating AKT signaling and epithelial ⁃ mesen⁃ chymal transition through targeting major vault protein(MVP)[J].Cell Oncol(Dordrecht),2021,44(1):109-133

    • [4] FRASCOTTI G,GALBIATI E,MAZZUCCHELLI M,et al.The vault nanoparticle:a gigantic ribonucleoprotein as⁃ sembly involved in diverse physiological and pathological phenomena and an ideal nanovector for drug delivery and therapy[J].Cancers,2021,13(4):707

    • [5] DONG X,AKUETTEH P D P,SONG J,et al.Major vault protein(MVP)associated with BRAF(V600E)mutation is an immune microenvironment ⁃ related biomarker promot⁃ ing the progression of papillary thyroid cancer via MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways[J].Front Cell Dev Biol,2021,9:688370

    • [6] 童星,江斌,柏惠,等.穹窿主体蛋白对血管平滑肌细胞增殖的影响[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2016,36(5):539-543

    • [7] BEN J,JIANG B,WANG D,et al.Major vault protein sup⁃ presses obesity and atherosclerosis through inhibiting IKK ⁃ NF ⁃ κB signaling mediated inflammation[J].Nat Com⁃ mun,2019,10(1):1801

    • [8] 尹超云,潘雅妮,刘彬,等.丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠对LPS引起的HUVEC功能异常和凋亡调控作用的研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(11):1590-1596

    • [9] PIETRAS P,LEŚNICZAK⁃STASZAK M,KASPRZAK A,et al.MVP expression facilitates tumor cell proliferation and migration supporting the metastasis of colorectal can⁃ cer cells[J].Int J Mol Sci,2021,22(22):12121

    • [10] XIAOQIAN W,BING Z,YANGWEI L,et al.DEAD ⁃box helicase 27 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progres⁃ sion through ERK signaling[J].Technol Cancer Res Treat,2021,20:15330338211055953

    • [11] RAYO J,GREGOR R,JACOB N T,et al.Immunoediting role for major vault protein in apoptotic signaling induced by bacterial N ⁃ acyl homoserine lactones[J].Proc Nat Acad Sci USA,2021,118(12):e2012529118

    • [12] YU H,LI M,HE R,et al.Major vault protein promotes he⁃ patocellular carcinoma through targeting interferon regula⁃ tory factor 2 and decreasing p53 activity[J].Hepatology(Baltimore,Md),2020,72(2):518-534

    • [13] WANG W,XIONG L,WANG P,et al.Major vault protein plays important roles in viral infection[J].IUBMB Life,2020,72(4):624-631

    • [14] RAMBERG H,RICHARDSEN E,DE SOUZA G A,et al.Proteomic analyses identify major vault protein as a prog⁃ nostic biomarker for fatal prostate cancer[J].Carcinogen⁃ esis,2021,42(5):685-93

    • [15] MARINOU D,KATSIFIS G,BAROUTA G,et al.Major vault protein/lung resistance related protein:a novel bio⁃ marker for rheumatoid arthritis[J].Clin Exp Rheumatol,2020,39(5):1033-1042

    • [16] DAS D,WANG Y H,HSIEH C Y,et al.Major vault pro⁃ tein regulates cell growth/survival signaling through oxida⁃ tive modifications[J].Cell Signal,2016,28(1):12-18

    • [17] KUMAR S,FAIRMICHAEL C,LONGLEY D B,et al.The Multiple Roles of the IAP Super ⁃ family in cancer[J].Pharmacol Ther,2020,214:107610

    • [18] VARFOLOMEEV E,GONCHAROV T,VUCIC D.Immu⁃ noblot analysis of the regulation of TNF receptor family ⁃ induced NF⁃κB signaling by c⁃IAP proteins[J].Methods Mol Biol(Clifton,NJ),2021,2366:109-123

    • [19] CHEN J,CHEN X,CHEN X,et al.SM⁃164 enhances the antitumor activity of adriamycin in human U2 ⁃ OS cells via downregulation of X⁃linked inhibitor of apoptosis pro⁃ tein[J].Mol Med Rep,2019,19(6):5079-5086

    • [20] LALA⁃TABBERT N,LEJMI⁃MRAD R,TIMUSK K,et al.Targeted ablation of the cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 1(cIAP1)attenuates denervation ⁃ induced skeletal muscle atrophy[J].Skelet Muscle,2019,9(1):13

    • [21] LALAOUI N,VAUX D L.Recent advances in understand⁃ ing inhibitor of apoptosis proteins[J].F1000Research,2018,7:F1000 Faculty Rev⁃1889

    • [22] JEFFERIES C A.Regulating IRFs in IFN driven disease [J].Front Immunol,2019,10:325

    • [23] ZHANG F,ZHU K,LIU L,et al.IRF2⁃INPP4B axis inhib⁃ its apoptosis of acute myeloid leukaemia cells via regulat⁃ ing T helper 1/2 cell differentiation[J].Cell Biochem Funct,2020,38(5):582-590

    • [24] KNEITZ B,KREBS M,KALOGIROU C,et al.Survival in patients with high⁃risk prostate cancer is predicted by miR ⁃ 221,which regulates proliferation,apoptosis,and inva⁃ sion of prostate cancer cells by inhibiting IRF2 and SOCS3[J].Cancer Res,2014,74(9):2591-603

  • 参考文献

    • [1] PAONE S,BAXTER A A,HULETT M D,et al.Endotheli⁃ al cell apoptosis and the role of endothelial cell ⁃ derived extracellular vesicles in the progression of atherosclerosis [J].Cell Mol Life Sci,2019,76(6):1093-1106

    • [2] 孙冰,王海昌.动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病高危人群胆固醇管理的临床研究进展[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(10):1546-1551

    • [3] LOU L,WANG J,LV F,et al.Y⁃box binding protein 1(YB⁃ 1)promotes gefitinib resistance in lung adenocarcinoma cells by activating AKT signaling and epithelial ⁃ mesen⁃ chymal transition through targeting major vault protein(MVP)[J].Cell Oncol(Dordrecht),2021,44(1):109-133

    • [4] FRASCOTTI G,GALBIATI E,MAZZUCCHELLI M,et al.The vault nanoparticle:a gigantic ribonucleoprotein as⁃ sembly involved in diverse physiological and pathological phenomena and an ideal nanovector for drug delivery and therapy[J].Cancers,2021,13(4):707

    • [5] DONG X,AKUETTEH P D P,SONG J,et al.Major vault protein(MVP)associated with BRAF(V600E)mutation is an immune microenvironment ⁃ related biomarker promot⁃ ing the progression of papillary thyroid cancer via MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways[J].Front Cell Dev Biol,2021,9:688370

    • [6] 童星,江斌,柏惠,等.穹窿主体蛋白对血管平滑肌细胞增殖的影响[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2016,36(5):539-543

    • [7] BEN J,JIANG B,WANG D,et al.Major vault protein sup⁃ presses obesity and atherosclerosis through inhibiting IKK ⁃ NF ⁃ κB signaling mediated inflammation[J].Nat Com⁃ mun,2019,10(1):1801

    • [8] 尹超云,潘雅妮,刘彬,等.丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠对LPS引起的HUVEC功能异常和凋亡调控作用的研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(11):1590-1596

    • [9] PIETRAS P,LEŚNICZAK⁃STASZAK M,KASPRZAK A,et al.MVP expression facilitates tumor cell proliferation and migration supporting the metastasis of colorectal can⁃ cer cells[J].Int J Mol Sci,2021,22(22):12121

    • [10] XIAOQIAN W,BING Z,YANGWEI L,et al.DEAD ⁃box helicase 27 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progres⁃ sion through ERK signaling[J].Technol Cancer Res Treat,2021,20:15330338211055953

    • [11] RAYO J,GREGOR R,JACOB N T,et al.Immunoediting role for major vault protein in apoptotic signaling induced by bacterial N ⁃ acyl homoserine lactones[J].Proc Nat Acad Sci USA,2021,118(12):e2012529118

    • [12] YU H,LI M,HE R,et al.Major vault protein promotes he⁃ patocellular carcinoma through targeting interferon regula⁃ tory factor 2 and decreasing p53 activity[J].Hepatology(Baltimore,Md),2020,72(2):518-534

    • [13] WANG W,XIONG L,WANG P,et al.Major vault protein plays important roles in viral infection[J].IUBMB Life,2020,72(4):624-631

    • [14] RAMBERG H,RICHARDSEN E,DE SOUZA G A,et al.Proteomic analyses identify major vault protein as a prog⁃ nostic biomarker for fatal prostate cancer[J].Carcinogen⁃ esis,2021,42(5):685-93

    • [15] MARINOU D,KATSIFIS G,BAROUTA G,et al.Major vault protein/lung resistance related protein:a novel bio⁃ marker for rheumatoid arthritis[J].Clin Exp Rheumatol,2020,39(5):1033-1042

    • [16] DAS D,WANG Y H,HSIEH C Y,et al.Major vault pro⁃ tein regulates cell growth/survival signaling through oxida⁃ tive modifications[J].Cell Signal,2016,28(1):12-18

    • [17] KUMAR S,FAIRMICHAEL C,LONGLEY D B,et al.The Multiple Roles of the IAP Super ⁃ family in cancer[J].Pharmacol Ther,2020,214:107610

    • [18] VARFOLOMEEV E,GONCHAROV T,VUCIC D.Immu⁃ noblot analysis of the regulation of TNF receptor family ⁃ induced NF⁃κB signaling by c⁃IAP proteins[J].Methods Mol Biol(Clifton,NJ),2021,2366:109-123

    • [19] CHEN J,CHEN X,CHEN X,et al.SM⁃164 enhances the antitumor activity of adriamycin in human U2 ⁃ OS cells via downregulation of X⁃linked inhibitor of apoptosis pro⁃ tein[J].Mol Med Rep,2019,19(6):5079-5086

    • [20] LALA⁃TABBERT N,LEJMI⁃MRAD R,TIMUSK K,et al.Targeted ablation of the cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 1(cIAP1)attenuates denervation ⁃ induced skeletal muscle atrophy[J].Skelet Muscle,2019,9(1):13

    • [21] LALAOUI N,VAUX D L.Recent advances in understand⁃ ing inhibitor of apoptosis proteins[J].F1000Research,2018,7:F1000 Faculty Rev⁃1889

    • [22] JEFFERIES C A.Regulating IRFs in IFN driven disease [J].Front Immunol,2019,10:325

    • [23] ZHANG F,ZHU K,LIU L,et al.IRF2⁃INPP4B axis inhib⁃ its apoptosis of acute myeloid leukaemia cells via regulat⁃ ing T helper 1/2 cell differentiation[J].Cell Biochem Funct,2020,38(5):582-590

    • [24] KNEITZ B,KREBS M,KALOGIROU C,et al.Survival in patients with high⁃risk prostate cancer is predicted by miR ⁃ 221,which regulates proliferation,apoptosis,and inva⁃ sion of prostate cancer cells by inhibiting IRF2 and SOCS3[J].Cancer Res,2014,74(9):2591-603

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