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通讯作者:

王子盾,E-mail:wangzidun@foxmail.com;

王晓伟,E-mail:wangxiaowei@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R541.4

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)08-1108-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20230810

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参考文献 14
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参考文献 15
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参考文献 16
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参考文献 17
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参考文献 18
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参考文献 20
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参考文献 21
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参考文献 22
代岳,张纯,徐凯.心外膜脂肪组织CT衰减与冠状动脉狭窄程度的相关性研究[J].临床放射学杂志,2022,41(3):460-464
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王瑞,徐磊.冠状动脉CT功能学成像的应用进展 [J].中华医学杂志,2021,101(39):3257-3260
参考文献 24
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参考文献 25
MCLAUGHLIN T,SCHNITTGER I,NAGY A,et al.Rela⁃ tionship between coronary atheroma,epicardial adipose tissue inflammation,and adipocyte differentiation across the human myocardial bridge[J].J Am Heart Assoc,2021,10(22):e021003
参考文献 26
祁荣兴,苏建兵,高丹,等.2型糖尿病患者心外膜脂肪体积/年龄比值与胰岛素抵抗的相关性[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2017,37(4):461-463
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探究冠状动脉粥样硬化心脏病患者心外膜脂肪体积(epicardial adipose tissue volume,EATV)、管周脂肪厚度 (perivascular adipose tissue thickness,PATT)与冠状动脉血管病变严重程度的相关性,评估EATV联合临床相关指标预测患者预后的效能。方法:选取南京医科大学第一附属医院81例进行冠状动脉CTA(coronary CT angiography,CCTA)及冠状动脉造影 (coronary angiography,CAG)的冠心病患者,统计所有患者基础基线资料及临床处理方式,基于医院影像系统统计 EATV、 PATT、SYNTAX评分,随访患者出院后6个月内不良心血管事件,包括心血管相关性死亡、心肌梗死、支架再植入、心血管相关疾病再入院、稳定型心绞痛及不稳定性心绞痛发作情况。通过线性回归模型和多元Logistic回归模型分析描述EATV对CCTA 疑诊冠心病患者进一步进行CAG的辅助意义及EATV和PATT与SYNTAX评分的相关性,构建基于EATV和相关临床指标预测冠心病患者预后的模型。结果:①EATV可提高CCTA疑诊冠心病患者进行CAG检查的阳性处理价值(AUC=0.562上升至 AUC=0.771);②Pearson相关统计示:该入组冠心病患者EATV与SYNTAX评分呈正相关(r=0.828,P<0.001),EATV及经身体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)标化的 normalized EATV均与患者的SYNTAX评分成正相关(r=0.774,P<0.001);③ EATV联合临床指标:性别、前降支冠状动脉管周脂肪HU数值(LADHU)、左室舒张期横径(LVDd)(AUC=0.775)较SYNTAX评分(AUC= 0.707)可更准确预测冠心病患者出院后心血管事件的发生。结论:EATV与CAD密切相关,对CCTA拟诊冠心病患者的临床决策具有指导意义。它与SYNTAX评分呈正相关,对冠心病的预后评估具有预测价值。

    Abstract

    Objective:We intended to explore the significance that epicardial adipose tissue(EAT)could provide in decision - making on whether the patient should further undergo the coronary angiography when they were suspected of diagnosing coronary artery disease(CAD based on coronary CT angiography(CCTA). We further analyzed the correlation of epicardial adipose tissue volume (EATV)and perivascular adipose tissue thickness(PATT)with the severity of coronary vascular disease - SYNTAX score in patients with coronary atherosclerotic heart disease. We also explored the difference in sensitivity and specificity of EAT combined with clinically relevant indicators compared to the SYNTAX score alone in predicting the prognosis of patients. Methods:Our research involved a total of 81 patients with coronary heart disease who underwent coronary CT angiography(CCTA)and coronary angiography in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. The characteristics and treatment of all patients were collected,and EATV,PATT,and SYNTAX scores were calculated based on the patients, imaging data. All patients were followed up six months after discharge,and adverse cardiovascular events,including cardiovascular - related death,myocardial infarction,stent reimplantation, cardiovascular-related disease readmission,stable angina,and unstable angina attacks,were recorded during the follow-up. The logistic regression model was used to analyze the decision -making significance of EATV for further coronary angiography(CAG)in patients with suspected coronary heart disease diagnosed by CCTA. We described the association of EATV with SYNTAX scores using person correlation analysis. We constructed a predictive model for the prognosis of patients with CAD based on EATV and related clinical indicators. Results:①EATV could improve the positive predictive value of clinical intervention after CAG examination in CCTA patients suspected of CAD(AUC rise to 0.771 from 0.562). ② Pearson correlation statistics showed that EATV was positively correlated with SYNTAX score(r=0.828,P<0.001),and the correlation persisted after EAT was standardized for BMI(r=0.774,P< 0.001). ③EATV combined with clinical indicators:gender,LADHU(anterior descending branch adipose tissue Hounsfield unit),and LVDd(left ventricular diastolic diameter)could predict the occurrence of cardiovascular events after discharge(AUC=0.775). The prediction accuracy of this model was higher than that of SYNTAX alone(AUC=0.707). Conclusion:EATV was closely related to CAD and had guiding significance for clinical decision - making of patients with suspected coronary heart disease on CT. It was positively correlated with the SYNTAX score and had predictive relevance for the prognosis evaluation of coronary heart disease.

  • 冠状动脉粥样硬化心脏病(coronary artery dis⁃ ease,CAD)及其并发症是全人群死亡的重要原因之一[1],每年约20%的全人群死于CAD相关疾病[2]。心外膜脂肪组织(epicardial adipose tissue,EAT)覆盖正常心脏组织约80%的区域,其分布集中在室间沟和房室沟,起源于中胚叶,由白色、棕色、米色脂肪细胞3种成分构成,此外还存在大量支配心脏的神经细胞和发挥免疫调节作用的免疫细胞。EAT 是功能活跃的内分泌器官,且与冠脉血管及心肌间无筋膜间隔与心脏共享血供和回流系统[3],更以旁分泌或血管分泌炎症因子影响冠状动脉血管进而参与CAD的疾病进展[4]。生理状态下,EAT参与心脏能量代谢、免疫调节、冠脉血管的物理缓冲等,而病理状态下EAT具有强大的促进炎症反应、氧化应激及纤维化的作用[5]。随着人们对EAT 和CAD 的认知不断深入,EAT日渐成为CAD研究领域的热点。

  • 根据CAD诊断流程,拟诊CAD的患者可进行冠状动脉CT血管造影(coronary CT angiography,CCTA) 和冠状动脉造影(coronary angiography,CAG)检查,研究表明以CAG为诊断标准,CCTA对临床拟诊冠心病的敏感性是70.7%,特异性是40.4%,准确性是 84.1%,CCTA作为临床无创检查,方便快速,但敏感性和特异性均较低[2]。若能结合其他CT影像学检测指标,或可提高CCTA的临床应用价值。随着CT 检测技术的提高,基于 CT 进行 EAT 体积和厚度的定量分析成为可能,且测量准确性、重复性、客观性较二维超声评估明显提高[36],临床研究和基础研究均发现EAT可能参与CAD的发生及进展过程[7],心外膜脂肪体积(epicardial adipose tissue volume, EATV)及心外膜脂肪组织 CT 值(epicardial adipose tissue Hounsfield unit,EATHU)是评估预测其严重程度的重要影像特征[8-9]

  • CAG 是目前确诊 CAD 的金标准并可同时行血管再通治疗,虽然CAG效果显著,但因医疗费用高且具有一定创伤性导致患者依从性低,而基于CAG 的 SYNTAX 评分,根据病变位置、严重程度、分叉、钙化等解剖特点进行危险分层的定量积分,从而个体化评估复杂CAD患者三支病变血管严重程度,并指导进一步临床处理方案[10],是临床研究中评估 CAD 严重程度和预测疾病预后的一项重要指标。但是 SYNTAX 评分系统仅基于血管病变解剖学位置,并不包括临床指标。CCTA 可检测冠状动脉狭窄和钙化,并且越来越频繁地用于筛查无症状人群,以评估发生CAD 和心脏事件的高风险人群,以及诊断有症状患者的阻塞性CAD[11]。此外CCTA操作简单,可发现冠状动脉斑块和狭窄情况,可减轻患者经济负担,而存在心律失常或者钙化严重时,CCTA 的评估准确性将下降[12]。为提高CCTA在更广泛人群(老年无症状患者和其他中等风险患者)中应用价值[11],需进一步探究 EATV、EATHU 等影像学特征在CAD诊疗、评估血管病变严重程度及预后中的价值和意义[13]。已有研究发现冠脉CT血流储备分数联合斑块特征与心肌灌注显像可提高对CAD 患者主要不良心脏事件的预测效能[14]

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 收集2021年6月—2021年12月于南京医科大学第一附属医院心血管科住院的CAD患者81例,其中,男59例,女22例,平均年龄67.5岁,所有患者均先行 CCTA,为进一步诊断或治疗进行 CAG。入组患者有明显胸闷、胸痛症状且临床资料完整,主要排除标准包括:图像质量不佳或患者不配合者;有严重肝肾功能损害或造影剂过敏者;存在严重瓣膜疾病、心包积液或伴有明显消耗性疾病(如恶性肿瘤)等,调阅研究对象病历,记录患者性别、年龄、身高、体重、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症等既往病史;整理实验室检查并记录患者空腹时甘油三酯、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白等CAD相关指标;录入患者心脏二维超声心动图左室舒张末内径(left ventricular di⁃ astolic dimension,LVDd)、射血分数(ejection frac⁃ tion,EF)、右室舒张末内径(right ventricular diastolic dimension,RVDd)等心功能数据。本研究经医院伦理委员会批准(伦审号:2022⁃SR⁃363),所有患者均知情同意。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 EAT的测量

  • 基于 CCTA 行 EATV 及管周脂肪厚度(perivas⁃ cular adipose tissue thickness,PATT)、管周脂肪CT值(perivascular adipose tissue Hounsfield unit,PATHU) 测量。所有 CCTA 扫描均采用双源多排检测器 (Forchheim公司,德国),CT扫描设置如下:64.0 mm× 0.6 mm探测器准直、330 ms机架旋转时间,83 ms瞬时分辨率、380~420 mA管电流、100~120 kV管电位,所有患者在检测时都被要求屏住呼吸,在最大左房容积的40%时,以总层厚0.75 mm重建增量0.4 mm,根据心电图信号同步重建数据。EAT 定义为心外膜与心肌表面之间的HU在-50~-150的脂肪组织,采用半自动分析评估软件(cardiac risk assessment software)获取 EATV,Calcium score assessment soft⁃ ware 用于计算钙化积分。采用最佳舒张期图像进行分析,EATV、EATHU数据由1名经验丰富的放射科医生测量:沿着左室短轴位,在心室中部切片水平,测得前降支(left anterior descending artery,LAD) 管周脂肪厚度及CT值,回旋支(left circumflex coro⁃ nary artery,LCX)管周脂肪厚度及 CT 值,右冠状动脉(right coronary artery,RCA)管周脂肪厚度及 CT 值[15-16](图1)。

  • 1.2.2 SYNTAX评分

  • CCTA 疑诊 CAD 患者,再次进行 CAG 检查,排除冠状动脉造影禁忌患者,依据诊断性心脏介入导管术的规定,选择合适的血管入路,按照顺序完成后续各项操作[17]。使用 SYNTAX 官方网站中运算工具(http://syntaxscore.org/calculator/start.htm),计算 CAD 患者 SYNTAX 评分,评估冠状动脉病变程度,包括有无血管闭塞、血栓形成或钙化斑块等。

  • 图1 CCTA测量EATV、管周脂肪厚度和血管钙化

  • Figure1 The measurement of EATV,perivascular fat thickness and vessel calcification with CCTA

  • 1.2.3 随访

  • 电话随访 81 例患者出院后 6 个月心血管相关事件,随访终点事件为再发不良心血管事件:心血管相关死亡、心梗、心绞痛发作(不稳定或稳定性心绞痛)、支架再植入、心血管相关疾病再入院。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • SPSS 20.0 分析临床资料,采用中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]或均值±标准差(x-±s),描述患者基线资料特征,Point⁃biserial 相关分析二分类变量和连续分类变量间相关性。二值 Logistic 回归分析 CAG诊疗和心绞痛预后的危险因素,并利用SPSS软件绘制ROC图以评估预测效能,Pearson相关检验连续性变量相关性。符合正态分布的数据进行非配对Student t检验,多组间比较使用单因素方差分析, P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 患者临床特征

  • 72.8%的入组患者为男性患者,EF 均>50%,仅 21%合并糖尿病,BMI 平均值 24.56,肝肾功能指标均在正常范围内(表1)。影像学相关测量指标示: CCTA测得EATV(134.96±64.36)mm3,LAD管周脂肪厚度及CT值为(1.07±0.40)cm、(-95.94±24.16)HU, LCX 管周脂肪厚度和 CT 值分别为(0.31±0.15)cm、 (-85.81±23.15)HU,RCA 管周脂肪厚度和 CT 值分别为(0.33±0.15)cm、(-80.69±22.22)HU,CAG 检测示:SYNTAX 评分为(21.00±9.18)分,52 例(64.2%) 患者进行介入治疗,10例(12.3%)进行冠状动脉搭桥术,19例(23.5%)进行药物治疗。

  • 2.2 EATV在CAG后临床决策中的应用分析

  • 据 CAD 诊断和治疗指南,CCTA 影像学表现为血管有粥样硬化斑块,管腔狭窄50%~70%,判定为中度狭窄及以上的81例CCTA疑诊CAD患者,依据指南推荐诊疗路径需进一步进行CAG评估[18]。其中 CAG检查心外膜下冠状动脉直径狭窄超过50%[29] 确诊并实施医疗干预措施的患者为62例。其中进行介入血管再通术为52例,10例进行冠状动脉搭桥。比较CCTA SYNTAX[20] 判定阳性临床干预较CAG 真实世界临床处理决策的一致性,CCTA 的灵敏度为 64.52%,特异度为 100%。应用 ROC 曲线分析评价 CCTA、EATV两种参数联合预测CAG后进行介入治疗及冠状动脉搭桥术处理的价值,结果示,CCTA+ EATV 曲线下面积(AUC=0.771)高于 CCTA 单独预测的ROC曲线下面积(AUC=0.562)(图2)。

  • 表1 研究对象临床基线资料

  • Table1 Baseline characteristics of CAD patients

  • ALT:谷丙转氨酶;AST:谷草转氨酶;TG:甘油三酯;TC:总胆固醇;HDL:高密度脂蛋白;LDL:低密度脂蛋白;Glu:葡萄糖;BUN:尿素氮;SCr:肌酐;BNP:心房钠尿肽;LVDd:左室舒张末内径;LVEF:左室射血分数;RVD d:右室舒张末内径。

  • 2.3 EATV和CAD血管病变严重程度的相关性

  • EATV 和冠脉血管病变严重程度呈正相关,SYNTAX 评分高组别 EATV 较其他组别明显升高。Pearson 相关性示临床冠心病相关危险因素与 SYNTAX 评分正相关的是:EATV、体重、标准化 EATV、BMI、LCX管周脂肪厚度,是否有高血压(r> 0,P<0.05,表2)。其中EATV与SYNTAX评分呈正相关(r=0.828,P<0.001),经BMI标准化后的EATV 仍与 SYNTAX 评分呈正相关(r=0.774,P<0.001,图3A)。而根据SYNTAX评分结果将CAD患者分为低积分组(<23 分)、中积分组(23~<33 分)和高积分组(≥33 分),高 SYNTAX 评分组别 EATV 较其他组别明显升高,且有统计学意义(图3B)。

  • 图2 CCTA、EATV联合预测及CCTA单独预测CAD患者临床干预的ROC曲线

  • Figure2 Receiver operating characteristic curve of the prognosis prediction of EATV combined with CCTA or not

  • 2.4 EATV在CAD预后中的应用分析

  • 患者离院后第6个月进行随访,患者再发不良心血管事件23例(28.40%),其中2例全因死亡,1例发生急性心力衰竭入院,20例患者有心绞痛症状发作。基于CAG的SYNTAX评分预测心绞痛发作单个连续变量ROC回归模型,ROC曲线下面积AUC=0.707,灵敏度66.67%,特异度79.71%。在临床相关指标选取性别、LVDd、LADHU 3项单项指标与心绞痛发作相关且相关性具有统计学意义的指标,与EATV联合建立Logistic回归模型以预测心绞痛发作(表3),ROC 曲线下面积 AUC=0.778,灵敏度和特异度分别为 46.45%、76.47%,几近于SYNTAX评分(图4)。

  • 3 讨论

  • EAT 由于其独特的解剖学位置和丰富的生理学功能参与冠心病的发生和进展,既往研究表明内脏脂肪组织EATV可能是心血管疾病的独立危险因素[21],而EATV和EATHU重度冠状动脉狭窄亦具有一定的预测意义和价值(灵敏度和特异度分别为 0.728、0.809)[22]

  • 表2 临床冠心病相关危险因素与SYNTAX评分Pearson相关性

  • Table2 Pearson correlation between risk factors associated with clinical coronary artery disease and SYNTAX score

  • *:Point⁃biserial相关系数;危险因素按相关性意义由大到小排列。

  • 图3 EATV及标准化EATV与Syntax评分相关性分析散点图(A)及Syntax评分低、中、高组别EATV及标化EATV的表达差异统计图(B)

  • Figure3 Scatter plot of EATV and syntax score(A)and histogram of EATV for low,medium and high syntax groups(B)

  • 表3 预测心绞痛发作的Logistic回归模型

  • Table3 Logistic regression that predicts angina attack

  • 图4 SYNTAX(A)和 EATV 联合临床指标(B)预测 CAD 患者院外心绞痛发作的ROC曲线

  • Figure4 ROC curves of SYNTAX(A),EATV combined clinical indicators(B)for predicting post⁃hospi⁃ tal angina attack

  • 随着 MSCT 影像学技术的发展和普及,作为一种无创、快捷、有效的检查手段,其广泛应用于CAD 的筛查和诊断,尤其为早期发病患者所接受。但目前CCTA评估冠状动脉狭窄程度依旧是解剖性而非功能性的,评估结果出现冠状动脉管腔狭窄程度与心肌缺血程度不成正比的现象[23]。基于此,负荷心电图、心动图或心肌灌注显像等无创功能学检查被进一步用于评估高风险患者心肌缺血状况及范围[24]

  • 为进一步提高CCTA在临床决策和预后判断中的价值,或可引入 CCTA 中功能性特征指标如 EATV、EATHU等,从而实现冠脉动脉解剖学和功能的完美融合,本研究发现,EATV指标的加入显著提高了拟诊CCTA 与导管造影治疗决策的一致性,增量意义20.8%,提示CCTA联合EAVT有助于高效且准确地筛选出可能因CAG 进行血运重建或冠状动脉搭桥而获益的患者,制定个体化治疗方案以期为患者争取最佳临床结局。

  • EAT与冠状动脉无筋膜间隔,可通过内分泌和旁分泌炎症因子白介素6(interleukin 6,IL⁃6)、单核细胞趋化蛋白 1(monocyte chemotactic protein 1, MCP ⁃1)、趋化因子配体 2(C ⁃C motif chemokine2, CCL2)参与冠状动脉粥样硬化的进展。亦有研究表明病理状态下 EATV 增大,缺氧诱导因子(hypoxia⁃ inducible factor 1⁃alpha,HIF1α)、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(peroxisome proliferator⁃activated recep⁃ tor gamma,PPARγ)等表达含量升高,发现EAT可能通过氧化应激和脂质毒性致血管病变[25]。研究充分支持EATV作为CCTA检查的一个功能性特征值,如EATV/年龄比值能够很好地反映胰岛素抵抗的程度[26],本研究发现经BMI 标准化后的EATV 依旧与冠脉血管病变严重程度呈正相关(r=0.774,P< 0.001),提示标化 EATV 是独立于肥胖的冠脉狭窄的危险因素。术后患者6个月的随访结果示,联合使用EATV和临床指标性别、LVDd、LADHU可较准确地预测心绞痛的发作,从而充分展现出EATV作为功能特征值参与冠状动脉粥样硬化临床决策和预后评估中的意义和价值。

  • EATV与CAD关系密切,对CT疑诊CAD患者评估具有积极的临床意义;与冠状动脉狭窄SYNTAX评分正相关,对CAD的评估预后判断具有预测意义和价值。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] GBD 2016 Causes of Death Collaborators.Global,region⁃ al,and national age⁃sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death,1980⁃2016:a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016[J].Lancet(London,Eng⁃ land),2017,390(10100):1151-1210

    • [2] 王惠.冠脉CT血管造影对疑难胸痛患者的诊断价值分析[J].现代医用影像学,2022,31(4):669-710

    • [3] MONTI C B,CODARI M,DE CECCO C N,et al.Novel imaging biomarkers:epicardial adipose tissue evaluation [J].Br J Radiol,2020,93(1113):20190770

    • [4] ANSALDO A M,MONTECUCCO F,SAHEBKAR A,et al.Epicardial adipose tissue and cardiovascular diseases [J].Int J Cardiol,2019,278:254-260

    • [5] IACOBELLIS G,BARBARO G.Epicardial adipose tissue feeding and overfeeding the heart[J].Nutrition,2019,59:1-6

    • [6] MANCIO J,AZEVEDO D,SARAIVA F,et al.Epicardial adipose tissue volume assessed by computed tomography and coronary artery disease:a systematic review and meta⁃ analysis[J].Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging,2018,19(5):490-497

    • [7] YUVARAJ J,CHENG K,LIN A,et al.The emerging role of CT ⁃ based imaging in adipose tissue and coronary in⁃ flammation[J].Cells,2021,10(5):1196

    • [8] LU Y,WANG T,ZHAN R,et al.Effects of epicardial adi⁃ pose tissue volume and density on cardiac structure and function in patients free of coronary artery disease[J].Jpn J Radiol,2020,38(7):666-675

    • [9] KATAOKA T,HARADA K,TANAKA A,et al.Relation⁃ ship between epicardial adipose tissue volume and coro⁃ nary artery spasm[J].Int J Cardiol,2021,324:8-12

    • [10] 王晓东.冠脉CT血管造影对疑难胸痛患者的诊断价值分析[J].临床医药文献电子杂志,2019,6(66):162-163

    • [11] O’ROURKE R A,BRUNDAGE B H,FROELICHER V F,et al.American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Expert Consensus document on electron ⁃ beam computed tomography for the diagnosis and progno⁃ sis of coronary artery disease[J].Circulation,2000,102(1):126-140

    • [12] LEE J H,HAN D,DANAD I,et al.Multimodality imaging in coronary artery disease:focus on computed tomography [J].J Cardiovasc Ultrasound,2016,24(1):7-17

    • [13] HABERKA M,LELEK M,BOCHENEK T,et al.Novel combined index of cardiometabolic risk related to periarte⁃ rial fat improves the clinical prediction for coronary artery disease complexity[J].Atherosclerosis,2018,268:76-83

    • [14] 薛秋苍,徐怡,孙欣杰,等.FFRCT联合斑块特征与心肌灌注显像对冠心病患者主要不良心脏事件预测效能的比较[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(5):757-762

    • [15] WANG T D,LEE W J,SHIH F Y,et al.Relations of epi⁃ cardial adipose tissue measured by multidetector comput⁃ ed tomography to components of the metabolic syndrome are region⁃specific and independent of anthropometric in⁃ dexes and intraabdominal visceral fat[J].J Clin Endocri⁃ nol Metab,2009,94(2):662-669

    • [16] DEMIRCELIK M B,YILMAZ O C,GUREL O M,et al.Epicardial adipose tissue and pericoronary fat thickness measured with 64 ⁃ multidetector computed tomography:potential predictors of the severity of coronary artery dis⁃ ease[J].Clinics,2014,69:388-392

    • [17] 中华医学会心血管病分会介入心脏病学组,中国医师协会心血管内科医师分会血栓防治专业委员会,中华心血管杂志编辑委员会.中国经皮冠状动脉介入治疗指南(2016)[J].中国介入心脏病学杂志,2016,24(6):315

    • [18] 国家心血管病专业质控中心心血管影像质控专家工作组,中华医学会放射学分会心胸学组,《中华放射学杂志》心脏冠状动脉多排CT临床应用指南写作专家组.冠状动脉CT血管成像的适用标准及诊断报告书写规范[J].中华放射学杂志,2020,54(11):1044-1055

    • [19] 王斌,李毅,韩雅玲.稳定性冠心病诊断与治疗指南[J].中华心血管病杂志,2018,46(9):680-94

    • [20] PAPADOPOULOU S L,GIRASIS C,DHARAMPAL A,et al.CT ⁃ SYNTAX score:a feasibility and reproducibility study[J].JACC Cardiovasc Imaging,2013,6(3):413-415

    • [21] NEELAND I J,ROSS R,DESPRéS J P,et al.Visceral and ectopic fat,atherosclerosis,and cardiometabolic disease:a position statement[J].Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol,2019,7(9):715-725

    • [22] 代岳,张纯,徐凯.心外膜脂肪组织CT衰减与冠状动脉狭窄程度的相关性研究[J].临床放射学杂志,2022,41(3):460-464

    • [23] 王瑞,徐磊.冠状动脉CT功能学成像的应用进展 [J].中华医学杂志,2021,101(39):3257-3260

    • [24] 项飞,汪黎明,陈鑫.稳定性冠心病的诊断和治疗策略[J].中华外科杂志,2020,58(5):E014

    • [25] MCLAUGHLIN T,SCHNITTGER I,NAGY A,et al.Rela⁃ tionship between coronary atheroma,epicardial adipose tissue inflammation,and adipocyte differentiation across the human myocardial bridge[J].J Am Heart Assoc,2021,10(22):e021003

    • [26] 祁荣兴,苏建兵,高丹,等.2型糖尿病患者心外膜脂肪体积/年龄比值与胰岛素抵抗的相关性[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2017,37(4):461-463

  • 参考文献

    • [1] GBD 2016 Causes of Death Collaborators.Global,region⁃ al,and national age⁃sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death,1980⁃2016:a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016[J].Lancet(London,Eng⁃ land),2017,390(10100):1151-1210

    • [2] 王惠.冠脉CT血管造影对疑难胸痛患者的诊断价值分析[J].现代医用影像学,2022,31(4):669-710

    • [3] MONTI C B,CODARI M,DE CECCO C N,et al.Novel imaging biomarkers:epicardial adipose tissue evaluation [J].Br J Radiol,2020,93(1113):20190770

    • [4] ANSALDO A M,MONTECUCCO F,SAHEBKAR A,et al.Epicardial adipose tissue and cardiovascular diseases [J].Int J Cardiol,2019,278:254-260

    • [5] IACOBELLIS G,BARBARO G.Epicardial adipose tissue feeding and overfeeding the heart[J].Nutrition,2019,59:1-6

    • [6] MANCIO J,AZEVEDO D,SARAIVA F,et al.Epicardial adipose tissue volume assessed by computed tomography and coronary artery disease:a systematic review and meta⁃ analysis[J].Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging,2018,19(5):490-497

    • [7] YUVARAJ J,CHENG K,LIN A,et al.The emerging role of CT ⁃ based imaging in adipose tissue and coronary in⁃ flammation[J].Cells,2021,10(5):1196

    • [8] LU Y,WANG T,ZHAN R,et al.Effects of epicardial adi⁃ pose tissue volume and density on cardiac structure and function in patients free of coronary artery disease[J].Jpn J Radiol,2020,38(7):666-675

    • [9] KATAOKA T,HARADA K,TANAKA A,et al.Relation⁃ ship between epicardial adipose tissue volume and coro⁃ nary artery spasm[J].Int J Cardiol,2021,324:8-12

    • [10] 王晓东.冠脉CT血管造影对疑难胸痛患者的诊断价值分析[J].临床医药文献电子杂志,2019,6(66):162-163

    • [11] O’ROURKE R A,BRUNDAGE B H,FROELICHER V F,et al.American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Expert Consensus document on electron ⁃ beam computed tomography for the diagnosis and progno⁃ sis of coronary artery disease[J].Circulation,2000,102(1):126-140

    • [12] LEE J H,HAN D,DANAD I,et al.Multimodality imaging in coronary artery disease:focus on computed tomography [J].J Cardiovasc Ultrasound,2016,24(1):7-17

    • [13] HABERKA M,LELEK M,BOCHENEK T,et al.Novel combined index of cardiometabolic risk related to periarte⁃ rial fat improves the clinical prediction for coronary artery disease complexity[J].Atherosclerosis,2018,268:76-83

    • [14] 薛秋苍,徐怡,孙欣杰,等.FFRCT联合斑块特征与心肌灌注显像对冠心病患者主要不良心脏事件预测效能的比较[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(5):757-762

    • [15] WANG T D,LEE W J,SHIH F Y,et al.Relations of epi⁃ cardial adipose tissue measured by multidetector comput⁃ ed tomography to components of the metabolic syndrome are region⁃specific and independent of anthropometric in⁃ dexes and intraabdominal visceral fat[J].J Clin Endocri⁃ nol Metab,2009,94(2):662-669

    • [16] DEMIRCELIK M B,YILMAZ O C,GUREL O M,et al.Epicardial adipose tissue and pericoronary fat thickness measured with 64 ⁃ multidetector computed tomography:potential predictors of the severity of coronary artery dis⁃ ease[J].Clinics,2014,69:388-392

    • [17] 中华医学会心血管病分会介入心脏病学组,中国医师协会心血管内科医师分会血栓防治专业委员会,中华心血管杂志编辑委员会.中国经皮冠状动脉介入治疗指南(2016)[J].中国介入心脏病学杂志,2016,24(6):315

    • [18] 国家心血管病专业质控中心心血管影像质控专家工作组,中华医学会放射学分会心胸学组,《中华放射学杂志》心脏冠状动脉多排CT临床应用指南写作专家组.冠状动脉CT血管成像的适用标准及诊断报告书写规范[J].中华放射学杂志,2020,54(11):1044-1055

    • [19] 王斌,李毅,韩雅玲.稳定性冠心病诊断与治疗指南[J].中华心血管病杂志,2018,46(9):680-94

    • [20] PAPADOPOULOU S L,GIRASIS C,DHARAMPAL A,et al.CT ⁃ SYNTAX score:a feasibility and reproducibility study[J].JACC Cardiovasc Imaging,2013,6(3):413-415

    • [21] NEELAND I J,ROSS R,DESPRéS J P,et al.Visceral and ectopic fat,atherosclerosis,and cardiometabolic disease:a position statement[J].Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol,2019,7(9):715-725

    • [22] 代岳,张纯,徐凯.心外膜脂肪组织CT衰减与冠状动脉狭窄程度的相关性研究[J].临床放射学杂志,2022,41(3):460-464

    • [23] 王瑞,徐磊.冠状动脉CT功能学成像的应用进展 [J].中华医学杂志,2021,101(39):3257-3260

    • [24] 项飞,汪黎明,陈鑫.稳定性冠心病的诊断和治疗策略[J].中华外科杂志,2020,58(5):E014

    • [25] MCLAUGHLIN T,SCHNITTGER I,NAGY A,et al.Rela⁃ tionship between coronary atheroma,epicardial adipose tissue inflammation,and adipocyte differentiation across the human myocardial bridge[J].J Am Heart Assoc,2021,10(22):e021003

    • [26] 祁荣兴,苏建兵,高丹,等.2型糖尿病患者心外膜脂肪体积/年龄比值与胰岛素抵抗的相关性[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2017,37(4):461-463

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