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中图分类号:R445.2

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)08-1115-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20230811

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:运用 3.0 T 心脏磁共振(cardiac magnetic resonance,CMR)对特发性炎症性肌病(idiopathic inflammatory myopa- thy,IIM)心肌纤维化进行定量检测,并分析与心脏损伤标志物几丁质酶3样蛋白1(chitinase-3-like protein 1,YKL-40)的关系,从而探究血清YKL-40在反映IIM心肌损伤患者心肌纤维化程度中的价值。方法:回顾性纳入2018年5月—2022年8月在南京医科大学第一附属医院就诊的IIM患者64例。所有患者均行3.0T CMR扫描并测定血清YKL-40。采用Student’s t检验、Mann- Whitney U检验或χ2 检验比较心肌损伤组与无心肌损伤组各指标差异;采用Spearman相关分析和线性回归分析IIM患者血清 YKL-40与CMR参数间的关系。使用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线评估YKL-40预测IIM患者心肌纤维化的价值。结果:与无心肌损伤患者相比,IIM合并心肌损伤患者年龄[(53.0±13.0)岁 vs.(44.6±16.1)岁]、血清YKL-40 [73.4(46.9,119.3)ng/mL vs. 48.1(22.5,65.1)ng/mL]、初始T1值(native T1)[(1263.2±50.3)ms vs.(1221.8±59.3)ms]及细胞外容积比例(extracellular volume,ECV)[(31.7±5.6)% vs.(28.7±3.2)%]更高,左心室心搏输出量指数(left ventricular stroke volume in- dex,LVSVI)更低[(42.3±10.2)mL/m2 vs.(49.0±11.1)mL/m2 ](均P<0.05)。血清YKL-40与ECV(r=0.373,P=0.004)呈正相关。多元线性回归分析示血清YKL-40与ECV独立相关。YKL-40>68 ng/mL(AUC=0.71,95%CI:0.58~0.84)预测IIM患者心肌纤维化,灵敏度为0.62,特异性为0.86。结论:血清YKL-40可以反映IIM心肌损伤患者的心肌纤维化程度。

    Abstract

    Objective:The current study aims to quantitatively detect myocardial fibrosis of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy(IIM) by 3.0 T cardiac magnetic resonance(CMR),and to analyze the association between myocardial fibrosis of IIM and cardiac injury marker chitinase-3-like protein 1(YKL-40),to explore the value of serum YKL-40 in reflecting the degree of myocardial fibrosis in IIM patients with myocardial injury. Methods:A total of 64 IIM patients who visited the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University between May 2018 and August 2022 were retrospectively included. All patients underwent 3.0T CMR scan and the expression level of serum YKL -40 was measured. We used Student’s t test,Mann -Whitney U test or chi square test to compare the difference of each index between the myocardial injury group and the non-myocardial injury group;Spearman correlation analysis and linear regression were used to analyze the association between serum YKL-40 and CMR parameters in IIM patients. Receiver-operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to assess the value of YKL - 40 in predicting myocardial fibrosis in IIM patients. Results: Compared with patients without myocardial injury,IIM patients with myocardial injury had higher age[(53.0 ± 13.0)year vs.(44.6 ±16.1)year],serum YKL-40 expression level[73.4(46.9,119.3)ng/mL vs. 48.1(22.5,65.1)ng/mL],native T1[(1263.2 ± 50.3)ms vs. (1221.8 ± 59.3)ms],and extracellular volume(ECV)[(31.7 ± 5.6)% vs.(28.7 ± 3.2)%],but the left ventricular stroke volume index (LVSVI)was lower[(42.3 ± 10.2)mL/m2 vs.(49.0 ± 11.1)mL/m2 ](all P < 0.05). Serum YKL-40 was positively correlated with ECV(r= 0.373,P=0.004). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that serum YKL - 40 was independently correlated with ECV. YKL -40> 68ng/mL(AUC=0.71,95% CI 0.58~0.84)predicted myocardial fibrosis in IIM with a sensitivity of 0.62 and specificity of 0.86. Conclusion:Serum YKL-40 may reflect the degree of myocardial fibrosis in IIM patients with myocardial injury.

  • 特发性炎症性肌病(idiopathic inflammatory my⁃ opathy,IIM)是一种侵害骨骼肌为主的全身性免疫性疾病,也可累及其他脏器,如皮肤、心脏、胃肠道和肺[1]。IIM患者合并心脏损伤常提示预后不良,可导致不可逆转的功能障碍甚至死亡[2]。IIM患者心肌组织病理学提示间质和血管周围淋巴细胞浸润、间质水肿、收缩带坏死、心肌细胞形态变异和变性[3]。IIM 患者中有25%~30%存在心肌炎和纤维化[4]。而这些结果多来自于尸检或有创的心内膜活检。

  • 心脏磁共振(cardiac magnetic resonance,CMR) 是一种无创检查手段,是评估心脏形态及其功能的金标准,同时可以进行心肌组织学特征成像,包括评估心肌纤维化的延迟强化(late gadolinium en⁃ hancement,LGE)序列、初始 T1 序列(native T1)、细胞外容积比例(extracellular volume,ECV))[5]。既往研究表明,CMR可以准确地检测出心电图和超声心动图无法检测到的早期心脏微小病变,目前被认为是检测自身免疫性疾病心肌炎和心肌损伤的最佳无创性成像[6]。目前,许多研究致力于确定驱动IIM 患者心肌损伤的关键血清生物标志物。

  • YKL⁃40 又称几丁质酶 3 样蛋白 1(chitinase⁃3⁃ like protein 1),主要由炎症细胞合成和分泌,如巨噬细胞、肝星状细胞、血管平滑肌细胞、中性粒细胞和软骨细胞[7-9]。高水平的血清YKL⁃40与多种疾病相关,如肿瘤、心血管疾病和自身免疫性疾病[10]。它可以预测各种心血管疾病的发病率、严重程度和预后。也有研究发现血清YKL⁃40在IIM患者中升高,且与疾病活动性或严重程度有关[11]。YKL⁃40在分子水平上反映了组织炎症和纤维化的程度,这一前提使YKL⁃40可能成为心肌炎患者的潜在生物标志物[12]。然而,目前尚不清楚IIM患者心脏磁共振参数是否与反应炎症、组织重塑和纤维化过程的血清 YKL⁃40 相关。本研究运用3.0T CMR对IIM心肌纤维化进行定量检测,并分析与YKL⁃40的关系,从而获得血清YKL⁃40与心肌纤维化的联系。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 回顾性分析2018年5月—2022年8月在南京医科大学第一附属医院诊断为IIM的64例患者的临床资料。入组标准:①年龄>18岁;②所有患者均符合 2017 年 EULAR/ACR IIM 诊断标准[13];③所有患者接受 CMR 检查和血清学指标之间的时间在 1 个月内。排除标准:①合并其他结缔组织病;②恶性疾病;③已知心脏病患者,包括先前诊断的缺血性心脏病、先天性心脏病和瓣膜性心脏病;④心力衰竭;⑤严重肺部感染;⑥终末期肾病。LGE能准确地定性并定位诊断心肌纤维化,在确诊心肌是否受累以及判断预后和危险分层中发挥重要的指导价值。根据LGE结果将患者分为心肌损伤组(n=42)和无心肌损伤组(n=22)。本研究经南京医科大学第一附属医院医学伦理委员会批准(2020⁃SR⁃228),并知情同意。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 血清YKL⁃40测定

  • 通过酶联免疫吸附法测量血清 YKL ⁃40 浓度 (Human YKL⁃40 ELISA Kit,Abcam公司,英国)。实验室测量由研究者以盲法进行。厂家提供的检测范围为 23.44~1 500.00 pg/mL,灵敏度为 3.9 pg/mL。批内和批间变异系数分别<1.7%和<2.4%。

  • 1.2.2 CMR检查及图像分析

  • 所有参与者采用德国 Siemens3.0T MR 扫描仪 (MAGNETOM Skyra,Siemens Healthcare公司,德国) 进行CMR检查。CMR序列:①心脏电影,在短轴位及长轴位采用真实稳态自由进动序列。主要参数:视野 340~380 mm,反转角47°,矩阵208 mm×188 mm,频率 962 Hz/Px,TR 3.4 ms,TE 1.4 ms,层厚8 mm,层间距 2 mm。②LGE,采用相位敏感反转恢复(phasesensi⁃ tive inversion recovery,PSIR)序列,以0.2 mmol/kg 的剂量静脉给予钆喷酸葡胺(Gd⁃DTPA),8~15 min后采集LGE图像。主要参数:视野340~380 mm,反转角 55°,矩阵 256 mm ×220 mm,频率 781 Hz/Px,TR 2.88 ms,TE 1.24 ms。③T1 mapping 序列。采用左室短轴改良反转恢复序列(modified look⁃locker in⁃ version⁃recovery,MOLLI),静脉注射对比剂前采用5 (3)3方案,即在1次屏气内(17个心动周期)扫描完成,进行 3 个、3 个及 5 个单次采集,校正左室基底部、心中部及心尖部 3 幅图像。注射对比剂 15~20 min 后进行增强 T1 的采集。主要参数:视野 340~380 mm,反转角 35°,矩阵 192 mm×172 mm,频率 1 085 Hz/Px,TR 2.9 ms,TE 1.15 ms。

  • 将 CMR 图像导出到图像后处理软件(CVI42, Circle Cardiovascular Imaging,Calgary,加拿大),由 1 名具有3年心血管MR 诊断经验的医师独立评估所有CMR图像。在舒张末期和收缩末期的短轴电影图像上勾画左室心内膜和心外膜轮廓,以评估左室功能参数,包括左心室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF),左心室舒张末期容积(left ventricular end⁃diastolic volume,LVEDV)、左心室收缩末期容积(left ventricular end⁃systolic volume,LVESV)、左心室心搏出量(left ventricular stroke volume, LVSV)、心脏指数(cardiac index,CI)和左心室心肌质量指数(left ventricular mass index,LVMI)。基于美国心脏协会(American Heart Association,AHA)心脏16节段,测得心肌整体初始T1值(native T1)、增强后的T1值(post T1)以及ECV,所测native T1及ECV 值均为心肌16节段平均值。ECV计算公式如下:

  • ECV=1-HCT×1/ 心股post T1-1/ 心肌native T11/ 血池post T1-1/ 血池 native T1

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用 SPSS26.0 统计分析软件。计量资料用均数±标准差(x-±s)或中位数和四分位数MP25P75)表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验或Mann⁃Whitney U 检验;计数资料以例数和百分比表示,组间比较采用χ2 检验。采用Spearman相关系数分析是否存在相关性。采用多元线性回归法分析独立相关因素。使用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic, ROC)曲线评估YKL⁃40预测IIM患者心肌纤维化的价值。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 IIM患者心肌损伤组与无损伤组人口学和临床特征比较

  • 根据LGE 结果将IIM患者分为两组:心肌损伤组(n=42)和无心肌损伤组(n= 22)。两组患者人口学特征和临床特征见表1。

  • 两组患者在性别、病程、心血管疾病危险因素、肌炎疾病活动度评分、心电图参数和超声心动图参数差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

  • 与无心肌损伤组相比,心肌损伤组患者年龄、 native T1 及 ECV 更高[分别为(53.0 ± 13.0)岁 vs. (44.6 ± 16.1)岁、(1 263.2 ± 50.3)ms vs.(1 221.8 ± 59.3)ms 及(31.7 ± 5.6)% vs.(28.7 ± 3.2)%,均 P< 0.05],左心室心搏输出量指数(LVSVI)更低[(42.3± 10.2)mL/m2 vs.(49.0±11.1)mL/m2P<0.05]。其余功能和容量参数,包括心脏指数(CI)、左心室射血分数 (LVEF)、左心室舒张末期容积指数(LVEDVI)、左心室收缩末期容积指数(LVESVI)、左心室质量指数 (LVMI)差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

  • 心肌损伤组血清YKL⁃40水平较无损伤组明显升高[73.4(46.9,119.3)ng/mL vs.48.1(22.5,65.1)ng/mL, P=0.006,图1A]。以是否合并肺间质病变(intersti⁃ tial lung disease,ILD)对心肌损伤组患者进行亚组分析(n=33,因部分患者CT数据缺失),结果显示合并 ILD患者(n=25)与无ILD患者(n=8)血清YKL⁃40差异无统计学意义[72.4(46.0,119.0)ng/mL vs.65.3 (13.5,157.3)ng/mL,P>0.05,图1B]。

  • 2.2 血清YKL⁃40与心脏磁共振参数关系

  • 在IIM患者中,血清YKL⁃40与心脏磁共振ECV (r=0.373,P=0.004)呈正相关,与 native T1(r=0.153, P=0.238)无相关性(图2)。多元线性回归分析中,在调整了年龄、ILD后,血清YKL⁃40仍与ECV独立相关(表2)。

  • 2.3 血清YKL⁃40是预测心肌纤维化的有用标志物

  • 进一步分析了 YKL⁃40 预测 IIM 患者心肌纤维化的价值。YKL ⁃ 40 的 ROC 曲线下面积为 0.71 (95% CI:0.58~0.84)。在阈值为 68 ng/mL 时,相应的灵敏度和特异性分别为0.62和0.86(图3)。

  • 3 讨论

  • 本研究结果显示合并心肌损伤 IIM 患者年龄、血清YKL⁃40、native T1及ECV均高于无心肌损伤患者。血清YKL⁃40与ECV呈正相关,在调整了年龄、 ILD后,血清YKL⁃40仍与ECV独立相关。YKL⁃40>68 ng/ml预测IIM患者心肌纤维化。

  • CMR 可以显示多种心肌病的局灶性和弥漫性心肌损伤。由于 LGE 依赖于未受影响的正常心肌和局灶性心肌损伤区域之间的比较,它无法检测弥漫性纤维化浸润。ECV 由 native T1、T1 mapping 和血细胞比容计算得出,在检测弥漫性心肌纤维化方面比 LGE 更敏感。它提供了一个生理直观的测量单位,进一步确定了心肌间质纤维化的程度[14]。Na⁃ tive T1 也能定量评估 IIM 患者弥漫性心肌纤维化,它能检测出 LGE 无法显示的早期心肌损伤[15]。本研究发现,合并心肌损伤IIM患者native T1、ECV较无心肌损伤者升高,IIM 合并心肌损伤常见病理改变是心肌纤维化,native T1、ECV 改变与之相符,反映了心肌损伤患者心肌纤维化程度。

  • 表1 IIM患者心肌损伤组与无损伤组临床特征比较

  • Table1 Comparison of clinical characteristics between myocardial injury group and non⁃ injury group in IIM patients

  • BMI:体重指数;MDAAT:肌炎活动性评价工具;ILD:肺间质病变;ESR:血沉;CRP:C反应蛋白;NLR:中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值;cTnI:心肌肌钙蛋白I;cTnT:心肌肌钙蛋白T;CKMB/CK:肌酸激酶同工酶MB/肌酸激酶;NT⁃proBNP:N端脑钠肽前体;sST2:可溶性生长刺激表达基因2 蛋白;LAD:左房内径;LVDd:舒张期左室内径;LVDs:收缩期左室内径;EF:射血分数;Native T1:初始T1值;ECV:细胞外容积比例;LVEF:左心室射血分数;LVEDVI:左心室舒张末期容积指数;LVESVI:左心室收缩末期容积指数;LVSVI:左心室心搏输出量指数;CI:心脏指数;LVMI:左心室质量指数。*:部分患者缺少胸部CT数据无法进行肺间质纤维化评估。

  • 图1 IIM患者血清YKL⁃40浓度

  • Figure1 Serum YKL⁃40 concentration of IIM patients

  • 图2 血清YKL⁃40与心脏磁共振参数相关性

  • Figure2 Correlation between serum YKL⁃40 and cardiac magnetic resonance parameters

  • 表2 多元线性回归分析血清YKL⁃40与ECV关系

  • Table2 Multivariate linear regression analysis of the relationship between serum YKL⁃40 and ECV

  • 图3 血清YKL⁃40预测心肌纤维化的ROC曲线

  • Figure3 ROC curve of serum YKL⁃40 in predicting myo⁃ cardial fibrosis

  • 本研究还发现,IIM 合并心肌损伤患者血清 YKL⁃40 水平显著升高。既往研究表明合并 ILD 的 IIM患者血清YKL⁃40升高[17-18],因此本研究对心肌损伤组患者进行亚组分析,结果显示合并ILD患者与无 ILD 患者的血清 YKL⁃40 差异无统计学意义。这与既往研究结果不一致,这种差异可能是由于纳入研究的患者人数较少。研究结果还显示 ECV 与血清YKL⁃40呈正相关,即使在调整了年龄、ILD后,血清YKL⁃40仍与ECV独立相关。目前,YKL⁃40的生物学功能尚未完全阐明。但有研究发现YKL⁃40 是结缔组织细胞(成纤维细胞、软骨细胞和滑膜细胞)的生长因子。它通过与细胞表面的 Syn⁃1 和 IL⁃13Rα2 相互作用而激活 PI3K/AKT 通路,导致细胞增殖增加,在组织纤维化的病理条件中发挥作用[19]。在两项房颤患者的研究中发现YKL⁃40水平与心房胶原体积分数显著相关,是左心房纤维化的独立预测因子,且与纤维化程度显著相关[20-21]。除此之外,YKL⁃40在细胞外基质重构和基质形成中发挥了重要的调控作用。作用机制是YKL⁃40减弱肿瘤坏死因子⁃α(tumor necrosis factor⁃α,TNF⁃α)或白细胞介素⁃1(interleukin⁃1,IL⁃1)刺激细胞后导致的 p38和应激活化蛋白激酶/c⁃JunN⁃端激酶的磷酸化,抑制金属蛋白酶及趋化因子 IL⁃8 诱导的细胞因子分泌,进而限制细胞外基质降解、调控基质重构, YKL⁃40介导组织再生过程并诱导组织重塑与病理之间的平衡[22]。由此推断,YKL⁃40可能参与IIM患者心肌纤维化过程,并反映患者心肌纤维化程度。因此,进一步分析了YKL⁃40对IIM患者心肌纤维化的识别价值。通过ROC 曲线发现YKL⁃40预测IIM 患者心肌纤维化的值为68 ng/mL,具有较高的灵敏度(0.62)和特异性(0.86)。

  • 遗憾的是,本研究未观察到血清 YKL⁃40 与 native T1之间的相关性。native T1和ECV之间可能存在一些机制差异。首先,native T1 会受到发病到确诊的时间差影响,所以更推荐用于诊断急性心肌炎[23]。其次,native T1 的可变性较大,受造影剂剂量、注射造影剂和T1测量之间的时间以及肾脏清除率影响。然而,ECV是一个生理参数,由native T1、 T1 mapping和血细胞比容计算得出。因此,ECV在不同的场强、供应商和采集技术之间的重复性较 native T1 更高[24-25]。除此之外,既往有研究发现可溶性生长刺激表达基因 2 蛋白(soluble growth sti ⁃ mulation expressed gene2,sST2)与心肌纤维化密切相关。在本研究中心肌损伤组患者血清sST2水平虽然较无心肌损伤组升高,但差异无统计学意义,而且血清 sST2 水平与 ECV 无线性相关性。考虑 sST2 主要与心肌机械牵拉造成损伤相关[26],而 IIM 合并心肌损伤与免疫介导炎症相关,因而在IIM患者中YKL⁃40反映心肌纤维化优于sST2。

  • 本研究存在如下局限性:①回顾性设计和纳入单一中心的患者可能会导致潜在的选择偏倚;②本研究的样本量较小,需要在大样本量下对结果进行进一步验证;③由于缺乏随访信息,无法阐明治疗前后血清YKL⁃40与心脏磁共振参数之间的关系。

  • 综上所述,合并心肌损伤IIM患者血清YKL⁃40 升高,且与ECV呈正相关。校正影响YKL⁃40因素年龄及ILD后,YKL⁃40仍与ECV独立相关,表明YKL⁃ 40可以反映IIM心肌损伤患者的心肌纤维化程度。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] FINDLAY A R,GOYAL N A,MOZAFFAR T.An over⁃ view of polymyositis and dermatomyositis[J].Muscle Nerve,2015,51(5):638-656

    • [2] ZHANG L,WANG G C,MA L,et al.Cardiac involvement in adult polymyositis or dermatomyositis:a systematic re⁃ view[J].Clin Cardiol,2012,35(11):686-691

    • [3] JAYAKUMAR D,ZHANG R,WASSERMAN A,et al.Car⁃ diac manifestations in idiopathic inflammatory myopa⁃ thies:an overview[J].Cardiol Rev,2019,27(3):131-137

    • [4] DIEDERICHSEN L P,SIMONSEN J A,DIEDERICHSEN A C,et al.Cardiac abnormalities in adult patients with polymyositis or dermatomyositis as assessed by noninva⁃ sive modalities[J].Arthritis Care Res(Hoboken),2016,68(7):1012-1020

    • [5] 冯长静,刘王琰,孙晓萱,等.心脏MR鉴别急性病毒性心肌炎与特发性炎性肌病心肌受累[J].实用放射学杂志,2022,38(2):222-226

    • [6] 张宁,王嫱.心脏磁共振评估特发性炎症性肌病患者心脏受累的研究进展[J].心血管病学进展,2020,41(11):1145-1147

    • [7] DENG Y,LI G,CHANG D,et al.YKL⁃40 as a novel bio⁃ marker in cardio ⁃ metabolic disorders and inflammatory diseases[J].Clin Chim Act,2020,511:40⁃46

    • [8] KJAERGAARD A D,JOHANSEN J S,BOJESEN S E,et al.Role of inflammatory marker YKL⁃40 in the diagnosis,prognosis and cause of cardiovascular and liver diseases [J].Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci,2016,53(6):396-408

    • [9] MATHIASEN A B,HENNINGSEN K M,HARUTYUN⁃ YAN M J,et al.YKL⁃40:a new biomarker in cardiovascu⁃ lar disease?[J].Biomark Med,2010,4(4):591-600

    • [10] KASTRUP J.Can YKL ⁃ 40 be a new inflammatory bio⁃ marker in cardiovascular disease?[J].Immunobiology,2012,217(5):483-491

    • [11] GAO M Z,WEI Y Y,XU Q W,et al.Elevated serum YKL ⁃ 40 correlates with clinical characteristics in patients with polymyositis or dermatomyositis[J].Ann Clin Bio⁃ chem,2019,56(1):95-99

    • [12] LEUSCHNER F,KATUS H A,KAYA Z.Autoimmune myocarditis:past,present and future[J].J Autoimmun,2009,33(3⁃4):282-289

    • [13] LUNDBERG I E,TJARNLUND A,BOTTAI M,et al.2017 European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for adult and juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and their major subgroups[J].Ann Rheum Dis,2017,76(12):1955-1964

    • [14] PAN J A,MICHAELSSON E,SHAW P W,et al.Extracel⁃ lular volume by cardiac magnetic resonance is associated with biomarkers of inflammation in hypertensive heart dis⁃ ease[J].J Hypertens,2019,37(1):65-72

    • [15] FENG C,LIU W,SUN X,et al.Myocardial involvement characteristics by cardiac MR imaging in patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis[J].Rheumatology(Ox⁃ ford),2022,61(2):572-580

    • [16] LIU X H,FENG X J,SHI J Y,et al.The quest for diagnos⁃ tic approaches of cardiac involvement in polymyositis and dermatomyositis[J].Ann Palliat Med,2020,9(4):2256-2270

    • [17] JIANG L,WANG Y,PENG Q,et al.Serum YKL⁃40 level is associated with severity of interstitial lung disease and poor prognosis in dermatomyositis with anti ⁃MDA5 anti⁃ body[J].Clin Rheumatol,2019,38(6):1655-1663

    • [18] HOZUMI H,FUJISAWA T,ENOMOTO N,et al.Clinical utility of YKL⁃40 in polymyositis/dermatomyositis⁃associ⁃ ated interstitial lung disease[J].J Rheumatol,2017,44(9):1394-1401

    • [19] LEE C G,DA S C,DELA C C,et al.Role of chitin and chitinase/chitinase ⁃ like proteins in inflammation,tissue remodeling,and injury[J].Annu Rev Physiol,2011,73:479-501

    • [20] WANG Q,SHEN H,MIN J,et al.YKL ⁃40 is highly ex⁃ pressed in the epicardial adipose tissue of patients with atrial fibrillation and associated with atrial fibrosis[J].J Transl Med,2018,16(1):229

    • [21] CANPOLAT U,AYTEMIR K,HAZIROLAN T,et al.Se⁃ rum YKL⁃40 as a marker of left atrial fibrosis assessed by delayed enhancement mri in lone atrial fibrillation[J].Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2015,38(12):1386-1395

    • [22] 陈浩,周培媚.YKL⁃40在炎症性疾病中的研究进展 [J].四川医学,2022,43(4):392-396

    • [23] ROLLER F C,HARTH S,SCHNEIDER C,et al.T1,T2 mapping and extracellular volume fraction(ECV):appli⁃ cation,value and further perspectives in myocardial in⁃ flammation and cardiomyopathies[J].Rofo,2015,187(9):760-770

    • [24] HAAF P,GARG P,MESSROGHLI D R,et al.Cardiac T1 mapping and extracellular volume(ECV)in clinical prac⁃ tice:a comprehensive review[J].J Cardiovasc Magn Re⁃ son,2016,18(1):89

    • [25] 马晓海,赵蕾,李松南,等.心房颤动患者左心室心肌纤维化的MR定量分析研究[J].中国医学影像技术,2017,33(8):1134-1138

    • [26] 郝嬴政,白文伟,孟永.sST2在急、慢性心力衰竭中的应用价值及最新进展[J].四川医学,2020,41(4):438-441

  • 参考文献

    • [1] FINDLAY A R,GOYAL N A,MOZAFFAR T.An over⁃ view of polymyositis and dermatomyositis[J].Muscle Nerve,2015,51(5):638-656

    • [2] ZHANG L,WANG G C,MA L,et al.Cardiac involvement in adult polymyositis or dermatomyositis:a systematic re⁃ view[J].Clin Cardiol,2012,35(11):686-691

    • [3] JAYAKUMAR D,ZHANG R,WASSERMAN A,et al.Car⁃ diac manifestations in idiopathic inflammatory myopa⁃ thies:an overview[J].Cardiol Rev,2019,27(3):131-137

    • [4] DIEDERICHSEN L P,SIMONSEN J A,DIEDERICHSEN A C,et al.Cardiac abnormalities in adult patients with polymyositis or dermatomyositis as assessed by noninva⁃ sive modalities[J].Arthritis Care Res(Hoboken),2016,68(7):1012-1020

    • [5] 冯长静,刘王琰,孙晓萱,等.心脏MR鉴别急性病毒性心肌炎与特发性炎性肌病心肌受累[J].实用放射学杂志,2022,38(2):222-226

    • [6] 张宁,王嫱.心脏磁共振评估特发性炎症性肌病患者心脏受累的研究进展[J].心血管病学进展,2020,41(11):1145-1147

    • [7] DENG Y,LI G,CHANG D,et al.YKL⁃40 as a novel bio⁃ marker in cardio ⁃ metabolic disorders and inflammatory diseases[J].Clin Chim Act,2020,511:40⁃46

    • [8] KJAERGAARD A D,JOHANSEN J S,BOJESEN S E,et al.Role of inflammatory marker YKL⁃40 in the diagnosis,prognosis and cause of cardiovascular and liver diseases [J].Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci,2016,53(6):396-408

    • [9] MATHIASEN A B,HENNINGSEN K M,HARUTYUN⁃ YAN M J,et al.YKL⁃40:a new biomarker in cardiovascu⁃ lar disease?[J].Biomark Med,2010,4(4):591-600

    • [10] KASTRUP J.Can YKL ⁃ 40 be a new inflammatory bio⁃ marker in cardiovascular disease?[J].Immunobiology,2012,217(5):483-491

    • [11] GAO M Z,WEI Y Y,XU Q W,et al.Elevated serum YKL ⁃ 40 correlates with clinical characteristics in patients with polymyositis or dermatomyositis[J].Ann Clin Bio⁃ chem,2019,56(1):95-99

    • [12] LEUSCHNER F,KATUS H A,KAYA Z.Autoimmune myocarditis:past,present and future[J].J Autoimmun,2009,33(3⁃4):282-289

    • [13] LUNDBERG I E,TJARNLUND A,BOTTAI M,et al.2017 European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for adult and juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and their major subgroups[J].Ann Rheum Dis,2017,76(12):1955-1964

    • [14] PAN J A,MICHAELSSON E,SHAW P W,et al.Extracel⁃ lular volume by cardiac magnetic resonance is associated with biomarkers of inflammation in hypertensive heart dis⁃ ease[J].J Hypertens,2019,37(1):65-72

    • [15] FENG C,LIU W,SUN X,et al.Myocardial involvement characteristics by cardiac MR imaging in patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis[J].Rheumatology(Ox⁃ ford),2022,61(2):572-580

    • [16] LIU X H,FENG X J,SHI J Y,et al.The quest for diagnos⁃ tic approaches of cardiac involvement in polymyositis and dermatomyositis[J].Ann Palliat Med,2020,9(4):2256-2270

    • [17] JIANG L,WANG Y,PENG Q,et al.Serum YKL⁃40 level is associated with severity of interstitial lung disease and poor prognosis in dermatomyositis with anti ⁃MDA5 anti⁃ body[J].Clin Rheumatol,2019,38(6):1655-1663

    • [18] HOZUMI H,FUJISAWA T,ENOMOTO N,et al.Clinical utility of YKL⁃40 in polymyositis/dermatomyositis⁃associ⁃ ated interstitial lung disease[J].J Rheumatol,2017,44(9):1394-1401

    • [19] LEE C G,DA S C,DELA C C,et al.Role of chitin and chitinase/chitinase ⁃ like proteins in inflammation,tissue remodeling,and injury[J].Annu Rev Physiol,2011,73:479-501

    • [20] WANG Q,SHEN H,MIN J,et al.YKL ⁃40 is highly ex⁃ pressed in the epicardial adipose tissue of patients with atrial fibrillation and associated with atrial fibrosis[J].J Transl Med,2018,16(1):229

    • [21] CANPOLAT U,AYTEMIR K,HAZIROLAN T,et al.Se⁃ rum YKL⁃40 as a marker of left atrial fibrosis assessed by delayed enhancement mri in lone atrial fibrillation[J].Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2015,38(12):1386-1395

    • [22] 陈浩,周培媚.YKL⁃40在炎症性疾病中的研究进展 [J].四川医学,2022,43(4):392-396

    • [23] ROLLER F C,HARTH S,SCHNEIDER C,et al.T1,T2 mapping and extracellular volume fraction(ECV):appli⁃ cation,value and further perspectives in myocardial in⁃ flammation and cardiomyopathies[J].Rofo,2015,187(9):760-770

    • [24] HAAF P,GARG P,MESSROGHLI D R,et al.Cardiac T1 mapping and extracellular volume(ECV)in clinical prac⁃ tice:a comprehensive review[J].J Cardiovasc Magn Re⁃ son,2016,18(1):89

    • [25] 马晓海,赵蕾,李松南,等.心房颤动患者左心室心肌纤维化的MR定量分析研究[J].中国医学影像技术,2017,33(8):1134-1138

    • [26] 郝嬴政,白文伟,孟永.sST2在急、慢性心力衰竭中的应用价值及最新进展[J].四川医学,2020,41(4):438-441

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