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通讯作者:

孙晓萱,E-mail:drsunxiaoxuan@163.com

中图分类号:R593.2

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)09-1223-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20230906

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:基于简易危险分层探索血清可溶性生长刺激表达基因2(soluble growth stimulation expressed gene 2,sST2)蛋白水平在评估结缔组织病相关肺动脉高压(connective tissue disease associated pulmonary arterial hypertension,CTD-PAH)病情严重程度中的价值。方法:回顾性分析2017年1月—2021年11月在南京医科大学第一附属医院风湿免疫科由右心导管诊断的48例CTD-PAH患者临床资料。收集患者基线及随访资料:血清sST2水平、人口统计学资料、原发病和PAH临床特征资料、治疗方案。根据2018世界肺高压大会上发布的简易危险分层量表评估所有患者基线时危险分层水平。采用Pearson相关分析和线性回归分析评价sST2水平与CTD-PAH临床基线资料之间的相关性;采用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteris- tics,ROC)曲线分析,确定基线sST2水平区分中高危CTD-PAH患者的最佳阈值。结果:中高危患者的血清sST2水平显著高于低危患者[45.97(30.24,75.68)ng/mL vs. 29.36(20.89,41.25)ng/mL,P=0.006]。ROC曲线分析提示sST2≥45.56 ng/mL可以识别中高危CTD-PAH患者,灵敏度和特异度分别为56%和91%。结论:血清sST2水平与CTD-PAH患者病情严重程度相关,中高危患者血清中sST2水平明显高于低危患者。sST2可作为CDT-PAH患者的预后生物标志物。

    Abstract

    Objective:The current study aims to explore the role of serum soluble growth stimulation expressed gene 2(sST2)in evaluating the severity of connective tissue disease associated pulmonary arterial hypertension(CTD - PAH)based on simplified risk stratification. Methods:A total of 48 patients with CTD-PAH diagnosed by right heart catheterization(RHC)were included from the Departments of Rheumatology,the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University between Jan 2017 and Nov 2021. Baseline clinical evaluation,laboratory index,RHC parameters and treatment regimen were collected. Pearson and analysis linear regression were used for the correlation between clinical characteristics of CTD-PAH and sST2 level. A receiver operating characteristics(ROC) curve assessed the diagnostic value of sST2 in assessing low risk and intermediate-high risk CTD-PAH patients. Results:CTD-PAH patients in intermediate -high risk group was higher in sST2 level than low risk group[45.97(30.24,75.68)ng/mL vs. 29.36(20.89, 41.25)ng/mL,P=0.006]. ROC curve analysis showed that sST2≥45.56 ng/mL could identify intermediate-high risk CTD-PAH patients with a sensitivity and specificity of 56% and 91%,respectively. Conclusion:The sST2 is significantly associated with parameters that can reflect disease severity of CTD -PAH,and the sST2 level is signficantly higher in intermediate - high risk group than in low risk group. The measurement of sST2 may serve as a prognostic biomarker of CTD-PAH patients.

  • 肺动脉高压(pulmonary arterial hypertension, PAH)是一种以肺血管重塑和肺血管负荷进行性升高为特征的综合征,最终患者可因右心衰竭死亡[1]。结缔组织病(connective tissue disease,CTD)是相关因素所致PAH的重要原因,是CTD患者死亡的第3大原因[2-4]。因此,早期筛查和识别CTD⁃PAH 患者预后不良的危险因素、及时干预对改善患者预后具有重要临床意义。目前对于PAH疾病严重程度的评估主要根据 2018 年世界肺高压大会(world symposia on pulmonary hypertension,WSPH)上发布的简易危险分层。N末端利钠肽前体(N⁃terminal pro⁃brain natriuretic peptide,NT⁃proBNP)是简易危险分层中唯一的血清学标志物[5-6],主要反映心力衰竭时室壁张力的增加,但其在临床应用中有一定局限性,如对早期血管病变的敏感性差,易受到年龄、性别、肾功能和体重指数(body mass index,BMI)的影响[7]。因此,探索不同机制的新型生物学标志物具有重要的临床意义。

  • 血清可溶性生长刺激表达基因 2(soluble growth stimulation expressed gene2,sST2)蛋白作为一个非常有价值的新型生物标志物,在心肌细胞中因机械性牵拉或心肌损伤而上调,参与心肌重构和心肌纤维化过程[8-9]。前期研究发现在CTD⁃PAH患者中,sST2可识别在随访过程中发生临床失败事件的CTD⁃PAH 患者,但其与CTD⁃PAH 患者疾病严重程度的相关性至今仍无相关报道。因此,本研究将基于 2018 年 WSPH 提出的简易危险分层探讨 sST2 在评估CTD⁃PAH疾病严重程度中的价值。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 回顾性分析2017年1月1日—2021年11月1日在南京医科大学第一附属医院风湿免疫科诊治且由右心导管检查(right heart catheterization,RHC)诊断为CTD⁃PAH的患者。本研究获得南京医科大学第一附属医院医学伦理委员会批准(编号 2018⁃SR⁃ 333),所有入组患者均知情同意。

  • 入组标准:①明确诊断 CTD;②RHC 明确诊断 PAH;③年龄≥18岁。CTD 的诊断标准符合下列标准之一[10-13]:2019 年 ACR/EULAR 的系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)分类标准[10]; 2016年ACR的原发性干燥综合征(primary Sjogren’s syndrome,pSS)类标准[11];2013年ACR/EULAR 的系统性硬化症(systemic sclerosis,SSc)分类标准[12];混合性结缔组织病(mixed connective tissue disease, MCTD)诊断沿用Sharp标准[13]。患者同时满足两个或两个以上 CTD 的诊断标准则定义为重叠综合征 (overlap syndrome,OS)。患者出现典型的CTD症状或体征,或出现某种高滴度非器官特异性自身抗体,而不符合任何一个已知的CTD诊断标准则定义为未分化结缔组织病(undifferentiated connective tis⁃ sue disease,UCTD)。PAH的诊断标准[14]:指在海平面、静息状态下,经RHC检查测定的平均肺动脉压 (mean pulmonary arterial pressure,mPAP)>20 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),肺动脉楔压(pulmonary arterial wedge pressure,PAWP)≤15 mmHg,且肺血管阻力 (pulmonary vascular resistance,PVR)>3 Wood 单位 (l Wood单位=80 dyn·s·cm⁃5 )。

  • 排除标准:①存在严重的肺间质病变或慢性阻塞性肺部疾病,肺功能检查中用力肺总量<60%预计值或胸部高分辨 CT 提示严重的肺间质纤维化,第 1 秒用力肺活量<70%预计值提示存在慢性阻塞性肺疾病;②存在导致 PAH 的左心疾病,包括射血分数保留的心力衰竭、射血分数降低的心力衰竭、心脏瓣膜病、先天性或获得性心血管疾病;③存在肺血栓栓塞证据,核素通气灌注显像提示肺栓塞高度可疑或 CT 肺动脉造影阳性;④肝硬化门静脉高压;⑤严重的血液系统疾病,包括长期严重贫血或代谢性疾病;⑥长期使用可以引起 PAH 的药物或毒素,如甲基苯丙胺等;⑦艾滋病病毒感染;⑧除外 CTD 外其他原因引起的 PAH;⑨大动脉炎患者;⑩严重感染,如败血症或重症肺炎;⑪缺失 sST2 检验结果。入组流程图详见图1。

  • 图1 RHC诊断的CTD⁃PAH患者入组流程图

  • Figure1 Flow chart of the CTD⁃PAH patients diagnosed by RHC

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 临床资料收集

  • 回顾性记录患者基线资料。①一般资料:年龄、性别、身高、体重、原发病类型、CTD 病程(首次诊断 CTD 至本研究入组时的时间间隔)、出现 PAH 症状至RHC检查确诊PAH的时间间隔;②原发病评估:血常规、肝肾功能、免疫球蛋白、补体、血沉 (erythrocyte sedimentation rate,ESR)、C反应蛋白(C⁃ reactive protein,CRP)、系统性红斑狼疮疾病活动度 (systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index, SLEDAI)评分、欧洲抗风湿病联盟制定的干燥综合征疾病活动指数(European League Against Rheumatism Sjogreu’s syndrom disease activity index,ESSDAI)评分;③PAH 评估:sST2、NT⁃proBNP、WHO 心功能分级、6 min步行距离(6⁃minute walk distance,6MWD)、 RHC相关参数;④治疗方案:CTD治疗药物(糖皮质激素及免疫抑制剂)和PAH靶向药物。

  • 1.2.2 危险分层

  • 根据 2018 年 WSPH 上发布的简化版危险分层量表,包括WHO心功能分级、6MWD、NT⁃proBNP、右心房压力(right atrial pressure,RAP)、心指数(cardiac index,CI)及混合静脉血氧饱和度(mixed venous oxygen saturation,SvO2 )指标(表1)。危险分层等级评判标准:具有至少3项低危标准且不具有高危标准定义为低危状态;具有至少2项高危标准(其中包括CI 或SvO2 )定义为高危状态;不符合低危和高危状态都属于中危状态[3-4]。所有患者的PAH危险分层均由 2名经验丰富的风湿免疫科医生独立评判。

  • 表1 基于WSPH的简易危险分层[14]

  • Table1 The simplified risk stratification model based on WSPH

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 使用SPSS23.0软件进行统计分析,绘图使用R 软件。连续变量的分布以均值±标准差(x-±s)或中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示,分类变量以例数和百分比表示。不同组间的连续变量采用t检验或 Wilcoxon 秩和检验,分类变量采用卡方检验或Fisher 精确检验。通过 Pearson 相关分析评价指标间的相关性,有相关性者则进一步行线性回归分析。通过受试者工作特征(receiver operating charac⁃ teristics,ROC)曲线分析,确定sST2水平区分低危和中高危CTD⁃PAH患者的最佳阈值。P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 sST2水平与反映CTD⁃PAH病情严重程度的指标相关

  • Person 相关分析显示,血清 sST2 水平与反映 CTD⁃PAH病情严重程度的临床变量密切相关:与右心房内径(right atrium diameter,RAD)(r=0.355)、 WHO心功能分级(r=0.361)、RAP(r=0.406)、PVR(r= 0.415)、尿酸(uric acid,UA)(r=0.433)、NT⁃proBNP(r= 0.511)呈正相关(P <0.05),与6MWD(r=-0.321)、SvO2r=-0.584)水平呈负相关(P <0.05,表2)。

  • 线性回归分析显示,随sST2水平每增加1 ng/mL, RAD、RAP、PVR、UA和NT⁃proBNP分别增加0.073 mm、 0.047 mmHg、0.080 Wood 单位、1.892 μmol/L、 39.320 ng/L,6MWD、SvO2 分别降低 1.344 m、 0.172%。调整年龄和性别后,sST2 水平仍与 6MWD、SvO2、PVR、NT⁃proBNP 和血清UA水平呈显著线性相关(表3)。

  • 2.2 sST2≥45.56 ng/mL 可以识别中高危 CTD⁃PAH 患者

  • 由于上述指标大部分来自于 2018 年 WSPH 提出的简易危险分层,进一步分析了sST2与简易危险分层的相关性,结果显示,中高危患者的sST2水平显著高于低危患者[45.97(30.24,75.68)ng/mL vs.29.36(20.89,41.25)ng/mL,P=0.006,图2]。ROC 曲线分析显示,血清sST2水平区分低危和中高危CTD⁃ PAH 患者的曲线下面积为 0.734(95% CI:0.594~0.874,P=0.006),最佳阈值为45.56 ng/mL,灵敏度和特异度分别为56%和91%(图3)。

  • 中高危患者的血小板计数较低危患者升高,两组间差异虽有统计学意义(P <0.01),但均在正常范围内。中高危患者肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)[103.39(52.18, 131.00)mL/(min · 1.73 m2)]较低危患者[136.24 (121.78,147.94)mL/(min·1.73 m2)]降低,但两组患者eGFR均>90 mL/(min·1.73 m2),差异虽有统计学意义(P=0.006),但无临床意义。中高危患者血清 UA水平[403.20(329.00,632.90)μmol/L]显著高于低危患者[298.50(238.25,366.00)μmol/L](P=0.001)。两组患者在人口学特征、CTD疾病亚型、病程、白细胞、中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、血红蛋白、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、补体、ESR 和 CRP 水平方面的差异均无统计学意义。低危患者糖皮质激素和免疫抑制剂使用率分别为 95.2%和 81.0%,中高危患者分别为 100.0%和81.5%。在PAH初始靶向治疗中,中高危患者使用联合治疗(51.9%)高于低危患者(38.1%),但差异无统计学意义(表4)。

  • 表2 sST2水平与CTD⁃PAH患者临床参数的相关性分析

  • Table2 Correlation between sST2 and clinical parameters of patients with CTD⁃PAH

  • TRV:三尖瓣反流速度;PASP:肺动脉收缩压;LAD:左心房内径;LVDd:左室舒张末期内径;LVEF:左心室射血分数;E/A:二尖瓣口舒张早期血流速度与心房收缩期血流速度的比值;RVDd:右室舒张末期内径;TAPSE:三尖瓣环收缩期位移;FAC:右室面积变化分数。

  • 表3 调整性别和年龄后sST2和CTD⁃PAH患者临床参数的线性回归分析

  • Table3 Correlation between sST2 and clinical parameters of patients with CTD⁃PAH after adjusting gender and age

  • 图2 不同危险分层CTD⁃PAH患者sST2水平的比较

  • Figure2 Comparison of sST2 levels between CTD ⁃ PAH patients with different risk stratifications

  • 图3 sST2 水平区分低危和中高危 CTD⁃PAH 患者的 ROC 曲线

  • Figure3 ROC curve of sST2 for distinguishing low ⁃ risk and intermediate⁃high risk in CTD⁃PAH patients

  • 3 讨论

  • 本研究发现:①sST2水平与反映PAH病情严重程度的临床指标具有相关性;②sST2≥45.56 ng/mL 可以识别中高危的CTD⁃PAH患者。

  • 随着靶向药物的推广,PAH患者短期生存率有所提高,但远期预后仍然较差,最终可导致右心衰竭和死亡[15-16]。因此,评估患者疾病进展和病死率的风险已成为管理PAH 患者的重要组成部分。早期和准确的风险预测对于阻止疾病进展、提供个体化治疗方案和指导临床决策至关重要[617]。目前临床工作上多使用 2018 年 WSPH 提出的简易危险分层评估PAH患者病情严重程度,低危患者的生存率显著高于中高危患者,国外大规模队列研究均支持该危险分层在 PAH 预后评估中的重要作用[18-19]。本中心前期研究同样表明简易危险分层可以评估 CTD⁃PAH患者病情严重程度及预后[20]

  • 表4 不同危险分层CTD⁃PAH患者的基线特征

  • Table4 Clinical characteristics of CTD⁃PAH patients with different risk stratifications

  • a:低危组有2例未使用初始靶向治疗。

  • 但是简易危险分层在临床应用中有一定局限性,如NT⁃proBNP作为危险分层中唯一的生物标志物,易受受肾脏功能、年龄及BMI等的影响;RAP、CI及SvO2 指标均来自RHC,但受限于其有创性、安全性、检查费用昂贵且经济不发达地区尚未普及,不便在患者长期随访中频繁使用。因此寻找一种经济实用、简单易行、非侵入、可重复性高且相对客观的检查方法协助评估CTD⁃PAH严重程度具有重要临床意义。

  • 本研究结果显示,sST2水平与危险分层中的指标,RAP、SvO2、NT⁃proBNP、6MWD和WHO心功能分级之间存在显著相关性。NT⁃proBNP 与 sST2 作为反映不同机制的心衰标志物,NT⁃proBNP在心室壁应力增加、心肌缺氧或缺血时释放增多,主要反映了心脏负荷增加和心肌功能障碍,通常在疾病早期升高。sST2主要来自肺泡肺上皮细胞和心肌细胞,与心肌肥厚和纤维化相关,不仅可以反映心脏功能,还能同时反映肺血管重塑。sST2较NT⁃proBNP 更能反映心肌纤维化程度,且不受年龄、性别、肾功能和BMI的影响。NT⁃proBNP主要反映疾病的目前状况,是一种急性状态指标,而sST2水平主要反映疾病的持续和长期过程,是一种慢性状态指标,可以预测疾病的长期预后。值得注意的是,在本研究中 sST2 水平与 SvO2r=-0.584,P <0.001)的负线性相关最强,在特发性肺动脉高压患者研究中,也有类似结果(r=-0.592,P <0.001)[21]。SvO2是与氧气输送和消耗相关的参数,缺氧是PAH发生发展过程中重要的病理生理环节,会导致不可逆的肺血管重塑。进一步研究发现,sST2和SvO2是PAH患者全因死亡的独立危险因素[22]。同时sST2水平与其他反映PAH患者预后的指标如PVR及血清尿酸也具有相关性[23-27]。PVR 是反映 PAH 患者疾病严重程度的重要指标,PVR 升高,右心室必须通过增强收缩力、增加容积来适当增加后负荷,进而导致右心功能衰竭。此外,多项临床研究证实,PAH 患者的尿酸升高,并且与PAH治疗开始后的存活率相关,且可以用作反映疾病严重程度的非侵入性指标。

  • 基于2018年简易危险分层,本研究发现中高危患者的sST2水平显著高于低危患者,说明sST2可反映 CTD ⁃PAH 疾病严重程度。Plácido 等[28] 亦发现 PAH患者的血清sST2水平与不良事件风险密切相关,可用于监测疾病的严重程度和危险分层。国内外及本课题组研究同样显示PAH患者血清sST2水平升高,是预测 PAH 患者临床恶化的独立危险因素[26-30]。但sST2识别中高危患者的敏感性较差,因此,探索sST2联合2018年简易危险分层在评估CTD⁃ PAH 疾病严重程度评估中的作用需要更大样本的队列研究并在其他类型的PAH中进一步验证,同时后期需建立多参数模型以评估CTD⁃PAH患者的病情严重程度,提高灵敏度及特异度。

  • 本研究局限性:①样本量较少,目前是将CTD⁃ PAH患者分为低危及中高危两组,需进一步多中心研究扩大样本量;②仅纳入了CTD⁃PAH患者,排除其他类型的PAH;③sST2水平的测量来源于外周血样本。

  • 参考文献

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    • [2] LYNCH J,BELPERIO J,SAGGAR R,et al.Pulmonary hypertension complicating connective tissue disease[J].Semin Respir Crit Care Med,2013,34(5):581-599

    • [3] RHEE R L,GABLER N B,SANGANI S,et al.Compari⁃ son of treatment response in idiopathic and connective tis⁃ sue disease ⁃ associated pulmonary arterial hypertension [J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2015,192(9):1111-1117

    • [4] ZHAO J,WANG Q,LIU Y,et al.Clinical characteristics and survival of pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with three major connective tissue diseases:a cohort study in China[J].Int J Cardiol,2017,236:432-437

    • [5] DARDI F,PALAZZINI M,GOTTI E,et al.P4538 simpli⁃ fied table for risk stratification in patients with different types of pulmonary arterial hypertension[J].Eur Heart J,2018,39(suppl1):924

    • [6] GALIE N,CHANNICK R N,FRANTZ R P,et al.Risk stratification and medical therapy of pulmonary arterial hypertension[J].Eur Respir J,2019,53:1801889

    • [7] RHODES C J,WHARTON J,SWIETLIK E M,et al.Using the plasma proteome for risk stratifying patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2022,205(9):1102-1111

    • [8] AIMO A,VERGARO G,PASSINO C,et al.Prognostic value of soluble suppression of tumorigenicity⁃2 in chronic heart failure:a meta⁃analysis[J].JACC Heart Fail,2017,5(4):280-286

    • [9] AIMO A,VERGARO G,RIPOLI A,et al.Meta ⁃analysis of soluble suppression of tumorigenicity ⁃ 2 and prognosisin acute heart failure[J].JACC Heart Fail,2017,5(4):287-296

    • [10] ARINGER M,COSTENBADER K,DAIKH D,et al.2019 European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus[J].Ann Rheum Dis,2019,78(9):1151-1159

    • [11] SHIBOSKI C H,SHIBOSKI S C,SEROR R,et al.2016 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism classification criteria for primary Sjögren’s syndrome:a consensus and data⁃driven metho⁃ dology involving three international patient cohorts[J].Ann Rheum Dis,2017,76(1):9-16

    • [12] DEN H F V,DINESH K,JAAP F,et al.2013 classifica⁃ tion criteria for systemic sclerosis:an American college of rheumatology/European league against rheumatism collabo⁃ rative initiative[J].Ann Rheum Dis,2013,72(11):1747-1755

    • [13] SHARP G C,IRVIN W S,TAN E M,et al.Mixed connec⁃ tive tissue disease ⁃ an apparently distinct rheumatic dis⁃ ease syndrome associated with a specific antibody to an extractable nuclear antigen(ENA)[J].Am J Med,1972,52(2):148-159

    • [14] 杨媛华.《中国肺动脉高压诊断与治疗指南(2021版)》 解读——肺动脉高压的诊断[J].中国实用内科杂志,2021,41(8):696-699

    • [15] PULIDO T,CHANNICK R N,DELCROIX M,et al.Long⁃ term survival and safety with macitentan in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension:results from the SERAPHIN study and its open⁃label extension[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2017,195:A2294

    • [16] GALIE N,GAINE S,CHANNICK R,et al.3016 long ⁃ term survival and safety with selexipag in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension:results from the GRIPH⁃ ON study and its open ⁃label extension[J].Eur Heart J,2018,39(suppl1):631

    • [17] GALIE N,MCLAUGHLIN V V,RUBIN L J,et al.An overview of the 6th world symposium on pulmonary hyper⁃ tension[J].Eur Respir J,2019,53(1):1802148

    • [18] BOUCLY A,WEATHERALD J,SAVALE L,et al.Risk assessment,prognosis and guideline implementation in pulmonary arterial hypertension[J].Eur Respir J,2017,50(2):1700889

    • [19] DAVID K,BARBRO K,CLARA H,et al.A comprehen⁃ sive risk stratification at early follow⁃up determines prog⁃ nosis in pulmonary arterial hypertension[J].Eur Heart J,2018,39(47):4175-4181

    • [20] LI X,SUN X,HUANG Y,et al.Simplified risk stratifica⁃ tion for pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with connective tissue disease[J].Clin Rheumatol,2019,38(12):3619-3626

    • [21] WANG J,WANG Y,LI X,et al.Serum uric acid is associ⁃ ated with disease severity and may predict clinical outcome in patients of pulmonary arterial hypertension secondary to connective tissue disease in Chinese:a single⁃center retro⁃ spective study[J].BMC Pulm Med,2020,20(1):272

    • [22] SUN Y,WANG L,MENG X,et al.Soluble ST2 and mixed venous oxygen saturation for prediction of mortality in pa⁃ tients with pulmonary hypertension[J].J Thorac Dis,2021,13(6):3478-3488

    • [23] CARLOMAGNO G,MESSALLI G,MELILLO R M,et al.Serum soluble ST2 and interleukin ⁃ 33 levels in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension[J].Int J Cardiol,2013,168(2):1545-1547

    • [24] ZHENG Y G,YANG T,HE J G,et al.Plasma soluble ST2 levels correlate with disease severity and predict clinical worsening in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension [J].Clin Cardiol,2014,37(6):365-370

    • [25] LUCIA A C,SILVIA L,SERGIU H,et al.Serum levels of the soluble IL ⁃ 1 receptor family member ST2 and right ventricular dysfunction[J].Biomark Med,2014,8(1):95⁃ 106

    • [26] MARON B A,BRITTAIN E L,HESS E,et al.Pulmonary vascular resistance and clinical outcomes in patients with pulmonary hypertension:a retrospective cohort study[J].Lancet Respir Med,2020,8(9):873-884

    • [27] SAVALE L,AKAGI S,TU L,et al.Serum and pulmonary uric acid in pulmonary arterial hypertension[J].Eur Respir J,2021,58(2):2000332

    • [28] PLÁCIDO R,CORTEZ ⁃ DIAS N,ROBALO M S,et al.Prognostic stratification in pulmonary hypertension:a multi⁃biomarker approach[J].Rev Port Cardiol,2017,36(2):111-125

    • [29] CHIDA A,SATO H,SHINTANI M,et al.Soluble ST2 and N ⁃ terminal pro ⁃ brain natriuretic peptide combination.Useful biomarker for predicting outcome of childhoodpul⁃ monary arterial hypertension[J].Circ J,2014,78(2):436-442

    • [30] LUK K S,IP C,GONG M Q,et al.A meta⁃analysis of solu⁃ ble suppression of tumorigenicity 2(sST2)and clinical outcomes in pulmonary hypertension[J].J Geriatr Cardiol,2017,14(12):766-771

  • 参考文献

    • [1] HASSOUN P M.Pulmonary arterial hypertension[J].N Engl J Med,2021,385(25):2361-2376

    • [2] LYNCH J,BELPERIO J,SAGGAR R,et al.Pulmonary hypertension complicating connective tissue disease[J].Semin Respir Crit Care Med,2013,34(5):581-599

    • [3] RHEE R L,GABLER N B,SANGANI S,et al.Compari⁃ son of treatment response in idiopathic and connective tis⁃ sue disease ⁃ associated pulmonary arterial hypertension [J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2015,192(9):1111-1117

    • [4] ZHAO J,WANG Q,LIU Y,et al.Clinical characteristics and survival of pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with three major connective tissue diseases:a cohort study in China[J].Int J Cardiol,2017,236:432-437

    • [5] DARDI F,PALAZZINI M,GOTTI E,et al.P4538 simpli⁃ fied table for risk stratification in patients with different types of pulmonary arterial hypertension[J].Eur Heart J,2018,39(suppl1):924

    • [6] GALIE N,CHANNICK R N,FRANTZ R P,et al.Risk stratification and medical therapy of pulmonary arterial hypertension[J].Eur Respir J,2019,53:1801889

    • [7] RHODES C J,WHARTON J,SWIETLIK E M,et al.Using the plasma proteome for risk stratifying patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2022,205(9):1102-1111

    • [8] AIMO A,VERGARO G,PASSINO C,et al.Prognostic value of soluble suppression of tumorigenicity⁃2 in chronic heart failure:a meta⁃analysis[J].JACC Heart Fail,2017,5(4):280-286

    • [9] AIMO A,VERGARO G,RIPOLI A,et al.Meta ⁃analysis of soluble suppression of tumorigenicity ⁃ 2 and prognosisin acute heart failure[J].JACC Heart Fail,2017,5(4):287-296

    • [10] ARINGER M,COSTENBADER K,DAIKH D,et al.2019 European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus[J].Ann Rheum Dis,2019,78(9):1151-1159

    • [11] SHIBOSKI C H,SHIBOSKI S C,SEROR R,et al.2016 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism classification criteria for primary Sjögren’s syndrome:a consensus and data⁃driven metho⁃ dology involving three international patient cohorts[J].Ann Rheum Dis,2017,76(1):9-16

    • [12] DEN H F V,DINESH K,JAAP F,et al.2013 classifica⁃ tion criteria for systemic sclerosis:an American college of rheumatology/European league against rheumatism collabo⁃ rative initiative[J].Ann Rheum Dis,2013,72(11):1747-1755

    • [13] SHARP G C,IRVIN W S,TAN E M,et al.Mixed connec⁃ tive tissue disease ⁃ an apparently distinct rheumatic dis⁃ ease syndrome associated with a specific antibody to an extractable nuclear antigen(ENA)[J].Am J Med,1972,52(2):148-159

    • [14] 杨媛华.《中国肺动脉高压诊断与治疗指南(2021版)》 解读——肺动脉高压的诊断[J].中国实用内科杂志,2021,41(8):696-699

    • [15] PULIDO T,CHANNICK R N,DELCROIX M,et al.Long⁃ term survival and safety with macitentan in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension:results from the SERAPHIN study and its open⁃label extension[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2017,195:A2294

    • [16] GALIE N,GAINE S,CHANNICK R,et al.3016 long ⁃ term survival and safety with selexipag in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension:results from the GRIPH⁃ ON study and its open ⁃label extension[J].Eur Heart J,2018,39(suppl1):631

    • [17] GALIE N,MCLAUGHLIN V V,RUBIN L J,et al.An overview of the 6th world symposium on pulmonary hyper⁃ tension[J].Eur Respir J,2019,53(1):1802148

    • [18] BOUCLY A,WEATHERALD J,SAVALE L,et al.Risk assessment,prognosis and guideline implementation in pulmonary arterial hypertension[J].Eur Respir J,2017,50(2):1700889

    • [19] DAVID K,BARBRO K,CLARA H,et al.A comprehen⁃ sive risk stratification at early follow⁃up determines prog⁃ nosis in pulmonary arterial hypertension[J].Eur Heart J,2018,39(47):4175-4181

    • [20] LI X,SUN X,HUANG Y,et al.Simplified risk stratifica⁃ tion for pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with connective tissue disease[J].Clin Rheumatol,2019,38(12):3619-3626

    • [21] WANG J,WANG Y,LI X,et al.Serum uric acid is associ⁃ ated with disease severity and may predict clinical outcome in patients of pulmonary arterial hypertension secondary to connective tissue disease in Chinese:a single⁃center retro⁃ spective study[J].BMC Pulm Med,2020,20(1):272

    • [22] SUN Y,WANG L,MENG X,et al.Soluble ST2 and mixed venous oxygen saturation for prediction of mortality in pa⁃ tients with pulmonary hypertension[J].J Thorac Dis,2021,13(6):3478-3488

    • [23] CARLOMAGNO G,MESSALLI G,MELILLO R M,et al.Serum soluble ST2 and interleukin ⁃ 33 levels in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension[J].Int J Cardiol,2013,168(2):1545-1547

    • [24] ZHENG Y G,YANG T,HE J G,et al.Plasma soluble ST2 levels correlate with disease severity and predict clinical worsening in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension [J].Clin Cardiol,2014,37(6):365-370

    • [25] LUCIA A C,SILVIA L,SERGIU H,et al.Serum levels of the soluble IL ⁃ 1 receptor family member ST2 and right ventricular dysfunction[J].Biomark Med,2014,8(1):95⁃ 106

    • [26] MARON B A,BRITTAIN E L,HESS E,et al.Pulmonary vascular resistance and clinical outcomes in patients with pulmonary hypertension:a retrospective cohort study[J].Lancet Respir Med,2020,8(9):873-884

    • [27] SAVALE L,AKAGI S,TU L,et al.Serum and pulmonary uric acid in pulmonary arterial hypertension[J].Eur Respir J,2021,58(2):2000332

    • [28] PLÁCIDO R,CORTEZ ⁃ DIAS N,ROBALO M S,et al.Prognostic stratification in pulmonary hypertension:a multi⁃biomarker approach[J].Rev Port Cardiol,2017,36(2):111-125

    • [29] CHIDA A,SATO H,SHINTANI M,et al.Soluble ST2 and N ⁃ terminal pro ⁃ brain natriuretic peptide combination.Useful biomarker for predicting outcome of childhoodpul⁃ monary arterial hypertension[J].Circ J,2014,78(2):436-442

    • [30] LUK K S,IP C,GONG M Q,et al.A meta⁃analysis of solu⁃ ble suppression of tumorigenicity 2(sST2)and clinical outcomes in pulmonary hypertension[J].J Geriatr Cardiol,2017,14(12):766-771

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