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通讯作者:

徐青,E-mail:13776683209@163.com

中图分类号:R736.7

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)09-1273-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20230914

参考文献 1
YAMADA D,KOBAYASHI S,TAKAHASHI H,et al.Pan⁃ creatic CT density is an optimal imaging biomarker for earlier detection of malignancy in the pancreas with intra⁃ ductal papillary mucinous neoplasm[J].Pancreatology,2022,22(4):488-496
参考文献 2
TANAKA M,FERNANDEZ⁃DEL C C,KAMISAWA T,et al.Revisions of international consensus Fukuoka guide⁃ lines for the management of IPMN of the pancreas[J].Pancreatology,2017,17(5):738-753
参考文献 3
程申濠,史红媛,徐青,等.增强CT联合纹理分析对于胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤恶性潜能的预测价值 [J].中国临床医学影像杂志,2021,32(1):23-28
参考文献 4
MIN J H,KIM Y K,KIM S K,et al.Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas:diagnostic perfor⁃ mance of the 2017 international consensus guidelines using CT and MRI[J].Eur Radiol,2021,31(7):4774-4784
参考文献 5
KAKIZAKI Y,MAKINO N,TOZAWA T,et al.Stromal fibrosis and expression of matricellular proteins correlate with histological grade of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas[J].Pancreas,2016,45(8):1145-1152
参考文献 6
SOFUE K,UESHIMA E,MASUDA A,et al.Estimation of pancreatic fibrosis and prediction of postoperative pancre⁃ atic fistula using extracellular volume fraction in multi⁃ phasic contrast ⁃ enhanced CT[J].Eur Radiol,2022,32(3):1770-1780
参考文献 7
WANG Y,ZHOU H,HU P,et al.Case report:dual⁃energy computed tomography of cardiac changes in IgG4⁃related disease[J].Front Cardiovasc Med,2022,9:792531
参考文献 8
BOTTARI A,SILIPIGNI S,CARERJ M L,et al.Dual ⁃ source dual ⁃ energy CT in the evaluation of hepatic frac⁃ tional extracellular space in cirrhosis[J].Radiol Med,2020,125(1):7-14
参考文献 9
KAMEDA F,TANABE M,HIGASHI M,et al.The extra⁃ cellular volume fraction of the pancreas measured by dual ⁃ energy computed tomography:the association with im⁃ paired glucose tolerance[J].Eur J Radiol,2021,141:109775
参考文献 10
LI J P,ZHAO S,LING Z S,et al.Dual⁃energy computed tomography imaging in early ⁃ stage hepatocellular carci ⁃ noma:a preliminary study.contrast media mol imaging [J].Contrast Media Mol Imaging,2022,2022:2146343
参考文献 11
CHAKRABORTY J,MIDYA A,GAZIT L,et al.CT radiomics to predict high ⁃ risk intraductal papillary muci⁃ nous neoplasms of the pancreas[J].Med Phys,2018,45(11):5019-5029
参考文献 12
MORALES⁃OYARVIDE V,MINO⁃KENUDSON M,FER⁃ RONE C R,et al.Acute pancreatitis in intraductal papil⁃ lary mucinous neoplasms:a common predictor of malig⁃ nant intestinal subtype[J].Surgery,2015,158(5):1219-1225
参考文献 13
TSUTSUMI K,OHTSUKA T,ODA Y,et al.A history of acute pancreatitis in intraductal papillary mucinous neo⁃ plasms of the pancreas is a potential predictive factor for malignant papillary subtype[J].Pancreatology,2010,10:707-712
参考文献 14
JABŁOŃSKA B,SZMIGIEL P,MROWIEC S.Pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms:current diagno⁃sis and management[J].World J Gastrointest Oncol,2021,13(12):1880-1895
参考文献 15
ZHOU H,LI X,WANG Y,et al.Threshold of main pan⁃ creatic duct for malignancy in intraductal papillary muci⁃ nous neoplasm at head⁃neck and body⁃tail[J].BMC Gas⁃ troenterol,2022,22(1):473
参考文献 16
FUKUKURA Y,KUMAGAE Y,HIGASHI R,et al.Extra⁃ cellular volume fraction determined by equilibrium con⁃ trast ⁃ enhanced dual ⁃ energy CT as a prognostic factor inpatients with stage Ⅳ pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [J].Eur Radiol,2020,30(3):1679-1689
参考文献 17
ZHOU Z,GAO Y F,WANG H W,et al.Myocardial extra⁃ cellular volume fraction analysis in doxorubicin ⁃induced beagle models:comparison of dual ⁃energy CT with equi⁃ librium contrast ⁃ enhanced single ⁃ energy CT[J].Cardio⁃ vasc Diagn Ther,2021,11(1):102-110
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨双能CT(dual-energy computed tomography,DECT)细胞外容积分数(extracellular volume fraction,ECV)在鉴别胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤(intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm,IPMN)良恶性中的应用价值。方法:回顾性收集 2018年6月—2021年12月外科手术病理证实为IPMN,且术前1个月内行DECT检查的患者57例(良性组28例,恶性组29例)。测量平衡期病灶周围1 cm范围内的胰腺实质碘浓度(iodine concentration,IC)及同一层面腹主动脉IC,依据(IC 胰腺/IC 腹主动脉)×(1- 红细胞比容)的公式计算DECT-ECV。对两组患者的临床及影像资料进行单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析,确定独立危险因素并分别构建影像模型、临床模型及影像联合临床模型。采用受试者工作特征曲线评估其诊断效能,并使用Delong检验进行比较。结果:多因素 Logistic 回归分析提示,DECT-ECV、糖类抗原(carbohydrate antigen,CA)19-9 升高、有急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis,AP)病史是恶性IPMN的独立危险因素。影像模型(DECT-ECV)、临床模型(CA19-9升高及有AP病史)、影像联合临床模型(DECT-ECV、CA19-9升高及有AP病史)诊断恶性IPMN的曲线下面积分别为0.808、0.759、0.884。影像联合临床模型的诊断效能显著高于临床模型(P=0.007)。结论:病灶周围胰腺实质的DECT-ECV参数可以提高良恶性IPMN的鉴别诊断效能,为临床诊疗提供参考依据。

    Abstract

    ObjectiveTo explore the value of extracellular volume fraction(ECV)measured by dual-energy computed tomography (DECT)in differentiating benign and malignant intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms(IPMN). MethodsA total of 57 patients with IPMN confirmed by surgical pathology and underwent DECT examination within one month before the operation were retrospectively collected between June 2018 and December 2021. According to pathological results,the patients were divided into benign group(28 cases)and malignant group(29 cases),and the iodine concentration(IC)of pancreatic parenchyma within 1 cm around the lesions and abdominal aorta on the same picture in the delayed-phase were measured respectively,and the value of DECT- ECV was calculated according to the formula:(ICpancreas/ICabdominal aorta)×(1-Hematocrit). The clinical and imaging data of the two groups were analyzed by univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine the independent risk factors,and the imaging model,clinical model and imaging combined clinical model were constructed respectively. The performance of each model was evaluated according to the area under curve(AUC)under the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve,and the diagnostic efficency of each model was compared by Delong test. ResultsMultivariate analysis showed that the DECT-ECV,the elevated level of carbohydrate antigen(CA)19-9,and the history of acute pancreatitis(AP)were independent risk factors for differentiating benign and malignant IPMN. The AUC of imaging model(DECT-ECV),clinical model(the elevated level of CA19-9 and the history of AP),and imaging combined clinical model(DECT-ECV,the elevated level of CA19-9 and the history of AP)in diagnosing malignant IPMN were 0.808,0.759,and 0.884,respectively. The diagnostic efficacy of imaging combined clinical model was significantly higher than that of clinical model. ConclusionDECT-ECV of the pancreas parenchyma around the lesions may differentiate benign and malignant IPMN, and provide a certain reference for clinical treatment.

  • 胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤(intraductal papi⁃ llary mucinous neoplasm,IPMN)是一种具有恶性潜能的囊性肿瘤,起源于主胰管或分支胰管的上皮细胞[1]。依据福冈指南,恶性 IPMN 在符合手术的前提下均建议手术切除,而良性 IPMN 多采取保守治疗[2]。因此,确定存在或有可能发展为恶性 IPMN 的高危人群,并进行手术切除意义重大[2]。既往有关IPMN良恶性鉴别的研究大多基于病灶本身的影像学特征[3-4],对背景胰腺实质关注较少。有研究证实,胰腺实质的纤维化可能与恶性IPMN有关[5]

  • 细胞外容积分数(extracellular volume fraction, ECV)代表血管外⁃细胞外和血管内空间之和,可用于定量纤维化[6]。既往研究提示双能CT(dual⁃energy CT,DECT)及其衍生的碘密度图可准确定量 ECV,并用于评估心肌、肝脏以及胰腺纤维化[7-9]。然而,目前鲜有通过病灶周围胰腺实质DECT⁃ECV鉴别良恶性 IPMN 的研究。因此,本研究旨在探讨病灶周围胰腺实质的DECT⁃ECV值能否鉴别良恶性IPMN。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 回顾性收集2018年6月—2021年12月南京医科大学第一附属医院符合以下标准的患者。纳入标准:①术后IPMN病理分级明确;②术前1个月内行DECT三期增强(胰腺期、门静脉期及平衡期)扫描;③临床资料完整。排除标准:①影像或临床病理资料不完整;②运动伪影较重。病理分级为低度不典型增生及中度不典型增生的病例归为良性组,高度不典型增生和浸润性癌的病例归为恶性组。收集以下临床资料:年龄、性别、有无急性胰腺炎 (acute pancreatitis,AP)病史、术前1周内的癌胚抗原 (carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA)、糖类抗原(carbo⁃ hydrate antigen,CA)19⁃9、CA125以及CT检查前48 h 内红细胞比容(haematocrit,HCT)。本研究为回顾性研究,经过南京医科大学第一附属医院伦理审查委员会的批准。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 DECT图像采集

  • 检查前患者禁食 6~8 h,扫描前 5~10 min 饮用 800~1 000 mL的温开水,同时进行屏气训练。

  • 入组患者均在第 3 代双源 DECT(SOMATOM Force,Siemens Healthineer,德国)上完成胰腺期、门静脉期以及平衡期三期扫描,扫描范围包括膈肌至耻骨联合水平。增强扫描时经肘静脉注入碘造影剂(浓度300 mg/mL),注射剂量为1.5 mL/kg,流率为 4.0 mL/s,再以相同流率注射生理盐水50 mL。胰腺期扫描采用阈值触发方式,当腹主动脉 CT 值高于 100 HU时,继续延迟20 s后触发胰腺期扫描,再分别于胰腺期扫描结束后30 s以及140 s时进行门静脉期和平衡期扫描。双能量扫描参数:A、B球管分别为 100 kV、160 mA 和 150 kV、90 mA,开启 CARE Dose4D,0.5 s/r;扫描层厚 5 mm,准直 0.6 mm× 128 mm,旋转速度 0.5 s/r,螺距 0.6 mm,FOV 直径 43 cm,重建层厚和间距1.5 mm。

  • 1.2.2 图像分析与处理

  • 使用西门子后处理工作站(syngo via)和 Liver VNC 程序分析 DECT 的平衡期图像[9-10]。由 2 位腹部影像诊断医师(分别具有3年和8年的诊断经验) 在不知患者病理结果的前提下独立完成感兴趣区 (region of interest,ROI)的勾画。测量方法:选取3个不相邻层面,将尽可能大的 ROI 放置在病灶周围 1 cm 范围内的胰腺实质内,尽量避开血管、脂肪组织,得到胰腺实质碘浓度(iodine concentration,IC),同时在胰腺ROI相同层面的腹主动脉内勾画另一个尽可能大的ROI(图1、2),最终得到3组胰腺IC和腹主动脉IC。当2位医师测量结果一致性较高(ICC> 0.8)[11] 时,最终结果取二者平均值;若一致性较差 (ICC≤0.8),则由另一位高年资诊断医师重新测量作为最终结果。然后通过公式计算获得标准化碘浓度(normalized iodine concentration,NIC)[10] 及DECT⁃ECV[9]

  • 图1 恶性IPMN患者的典型DECT图像

  • Figure1 Results of DECT imaging in a patient with malignant IPMN

  • 图2 良性IPMN患者的典型DECT图像

  • Figure2 Results of DECT imaging in a patient with benign IPMN

  • NIC计算公式为:NIC=IC 胰腺/IC 腹主动脉

  • DECT⁃ECV 计算公式为:DECT⁃ECV =(IC 胰腺/ IC 腹主动脉)×(1-HCT)。

  • (IC 胰腺为平衡期胰腺实质IC,IC 腹主动脉为平衡期腹主动脉IC,HCT为红细胞比容)。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 使用SPSS 25.0软件和MedCalc15.0软件进行统计学分析。连续变量采用Shapiro⁃Wilk方法检验数据是否符合正态分布。若服从正态分布用均值±标准差(x-±s)描述数据,并采用 t 检验进行比较。反之,则用中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示,并采用 Mann⁃Whitney U 检验进行比较。分类变量以频数(%)表示,通过卡方检验或 Fisher 精确检验进行比较。分别对影像和临床参数进行单因素及多因素 Logistic 回归分析,通过二元 Logistic 回归确定恶性 IPMN 的独立危险因素,并构建模型。绘制受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC) 曲线,计算曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)、 95%置信区间(confidence inerval,CI)、灵敏度、特异度和准确率,诊断效能比较使用Delong检验。采用组内kappa值或ICC评价观察组间的可重复性或者一致性(ICC>0.8 代表一致性极好,>0.6~0.8 代表良好,>0.4~0.6代表中等,≤0.4代表一般)。双侧检验P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 一般情况

  • 良性组28例患者中,男18例,中位年龄67.50岁,轻度不典型增生 10 例,中度不典型增生 18 例,有 AP 病史及 CA19⁃9 升高的患者分别有 4 例、1 例; 恶性组 29 例患者中,男 19 例,中位年龄 71.00 岁,重度不典型增生 13 例,浸润性癌 16 例,有 AP 病史及CA19⁃9升高的患者分别有12例、10例。其他一般资料详见表1。

  • 2.2 临床及DECT定量参数分析

  • 两名放射科医师对病灶的评价一致性较好,所测量的 IC 胰腺及 IC 腹主动脉的观察者间 ICC 值分别为 0.83、0.85。

  • 恶性组的DECT⁃ECV值、IC 胰腺、NIC以及CA19⁃9 升高、有AP病史的比例明显高于良性组(P值均< 0.05)。而年龄、性别、CEA以及CA125等临床资料在两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,表1)。

  • 2.3 模型构建及诊断效能

  • 多因素 Logistic 回归分析显示,DECT ⁃ECV 值 (OR=1.187,P=0.002)、CA19⁃9升高(OR=19.195,P=0.01 2)以及有 AP 病史(OR=6.415,P=0.023)是恶性 IPMN的独立危险因素,三者单独诊断恶性IPMN的 AUC 分别为 0.808(0.689~0.927)、0.655(0.511~0.798)、0.635(0.490~0.781),准确度分别为 79.0%、 64.9%、63.2%。

  • 表1 IPMN良性组及IPMN恶性组患者的临床及影像资料

  • Table1 Imaging and clinical characteristics of patients with IPMN in benign and malignant group

  • 进一步构建影像模型(DECT⁃ECV 值)、临床模型(CA19⁃9升高+有AP病史)以及影像联合临床模型(DECT⁃ECV 值+CA19⁃9 升高+有 AP 病史)后,得到AUC值分别为0.808(0.689~0.927)、0.759(0.632~0.886)和 0.884(0.801~0.967)。采用 Delong 检验比较各模型诊断效能,结果示影像联合临床模型的诊断效能显著高于临床模型,差异有统计学意义(P= 0.007,表2,图3)。

  • 3 讨论

  • 与以往关注病灶本身的影像学特征进行IPMN良恶性鉴别的研究不同[3-4],本研究重点关注胰腺实质的DECT特征,通过分析IPMN良性组与恶性组的影像及临床参数发现,单因素分析结果中 DECT⁃ ECV的AUC值最大(0.808),建模后,影像联合临床模型(DECT⁃ECV+CA19⁃9升高+有AP病史)的AUC (0.884)显著高于临床模型(CA19⁃9 升高+有 AP 病史)的AUC(0.759),且差异有统计学意义,这进一步说明病灶周围胰腺实质 DECT ⁃ECV 值在良恶性 IPMN鉴别中的重要作用。

  • 表2 各模型诊断恶性IPMN的效能

  • Table2 The diagnostic efficacy of each model in differentiating malignant IPMN

  • 在本研究中,CA19⁃9 升高、有 AP 病史是恶性 IPMN的独立危险因素,与既往研究结果类似[11-13]。血清CA19⁃9是识别胰腺恶性肿瘤的常用指标,但敏感性较低,在某些炎症情况下也可能轻度升高,因此不建议单独用于疾病诊断[14]。关于 AP 与恶性 IPMN 关系的相关报道并不一致。有研究认为,有 AP病史的患者发生恶性IPMN 的可能性更大[13-14]。而Zhou等[15] 认为,切除的IPMN中AP病史与恶性肿瘤之间没有显著相关性。笔者认为这可能与样本量较小以及入组标准不同有关。

  • 此外,DECT⁃ECV 是本研究独立危险因素中唯一的DECT参数。DECT⁃ECV作为一种重要的定量参数,主要反映增强后对比剂在细胞间质内的容积分布情况,在以往研究中已用于评估胰腺组织的纤维化[9] 及预后[16]。传统CT的ECV值需通过增强前后的CT差值进行计算,而DECT⁃ECV值仅需测量平衡期IC,这既可以避免二次扫描引起的图像错配问题,还可减少患者的辐射剂量[17]。Kakizaki等[5] 研究表明,纤维化程度越重,发生恶性IPMN的可能性越大,同时,DECT⁃ECV已被证实可定量评估胰腺纤维化,因此笔者推测恶性IPMN纤维化程度更重,所以 IPMN良性组与恶性组间的DECT⁃ECV值有显著差异。本研究首次通过分析IPMN良性组与恶性组的 DECT⁃ECV 值,初步总结 DECT⁃ECV 值可以评估胰腺纤维化,间接鉴别IPMN的良恶性。

  • 图3 影像模型、临床模型以及影像联合临床模型诊断效能的ROC曲线

  • Figure3 ROC curve of diagnostic efficacy of imaging model,clinical model and imaging combined clinical model

  • 本研究尚存在一定局限性:①本研究是单中心的回顾性研究,对于AP与IPMN发病先后顺序无法考证;②AP引起的胰腺纤维化与病程及严重程度有关,本研究仅重点关注胰腺纤维化与恶性 IPMN 之间的关系,对于 AP 不同的病因、病程、严重程度分级与IPMN良恶性之间的关系,有待进一步研究。

  • 综上所述,病灶周围胰腺实质的DECT⁃ECV参数可作为鉴别 IPMN 良恶性的影像学指标,且与临床指标联合诊断效能更高,可以为临床诊疗提供一定参考依据。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] YAMADA D,KOBAYASHI S,TAKAHASHI H,et al.Pan⁃ creatic CT density is an optimal imaging biomarker for earlier detection of malignancy in the pancreas with intra⁃ ductal papillary mucinous neoplasm[J].Pancreatology,2022,22(4):488-496

    • [2] TANAKA M,FERNANDEZ⁃DEL C C,KAMISAWA T,et al.Revisions of international consensus Fukuoka guide⁃ lines for the management of IPMN of the pancreas[J].Pancreatology,2017,17(5):738-753

    • [3] 程申濠,史红媛,徐青,等.增强CT联合纹理分析对于胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤恶性潜能的预测价值 [J].中国临床医学影像杂志,2021,32(1):23-28

    • [4] MIN J H,KIM Y K,KIM S K,et al.Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas:diagnostic perfor⁃ mance of the 2017 international consensus guidelines using CT and MRI[J].Eur Radiol,2021,31(7):4774-4784

    • [5] KAKIZAKI Y,MAKINO N,TOZAWA T,et al.Stromal fibrosis and expression of matricellular proteins correlate with histological grade of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas[J].Pancreas,2016,45(8):1145-1152

    • [6] SOFUE K,UESHIMA E,MASUDA A,et al.Estimation of pancreatic fibrosis and prediction of postoperative pancre⁃ atic fistula using extracellular volume fraction in multi⁃ phasic contrast ⁃ enhanced CT[J].Eur Radiol,2022,32(3):1770-1780

    • [7] WANG Y,ZHOU H,HU P,et al.Case report:dual⁃energy computed tomography of cardiac changes in IgG4⁃related disease[J].Front Cardiovasc Med,2022,9:792531

    • [8] BOTTARI A,SILIPIGNI S,CARERJ M L,et al.Dual ⁃ source dual ⁃ energy CT in the evaluation of hepatic frac⁃ tional extracellular space in cirrhosis[J].Radiol Med,2020,125(1):7-14

    • [9] KAMEDA F,TANABE M,HIGASHI M,et al.The extra⁃ cellular volume fraction of the pancreas measured by dual ⁃ energy computed tomography:the association with im⁃ paired glucose tolerance[J].Eur J Radiol,2021,141:109775

    • [10] LI J P,ZHAO S,LING Z S,et al.Dual⁃energy computed tomography imaging in early ⁃ stage hepatocellular carci ⁃ noma:a preliminary study.contrast media mol imaging [J].Contrast Media Mol Imaging,2022,2022:2146343

    • [11] CHAKRABORTY J,MIDYA A,GAZIT L,et al.CT radiomics to predict high ⁃ risk intraductal papillary muci⁃ nous neoplasms of the pancreas[J].Med Phys,2018,45(11):5019-5029

    • [12] MORALES⁃OYARVIDE V,MINO⁃KENUDSON M,FER⁃ RONE C R,et al.Acute pancreatitis in intraductal papil⁃ lary mucinous neoplasms:a common predictor of malig⁃ nant intestinal subtype[J].Surgery,2015,158(5):1219-1225

    • [13] TSUTSUMI K,OHTSUKA T,ODA Y,et al.A history of acute pancreatitis in intraductal papillary mucinous neo⁃ plasms of the pancreas is a potential predictive factor for malignant papillary subtype[J].Pancreatology,2010,10:707-712

    • [14] JABŁOŃSKA B,SZMIGIEL P,MROWIEC S.Pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms:current diagno⁃sis and management[J].World J Gastrointest Oncol,2021,13(12):1880-1895

    • [15] ZHOU H,LI X,WANG Y,et al.Threshold of main pan⁃ creatic duct for malignancy in intraductal papillary muci⁃ nous neoplasm at head⁃neck and body⁃tail[J].BMC Gas⁃ troenterol,2022,22(1):473

    • [16] FUKUKURA Y,KUMAGAE Y,HIGASHI R,et al.Extra⁃ cellular volume fraction determined by equilibrium con⁃ trast ⁃ enhanced dual ⁃ energy CT as a prognostic factor inpatients with stage Ⅳ pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [J].Eur Radiol,2020,30(3):1679-1689

    • [17] ZHOU Z,GAO Y F,WANG H W,et al.Myocardial extra⁃ cellular volume fraction analysis in doxorubicin ⁃induced beagle models:comparison of dual ⁃energy CT with equi⁃ librium contrast ⁃ enhanced single ⁃ energy CT[J].Cardio⁃ vasc Diagn Ther,2021,11(1):102-110

  • 参考文献

    • [1] YAMADA D,KOBAYASHI S,TAKAHASHI H,et al.Pan⁃ creatic CT density is an optimal imaging biomarker for earlier detection of malignancy in the pancreas with intra⁃ ductal papillary mucinous neoplasm[J].Pancreatology,2022,22(4):488-496

    • [2] TANAKA M,FERNANDEZ⁃DEL C C,KAMISAWA T,et al.Revisions of international consensus Fukuoka guide⁃ lines for the management of IPMN of the pancreas[J].Pancreatology,2017,17(5):738-753

    • [3] 程申濠,史红媛,徐青,等.增强CT联合纹理分析对于胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤恶性潜能的预测价值 [J].中国临床医学影像杂志,2021,32(1):23-28

    • [4] MIN J H,KIM Y K,KIM S K,et al.Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas:diagnostic perfor⁃ mance of the 2017 international consensus guidelines using CT and MRI[J].Eur Radiol,2021,31(7):4774-4784

    • [5] KAKIZAKI Y,MAKINO N,TOZAWA T,et al.Stromal fibrosis and expression of matricellular proteins correlate with histological grade of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas[J].Pancreas,2016,45(8):1145-1152

    • [6] SOFUE K,UESHIMA E,MASUDA A,et al.Estimation of pancreatic fibrosis and prediction of postoperative pancre⁃ atic fistula using extracellular volume fraction in multi⁃ phasic contrast ⁃ enhanced CT[J].Eur Radiol,2022,32(3):1770-1780

    • [7] WANG Y,ZHOU H,HU P,et al.Case report:dual⁃energy computed tomography of cardiac changes in IgG4⁃related disease[J].Front Cardiovasc Med,2022,9:792531

    • [8] BOTTARI A,SILIPIGNI S,CARERJ M L,et al.Dual ⁃ source dual ⁃ energy CT in the evaluation of hepatic frac⁃ tional extracellular space in cirrhosis[J].Radiol Med,2020,125(1):7-14

    • [9] KAMEDA F,TANABE M,HIGASHI M,et al.The extra⁃ cellular volume fraction of the pancreas measured by dual ⁃ energy computed tomography:the association with im⁃ paired glucose tolerance[J].Eur J Radiol,2021,141:109775

    • [10] LI J P,ZHAO S,LING Z S,et al.Dual⁃energy computed tomography imaging in early ⁃ stage hepatocellular carci ⁃ noma:a preliminary study.contrast media mol imaging [J].Contrast Media Mol Imaging,2022,2022:2146343

    • [11] CHAKRABORTY J,MIDYA A,GAZIT L,et al.CT radiomics to predict high ⁃ risk intraductal papillary muci⁃ nous neoplasms of the pancreas[J].Med Phys,2018,45(11):5019-5029

    • [12] MORALES⁃OYARVIDE V,MINO⁃KENUDSON M,FER⁃ RONE C R,et al.Acute pancreatitis in intraductal papil⁃ lary mucinous neoplasms:a common predictor of malig⁃ nant intestinal subtype[J].Surgery,2015,158(5):1219-1225

    • [13] TSUTSUMI K,OHTSUKA T,ODA Y,et al.A history of acute pancreatitis in intraductal papillary mucinous neo⁃ plasms of the pancreas is a potential predictive factor for malignant papillary subtype[J].Pancreatology,2010,10:707-712

    • [14] JABŁOŃSKA B,SZMIGIEL P,MROWIEC S.Pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms:current diagno⁃sis and management[J].World J Gastrointest Oncol,2021,13(12):1880-1895

    • [15] ZHOU H,LI X,WANG Y,et al.Threshold of main pan⁃ creatic duct for malignancy in intraductal papillary muci⁃ nous neoplasm at head⁃neck and body⁃tail[J].BMC Gas⁃ troenterol,2022,22(1):473

    • [16] FUKUKURA Y,KUMAGAE Y,HIGASHI R,et al.Extra⁃ cellular volume fraction determined by equilibrium con⁃ trast ⁃ enhanced dual ⁃ energy CT as a prognostic factor inpatients with stage Ⅳ pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [J].Eur Radiol,2020,30(3):1679-1689

    • [17] ZHOU Z,GAO Y F,WANG H W,et al.Myocardial extra⁃ cellular volume fraction analysis in doxorubicin ⁃induced beagle models:comparison of dual ⁃energy CT with equi⁃ librium contrast ⁃ enhanced single ⁃ energy CT[J].Cardio⁃ vasc Diagn Ther,2021,11(1):102-110

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