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通讯作者:

吴志奇,E-mail:qiecho@126.com

中图分类号:R735.7

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)11-1527-08

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20231108

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:分析探讨影响甲胎蛋白(alpha fetoprotein,AFP)阴性(AFP<20 ng/mL)肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC)患者术后生存的风险因素。方法:共纳入479例接受根治性切除的HCC患者。采用单因素和多因素Cox回归分析确定 AFP 阴性 HCC 的预后因素。Kaplan-Meier 法评估生存概率,并进行 Log-rank 检验。结果:年龄(HR=1.047,95% CI:1.002~ 1.094)、癌胚抗原(HR=1.151,95%CI:1.027~1.290)、糖类抗原 19-9(HR=1.053,95%CI:1.002~1.105)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶 (HR=1.031,95%CI:1.001~1.070)及肿瘤大小(HR=1.289,95%CI:1.161~1.432)是AFP阴性HCC患者生存的独立风险因素。5个风险因素值的升高与AFP阴性HCC患者较差的预后相关,是影响总生存期(overall survival,OS)的危险因素(P< 0.05)。AFP 阴性HCC患者的OS明显长于AFP阳性HCC患者(P< 0.001)。结论:接受手术治疗的AFP阴性HCC患者,需要注意其肝功能和肿瘤指标的检测,特别是年龄超过65岁、肿瘤超过6 cm的患者。

    Abstract

    Objective:The study aims to determine the risk factors affecting postoperative survival in patients with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)negative(AFP<20 ng/mL)hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). Methods:A total of 479 patients with HCC who underwent radical resection were recruited in the current study. Independent prognostic factors for AFP - negative HCC patients were determined using univariate and multifactorial Cox regression analysis. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to assess the probability of survival,and log- rank tests were performed. Results:Age(HR=1.047,95% CI:1.002-1.094),carcinoembryonic antigen(HR=1.151,95% CI:1.027- 1.290),carbohydrate antigen 19-9(HR=1.053,95% CI:1.002-1.105),aspartate aminotransferase(HR=1.031,95% CI:1.001-1.070) and tumor size(HR=1.289,95% CI:1.161- 1.432)were independent risk factors for survival in AFP - negative HCC patients. The elevated values of the 5 risk factors had negative impacts on prognosis and were independent risk factors for overall survival(OS)(P< 0.05). OS was longer in AFP - negative HCC patients than in AFP - positive HCC patients(P< 0.001). Conclusion:AFP - negative patients undergoing surgical treatment for HCC are required attention to liver function and tumor markers,especially in patients older than 65 years and with tumor size larger than 6 cm.

    关键词

    甲胎蛋白肝细胞癌预后

  • 肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)占肝癌的 90%,是全球第五大常见癌症,也是癌症相关死亡的第三大原因[1]。近年来,尽管HCC的诊断和治疗水平有所提高,但由于术后复发率高,远期预后仍不理想[2]。临床常用肿瘤大小、甲胎蛋白 (alpha fetoprotein,AFP)、肝功能等指标决定HCC的最佳治疗方案[3]。虽然已经发现了许多生物标志物,但在日常临床实践中,血清 AFP 检测仍然是应用最广泛的HCC生物标志物[4-5]。AFP升高可以促进肝细胞的恶性转化和肝癌的发生发展[6],与HCC 肿瘤侵袭性更强、预后和治疗反应更差有关[7]。 AFP可用于肝癌的诊断和预测肝癌患者的预后。

  • 值得注意的是,AFP阴性的概念是根据AFP的截点来确定的,而不考虑HCC的诊断和预后。AFP 阴性HCC 患者生存与AFP 阳性患者生存的影响因素是否一致并不十分清楚。本研究根据临床常规检查结果评估影响 AFP 阴性患者生存的各种指标预测预后的效率,开发一种理想的工具来预测AFP 阴性HCC患者的生存,为提高随访质量和患者后续治疗提供帮助。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 回顾性收集分析南京医科大学第一附属医院 2009年1月—2017年8月收治的因原发性HCC接受肝切除术的患者。所有肝脏手术都由有经验的肝脏外科医生进行。纳入标准:①接受手术切除治疗并被病理证实为HCC;②术前检查资料完整。排除标准:①术前接受抗肿瘤治疗或合并其他器官的恶性肿瘤;②有其他恶性疾病病史及感染性疾病。符合条件的患者被纳入研究,本研究已获南京医科大学第一附属医院医学伦理委员会批准(批准文号: 2021⁃SR⁃253),所有患者知情同意。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 收集患者资料。肝切除术的术前评估包括心、肝、肺、肾脏常规影像学检查和临床实验室检测。

  • 术前实验室检查有血液常规、肿瘤指标、肝功能等。包括白细胞(white blood cell,WBC)计数、中性粒细胞(neutrophil,NE)计数、淋巴细胞(lymphocyte, LY)计数、红细胞(red blood cell,RBC)计数、血红蛋白(hemoglobin,HB)、红细胞分布宽度变异系数(red cell volume distribution width,RDW)、血小板(platelet, PLT)、平均血小板体积(mean platelet volume, MPV)、血浆凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time,PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(activated partial thromboplas⁃ tin time,APTT)、血浆凝血酶时间(thrombin time, TT)、纤维蛋白原(fibrinogen,FIB)、甲胎蛋白(alpha fetoprotein,AFP)、癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic anti⁃ gen,CEA)、糖类抗原19⁃9(carbohydrate antigen19⁃9, CA19⁃9)、血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine amino⁃ transferase,ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、γ⁃谷氨酰转肽酶(gamma⁃glu⁃ tamyl transferase,GGT)、乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydro⁃ genase,LDH)、总胆红素(total bilirubin,TB)、直接胆红素(direct bilirubin,DB)、总蛋白(total protein, TP)、白蛋白(albumin,ALB)、总胆固醇(total choles⁃ terol,TC)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、肌酐(creati⁃ nine,CR)以及乙型肝炎表面抗原(hepatitis B sur⁃ face antigen,HBsAg)。

  • 影像学检查由两名放射科医生独立评估,包括腹部磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI) 或CT检查,胸部X线或CT检查。参数主要有肿瘤大小、病灶数目、外生性生长、肿瘤边界、肿瘤中心坏死以及肝硬化。

  • 患者术后随访评估,前 2 年每 2~3 个月例行血清AFP检测,术后3~6个月例行腹部超声检查。CT 或MRI增强扫描每6个月例行1次,总生存期(over⁃ all survival,OS)定义为切除日期到死亡日期或最后一次随访的时间间隔。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 所有统计分析均使用 SPSS 26.0 和 GraphPad Prism 5进行。使用标准的描述性统计,不服从正态分布的连续变量用中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)] 表示,用Mann⁃Whitney U检验进行比较。分类变量以患者例数(百分比)[n(%)]表示,采用卡方检验。如计数变量理论数<10,用 Fisher 精确概率检验得出。为了计算临床参数的最佳临界值(cut⁃off),进行了受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic, ROC)曲线分析,以评估ROC曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)和置信区间(confidence interval,CI)。 OS 采用 Kaplan⁃Meier 方法估计,分析中用 Log⁃rank 检验评估生存曲线的差异。Cox 分析中的风险比 (hazard ratios,HR)和 95%CI 旨在确认 OS 的独立风险预后因素。所有统计学检验均为双侧检验,P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 HCC患者的特点

  • 根据本研究的纳入排除标准,对479例符合条件的 HCC 患者数据进行分析。男性 83.92%(402/ 479),年龄56.00(47.00,64.00)岁。AFP 113.70(8.39,1 210.00)ng/mL,CEA 2.42(1.60,3.70)ng/mL,CA19⁃9 16.91(9.98,32.40)U/mL,ALT34.90(24.30,53.05)U/L, AST38.10(27.70,56.45)U/L,GGT65.90(33.75, 124.10)U/L,LDH 197.00(170.50,234.00)U/L,FIB 2.50(2.10,3.20)mg/L,肿瘤大小5.05(3.07,8.42)cm, OS为41.00(22.50,65.00)个月。其中323例患者AFP≥ 20 ng/mL为AFP阳性组,156例患者AFP<20 ng/mL为 AFP阴性组。AFP阳性组中男性81.73%(264/323),年龄 54.00(47.00,62.00)岁。AFP 阴性组中男性 88.46%(138/156),年龄58.00(49.75,66.00)岁。

  • 2.2 AFP阴性组和AFP阳性组临床参数的比较

  • AFP 阳性组和 AFP 阴性组之间的比较见表1。阳性组AFP为626.40(107.70,1 210.00)ng/mL,阴性组AFP为3.84(2.55,7.93)ng/mL,两者差异有统计学意义(P< 0.001)。两组患者年龄、肿瘤大小、肿瘤边界不清、肿瘤内部坏死、临床分级、巴塞罗那分期和 Edmondson⁃Steiner 分级、微血管侵犯(microvascular invasion,MVI),以及临床实验室指标 ALT、AST、 GGT、LDH、CR、RDW 和 HBsAg 阳性率之间差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。AFP阳性组OS 为36.00 (15.00,60.00)个月,AFP阴性组OS 为50.00(36.00, 74.50)个月,差异有统计学意义(P< 0.001)。

  • 2.3 AFP阴性HCC患者生存的Cox回归分析

  • 单因素Cox分析发现,年龄、病灶数目、外生性生长、肿瘤边界不清、肿瘤大小与AFP阴性HCC患者预后较差有关,临床实验室参数中CEA、CA19⁃9、 ALT、AST、GGT、LDH、FIB 也与 AFP 阴性 HCC 患者预后较差相关(表2)。

  • 在多因素Cox分析中,年龄(HR=1.047,95% CI: 1.002~1.094)、肿瘤大小(HR=1.289,95% CI:1.161~1.432)、CEA(HR=1.151,95% CI:1.027~1.290)、 CA19⁃9(HR=1.053,95% CI:1.002~1.105)和AST(HR= 1.031,95% CI:1.001~1.070)为 AFP 阴性 HCC 患者的独立预后因素(表2)。

  • 2.4 比较AFP阴性和AFP阳性HCC患者生存的影响因素

  • 通过 Kaplan⁃Meier 曲线分析发现,AFP 阳性组与AFP阴性组的OS差异有统计学意义,AFP阳性明显与较差的OS有关(P< 0.001,图1)。

  • 用同样的风险因素对 AFP 阳性 HCC患者进行多因素Cox分析,发现年龄、CEA、CA19⁃9 和 AST 不是影响 AFP 阳性 HCC 患者生存的危险因素(P >0.05),而肿瘤大小是影响 AFP 阳性 HCC 患者生存的危险因素(P< 0.001,图2)。可见影响 AFP 阴性和阳性HCC患者的生存因素是不相同的。

  • 2.5 预测AFP阴性HCC患者生存的临床参数临界值

  • 根据 ROC 曲线,各因素预测生存的最佳截断值:年龄为 65.5 岁(AUC=0.596,95% CI:0.471~0.721),肿瘤大小为 6.04 cm(AUC=0.695,95% CI: 0.566~0.823),CEA 为 4.27 ng/mL(AUC=0.567,95% CI:0.430~0.704),CA19⁃9为39.0 U/mL(AUC=0.584, 95% CI:0.438~0.731),AST为35.7 U/L(AUC=0.683, 95% CI:0.570~0.797),联合 5 因素的 AUC 值为 0.867,95% CI为0.781~0.953(图3)。

  • 2.6 AFP阴性HCC患者生存的预测因素

  • 以最佳截断值将患者分为高值组和低值组两个队列。Kaplan⁃Meier曲线显示,>65岁组的OS明显短于≤65岁组(P=0.026,图4A),CEA>4.27 ng/mL组的OS明显短于CEA≤4.27 ng/mL组(P=0.007,图4B), CA19⁃9>39 U/mL组的OS明显短于CA19⁃9≤39 U/mL 组(P< 0.001,图4C),AST>35.7 U/L组的OS明显短于AST≤35.7 U/L组(P=0.005,图4D),肿瘤大小>6 cm 组的 OS 明显短于肿瘤大小≤6 cm 组(P< 0.001,图4E)。联合5个指标分组,高风险组的OS明显短于低风险组(P< 0.001,图4F)。

  • 3 讨论

  • AFP作为生物标志物,可与影像学检查结合用于识别临床高危HCC患者,这对指导HCC患者治疗方案的选择以及术后辅助治疗和监测有一定参考价值。本研究通过收集临床数据,回顾性分析AFP 与接受根治性切除的HCC患者的临床病理和预后的相关性。血清AFP水平不仅是HCC的诊断指标[8],也是反映肿瘤侵袭的指标[9-10]。有研究提示 AFP 对 HCC 预后的不良影响与肿瘤侵袭行为相关[11]。本研究发现术前血清 AFP 水平与 HCC 的预后相关, AFP阳性组的AFP水平显著高于AFP阴性组,而OS 明显低于AFP阴性组。

  • AFP 是广泛应用于 HCC 的生物标志物[12]。值得注意的是,HBV相关HCC的AFP水平更高[8]。研究发现乙型肝炎病毒感染参与了HCC的发病机制[13],可通过结合并激活 AFP 基因启动子直接上调 AFP 的表达[14]。Wei等[15] 进一步总结了乙型肝炎病毒感染和活跃复制与肝癌的炎症损伤、血管侵犯和肿瘤转移有关。本研究结果显示,AFP阳性组HBsAg阳性率更高(P=0.046),这种差异的具体机制尚不清楚,需要进一步研究。

  • 事实上,GGT 升高在许多肝脏疾病中常见,现有数据表明,GGT水平与总体癌症风险呈对数线性正相关[16]。Meta 分析显示,术前 LDH 升高与 HCC 患者不良预后显著相关[17]。Wu等[18] 研究发现手术前常规检测的GGT和LDH,与一些重要的临床病理参数密切相关,可作为最广泛的肿瘤标志物。不仅在HCC的诊断中具有一定参考价值,而且是重要的独立预后因素。本研究发现,AFP阳性组的GGT和 LDH都显著高于AFP阴性组。

  • 表1 HCC患者的人口统计和临床特征

  • Table1 The clinical and histologic characteristics of HCC patients

  • 表2 AFP阴性HCC预后影响因素的单因素及多因素Cox分析

  • Table2 Univariate and multivariate Cox analysis of AFP⁃negative HCC

  • HR:风险比;NLR:中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞计数比值;PLR:血小板与淋巴细胞计数比值。

  • Zhang等[19] 通过对多中心的42 573例中国肝切除肝癌患者进行分析,发现 AFP 阴性 HCC 患者为 38.11%,与本研究 AFP 阴性患者为 32.57%(156/ 479)的结果相似。Chen等[20] 通过监测、流行病学和最终结果数据库(Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results database,SEER)中2 225例HCC患者的研究发现,AFP 阴性患者占 38.4%,他们分析发现 AFP是一个独立的预后因素,AFP阳性与阴性列线图分数的差值为11,但没有AFP阴性HCC患者的预后结果。本研究显示手术后 AFP 阴性患者生存的累积风险明显小于AFP阳性患者。有研究显示AFP 阴性HCC患者的预后好于AFP阳性患者[21],因此,本研究重点探讨影响AFP阴性患者生存的因素,期望帮助临床医生选择合适的治疗方式以提高患者的生存率。

  • 图1 基于AFP预测HCC患者的Kaplan⁃Meier生存曲线

  • Figure1 Kaplan ⁃Meier analysis of HCC patients based on AFP

  • 图2 AFP阳性组多因素Cox回归的结果

  • Figure2 Multivariable Cox regression results for AFP⁃positive groups

  • 图3 ROC曲线用于确定年龄、CEA、CA19⁃9、AST和肿瘤大小的最佳截断值

  • Figure3 ROC curve for determining the optimal cut ⁃off value of age,CEA,CA19⁃9,AST,tumor size

  • AFP阴性患者通常有特殊的临床病理特征,相比AFP阳性患者,其肿瘤分化程度较高,临床分级、 Edmondson⁃Steiner 分级和巴塞罗那分期较早,肿瘤较小,生存率较高。Liu等[22] 通过差异基因的研究,对AFP阴性HCC的发病机制提出新的见解,从分子角度寻找 AFP 阴性 HCC 的诊断和预后生物标志物。AFP 在正常范围内的微小变化会影响 HCC 的预后[23]。研究发现,AFP 作为 HCC 侵袭行为的替代指标,是HCC患者接受根治性切除术的独立预后因素[24],AFP与传统巴塞罗那分期系统结合能显著提高预测预后的能力。

  • CA19⁃9提示HCC患者肝脏炎症和肝硬化更为严重,在 AFP 阳性和阴性 HCC 患者中 CA19⁃9 升高都与较差的生存相关[25]。这与本研究结果一致,随着CA19⁃9升高患者生存率降低。在AFP与CA19⁃9 联合检测对肝切除术后肝癌预后的研究中发现,无论AFP高或者低,当CA19⁃9≥37 U/mL时,OS都短于 CA19⁃9<37 U/mL组[26]。术前CA19⁃9升高患者预后不良,可作为AFP阴性HCC患者的预后指标[27],然而长期以来其在AFP阴性HCC患者中的作用或被忽视。

  • Gan等[28] 发现术前血清AFP、CEA和CA19⁃9构建的肿瘤标志物评分是单纯性小肝癌患者术后复发的独立预后因素。AST是激活炎症活动的指标,是反映肝脏炎症并影响长期生存的重要预测因素之一[29]。通过对 10 966 例原发性肝癌手术治疗患者的回顾性分析[30],AST是肝切除术治疗的肝癌患者总生存率和无复发生存率的独立预后因素。AST 升高提示肝脏损伤,在 AFP 阴性 HCC 患者中,AST 升高也是预后不良因素。

  • 年龄也是影响HCC患者生存的因素。Tan等[31] 将 HCC 患者年龄分为<70 岁、70~79 岁、≥80 岁 3 个年龄组,发现年龄每增加10岁,会增加住院时间和术后并发症,并且OS缩短。本研究结果显示,AFP 阴性的 HCC 患者随着年龄的增长而预后更差。 AFP 阴性患者的多因素 Cox 分析发现,肿瘤大小是总生存和无病生存的风险因素[24]。Lu等[32] 研究显示,随着肿瘤大小的增加,HCC 患者预后不良增加。 AFP阴性患者的预后模型中,肿瘤大小都是独立的风险因素[33-34],与本研究结果相似。

  • 图4 AFP阴性HCC患者的Kaplan⁃Meier生存曲线

  • Figure4 Kaplan⁃Meier survival curve of AFP⁃negative HCC patients

  • 综上所述,年龄、CEA、CA19⁃9、AST和肿瘤大小是AFP阴性HCC患者生存的独立风险因素,此结果可为HCC患者的术后管理提供参考,在AFP阴性接受手术治疗的HCC患者中,需要谨慎对待那些肝功能异常、肿瘤指标升高、肿瘤大小>6 cm、年龄>65岁的患者,加强随访及后续治疗。本研究的不足之处在于数据收集中并没有特意选择AFP阴性的患者,而是按照纳入排除标准选择HCC手术患者,虽然可以比较客观地显示AFP阴性患者在总体中的情况,但是病例数不足,下一步需要更多的样本量及外部验证,为临床实际应用提供更多依据。

  • 参考文献

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    • [2] DHIR M,MELIN A A,DOUAIHER J,et al.A review and update of treatment options and controversies in the mana⁃ gement of hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Ann Surg,2016,263(6):1112-1125

    • [3] CHEN L T,MARTINELLT E,CHENG A L,et al.Pan ⁃ Asian adapted ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with intermediate and advanced/relapsed hepatocellular carcinoma:a TOS ⁃ ESMO initia⁃ tive endorsed by CSCO,ISMPO,JSMO,KSMO,MOS and SSO[J].Ann Oncol,2020,31(3):334-351

    • [4] MONTAL R,ANDREU⁃OLLER C,BASSAGANYAS L,et al.Molecular portrait of high alpha⁃fetoprotein in hepato⁃ cellular carcinoma:implications for biomarker ⁃ driven clinical trials[J].Br J Cancer,2019,121(4):340-343

    • [5] GALLE P R,FOERSTER F,KUDO M,et al.Biology and significance of alpha⁃fetoprotein in hepatocellular carcino⁃ ma[J].Liver Int,2019,39(12):2214-2229

    • [6] ZHENG Y F,ZHU M Y,LI M S.Effects of alpha⁃fetopro⁃ tein on the occurrence and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma[J].J Cancer Res Clin Oncol,2020,146(10):2439-2446

    • [7] ZHU A X,KANG Y,YEN C J,et al.Ramucirumab after sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carci⁃ noma and increased α⁃fetoprotein concentrations(REACH ⁃ 2):a randomised,double ⁃ blind,placebo ⁃ controlled,phase 3 trial[J].Lancet Oncol,2019,20(2):282-296

    • [8] YANG T,XING H,WANG G Q,et al.A novel online cal⁃ culator based on serum biomarkers to detect hepatocellu⁃ lar carcinoma among patients with hepatitis B[J].Clin Chem,2019,65(12):1543-1553

    • [9] CUCCHETTI A,PISCAGLIA F,GRIGIONI A,et al.Pre⁃ operative prediction of hepatocellular carcinoma tumour grade and micro ⁃ vascular invasion by means of artificial neural network:a pilot study[J].J Hepatol,2010,52(6):880-888

    • [10] HALAZUN K J,NAJJAR M,ABDELMESSIH R M,et al.Recurrence after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Ann Surg,2017,265(3):557-564

    • [11] CHAN A W H,BERHANE S,CUCCHETTI A,et al.Re⁃ ply to:correspondence concerning“Development of pre and post ⁃ operative models to predict early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after surgical resection”[J].J Hepatol,2019,70(3):573-574

    • [12] JOHNSON J.The role of serum alpha⁃fetoprotein estima⁃ tion in the diagnosis and management of hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Clin Liver Dis,2001,5(1):145-159

    • [13] LI M S,ZHU M Y,LI W,et al.Alpha⁃fetoprotein recep⁃ tor as an early indicator of HBx⁃driven hepatocarcinogene⁃ sis and its applications in tracing cancer cell metastasis [J].Cancer Lett,2013,330(2):170-180

    • [14] ZHANG C,CHEN X M,LIU H,et al.Alpha fetoprotein mediates HBx induced carcinogenesis in the hepatocyte cytoplasm[J].Int J Cancer,2015,137(8):1818-1829

    • [15] WEI X B,LI N,LI S S,et al.Hepatitis B virus infection and active replication promote the formation of vascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].BMC Cancer,2017,17(1):1-8

    • [16] KUNUTSOR S K,APEKEY T A,VAN HEMELRIJCK M,et al.Gamma glutamyltransferase,alanine aminotransfer⁃ ase and risk of cancer:systematic review and meta⁃analy⁃ sis[J].Int J Cancer,2015,136(5):1162-1170

    • [17] KONG W H,ZUO X M,LIANG H,et al.Prognostic value of lactate dehydrogenase in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma:a meta ⁃ analysis[J].Biomed Res Int,2018,2018:1-10

    • [18] WU S J,LIN Y X,YE H,et al.Prognostic value of alka⁃ line phosphatase,gamma⁃glutamyl transpeptidase and lac⁃ tate dehydrogenase in hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated with liver resection[J].Int J Surg,2016,36:143-151

    • [19] ZHANG B H,ZHANG B X,ZHANG Z W,et al.42,573 cases of hepatectomy in China:a multicenter retrospec⁃ tive investigation[J].Sci China Life Sci,2018,61(6):660-670

    • [20] CHEN S H,WAN Q S,ZHOU D,et al.A simple ⁃to ⁃use nomogram for predicting the survival of early hepatocellu⁃ lar carcinoma patients[J].Front Oncol,2019,9:584

    • [21] TAN X P,ZHOU K,ZENG Q L,et al.Influence of AFP on surgical outcomes in non⁃B non⁃C patients with cura⁃ tive resection for hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Clin Exp Med,2023,23(1):107-115

    • [22] LIU Z J,PU Y W,BAO Y X,et al.Investigation of poten⁃ tial molecular biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of AFP⁃negative HCC[J].Int J Gen Med,2021,14:4369-4380

    • [23] BLANK S,WANG Q,FIEL M I,et al.Assessing prognos⁃ tic significance of preoperative alpha⁃fetoprotein in hepati⁃ tis B ⁃ associated hepatocellular carcinoma:normal is not the new normal[J].Ann Surg Oncol,2014,21(3):986-994

    • [24] LIN K Y,HUANG Q Z,ZENG J X,et al.Clinical signifi⁃ cance of alpha ⁃ fetoprotein in alpha ⁃ fetoprotein negative hepatocellular carcinoma underwent curative resection [J].Dig Dis Sci,2021,66(12):4545-4556

    • [25] ZHANG W,WANG Y Y,DONG X,et al.Elevated serum CA19⁃9 indicates severe liver inflammation and worse sur⁃ vival after curative resection in hepatitis B⁃related hepato⁃ cellular carcinoma[J].Biosci Trends,2021,15(6):397-405

    • [26] ZHANG J,QIN S D,LI Y,et al.Prognostic significance of combined α ⁃ fetoprotein and CA19 ⁃ 9 for hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy[J].World J Surg Oncol,2022,20(1):1-10

    • [27] LU L H,ZHANG Y F,WEI W,et al.Preoperative carbo⁃ hydrate antigen 19⁃9:its neglected role in alpha⁃fetopro⁃ tein⁃negative hepatocellular carcinoma patients[J].J Gas⁃ trointest Surg,2017,21(12):2025-2032

    • [28] GAN L J,REN S H,LANG M R,et al.Predictive value of preoperative serum AFP,CEA,and CA19⁃9 levels in pa⁃ tients with single small hepatocellular carcinoma:retro⁃ spective study[J].J Hepatocell Carcinoma,2022,9:799-810

    • [29] 李长贤,张慧,吴晓峰,等.不同中国肝癌分期肝癌根治性切除术后的临床效果及预后因素分析[J].中华外科杂志,2021,59(2):134-143

    • [30] 夏永祥,张峰,李相成,等.原发性肝癌10 966例外科治疗分析[J].中华外科杂志,2021,59(1):6-17

    • [31] TAN L L,CHEW V T,SYN N,et al.Effect of age on the short⁃ and long⁃term outcomes of patients undergoing cu⁃ rative liver resection for HCC[J].Eur J Surg Oncol,2022,48(6):1339-1347

    • [32] LU Y,REN S,JIANG J N.Development and validation of a nomogram for survival prediction in hepatocellular carci⁃ noma after partial hepatectomy[J].BMC Surg,2023,23(1):1-9

    • [33] GAN W,HUANG J L,ZHANG M X,et al.New nomogram predicts the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in pa⁃ tients with negative preoperative serum AFP subjected to curative resection[J].J Surg Oncol,2018,117(7):1540-1547

    • [34] HUANG J,LIU F C,LI L,et al.Nomograms to predict the long⁃time prognosis in patients with alpha⁃fetoprotein nega⁃ tive hepatocellular carcinoma following radical resection [J].Cancer Med,2020,9(8):2791-2802

  • 参考文献

    • [1] SUNG H,FERLAY J,SIEGEL R L,et al.Global cancer statistics 2020:GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries[J].CA A Cancer J Clin,2021,71(3):209-249

    • [2] DHIR M,MELIN A A,DOUAIHER J,et al.A review and update of treatment options and controversies in the mana⁃ gement of hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Ann Surg,2016,263(6):1112-1125

    • [3] CHEN L T,MARTINELLT E,CHENG A L,et al.Pan ⁃ Asian adapted ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with intermediate and advanced/relapsed hepatocellular carcinoma:a TOS ⁃ ESMO initia⁃ tive endorsed by CSCO,ISMPO,JSMO,KSMO,MOS and SSO[J].Ann Oncol,2020,31(3):334-351

    • [4] MONTAL R,ANDREU⁃OLLER C,BASSAGANYAS L,et al.Molecular portrait of high alpha⁃fetoprotein in hepato⁃ cellular carcinoma:implications for biomarker ⁃ driven clinical trials[J].Br J Cancer,2019,121(4):340-343

    • [5] GALLE P R,FOERSTER F,KUDO M,et al.Biology and significance of alpha⁃fetoprotein in hepatocellular carcino⁃ ma[J].Liver Int,2019,39(12):2214-2229

    • [6] ZHENG Y F,ZHU M Y,LI M S.Effects of alpha⁃fetopro⁃ tein on the occurrence and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma[J].J Cancer Res Clin Oncol,2020,146(10):2439-2446

    • [7] ZHU A X,KANG Y,YEN C J,et al.Ramucirumab after sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carci⁃ noma and increased α⁃fetoprotein concentrations(REACH ⁃ 2):a randomised,double ⁃ blind,placebo ⁃ controlled,phase 3 trial[J].Lancet Oncol,2019,20(2):282-296

    • [8] YANG T,XING H,WANG G Q,et al.A novel online cal⁃ culator based on serum biomarkers to detect hepatocellu⁃ lar carcinoma among patients with hepatitis B[J].Clin Chem,2019,65(12):1543-1553

    • [9] CUCCHETTI A,PISCAGLIA F,GRIGIONI A,et al.Pre⁃ operative prediction of hepatocellular carcinoma tumour grade and micro ⁃ vascular invasion by means of artificial neural network:a pilot study[J].J Hepatol,2010,52(6):880-888

    • [10] HALAZUN K J,NAJJAR M,ABDELMESSIH R M,et al.Recurrence after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Ann Surg,2017,265(3):557-564

    • [11] CHAN A W H,BERHANE S,CUCCHETTI A,et al.Re⁃ ply to:correspondence concerning“Development of pre and post ⁃ operative models to predict early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after surgical resection”[J].J Hepatol,2019,70(3):573-574

    • [12] JOHNSON J.The role of serum alpha⁃fetoprotein estima⁃ tion in the diagnosis and management of hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Clin Liver Dis,2001,5(1):145-159

    • [13] LI M S,ZHU M Y,LI W,et al.Alpha⁃fetoprotein recep⁃ tor as an early indicator of HBx⁃driven hepatocarcinogene⁃ sis and its applications in tracing cancer cell metastasis [J].Cancer Lett,2013,330(2):170-180

    • [14] ZHANG C,CHEN X M,LIU H,et al.Alpha fetoprotein mediates HBx induced carcinogenesis in the hepatocyte cytoplasm[J].Int J Cancer,2015,137(8):1818-1829

    • [15] WEI X B,LI N,LI S S,et al.Hepatitis B virus infection and active replication promote the formation of vascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].BMC Cancer,2017,17(1):1-8

    • [16] KUNUTSOR S K,APEKEY T A,VAN HEMELRIJCK M,et al.Gamma glutamyltransferase,alanine aminotransfer⁃ ase and risk of cancer:systematic review and meta⁃analy⁃ sis[J].Int J Cancer,2015,136(5):1162-1170

    • [17] KONG W H,ZUO X M,LIANG H,et al.Prognostic value of lactate dehydrogenase in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma:a meta ⁃ analysis[J].Biomed Res Int,2018,2018:1-10

    • [18] WU S J,LIN Y X,YE H,et al.Prognostic value of alka⁃ line phosphatase,gamma⁃glutamyl transpeptidase and lac⁃ tate dehydrogenase in hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated with liver resection[J].Int J Surg,2016,36:143-151

    • [19] ZHANG B H,ZHANG B X,ZHANG Z W,et al.42,573 cases of hepatectomy in China:a multicenter retrospec⁃ tive investigation[J].Sci China Life Sci,2018,61(6):660-670

    • [20] CHEN S H,WAN Q S,ZHOU D,et al.A simple ⁃to ⁃use nomogram for predicting the survival of early hepatocellu⁃ lar carcinoma patients[J].Front Oncol,2019,9:584

    • [21] TAN X P,ZHOU K,ZENG Q L,et al.Influence of AFP on surgical outcomes in non⁃B non⁃C patients with cura⁃ tive resection for hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Clin Exp Med,2023,23(1):107-115

    • [22] LIU Z J,PU Y W,BAO Y X,et al.Investigation of poten⁃ tial molecular biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of AFP⁃negative HCC[J].Int J Gen Med,2021,14:4369-4380

    • [23] BLANK S,WANG Q,FIEL M I,et al.Assessing prognos⁃ tic significance of preoperative alpha⁃fetoprotein in hepati⁃ tis B ⁃ associated hepatocellular carcinoma:normal is not the new normal[J].Ann Surg Oncol,2014,21(3):986-994

    • [24] LIN K Y,HUANG Q Z,ZENG J X,et al.Clinical signifi⁃ cance of alpha ⁃ fetoprotein in alpha ⁃ fetoprotein negative hepatocellular carcinoma underwent curative resection [J].Dig Dis Sci,2021,66(12):4545-4556

    • [25] ZHANG W,WANG Y Y,DONG X,et al.Elevated serum CA19⁃9 indicates severe liver inflammation and worse sur⁃ vival after curative resection in hepatitis B⁃related hepato⁃ cellular carcinoma[J].Biosci Trends,2021,15(6):397-405

    • [26] ZHANG J,QIN S D,LI Y,et al.Prognostic significance of combined α ⁃ fetoprotein and CA19 ⁃ 9 for hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy[J].World J Surg Oncol,2022,20(1):1-10

    • [27] LU L H,ZHANG Y F,WEI W,et al.Preoperative carbo⁃ hydrate antigen 19⁃9:its neglected role in alpha⁃fetopro⁃ tein⁃negative hepatocellular carcinoma patients[J].J Gas⁃ trointest Surg,2017,21(12):2025-2032

    • [28] GAN L J,REN S H,LANG M R,et al.Predictive value of preoperative serum AFP,CEA,and CA19⁃9 levels in pa⁃ tients with single small hepatocellular carcinoma:retro⁃ spective study[J].J Hepatocell Carcinoma,2022,9:799-810

    • [29] 李长贤,张慧,吴晓峰,等.不同中国肝癌分期肝癌根治性切除术后的临床效果及预后因素分析[J].中华外科杂志,2021,59(2):134-143

    • [30] 夏永祥,张峰,李相成,等.原发性肝癌10 966例外科治疗分析[J].中华外科杂志,2021,59(1):6-17

    • [31] TAN L L,CHEW V T,SYN N,et al.Effect of age on the short⁃ and long⁃term outcomes of patients undergoing cu⁃ rative liver resection for HCC[J].Eur J Surg Oncol,2022,48(6):1339-1347

    • [32] LU Y,REN S,JIANG J N.Development and validation of a nomogram for survival prediction in hepatocellular carci⁃ noma after partial hepatectomy[J].BMC Surg,2023,23(1):1-9

    • [33] GAN W,HUANG J L,ZHANG M X,et al.New nomogram predicts the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in pa⁃ tients with negative preoperative serum AFP subjected to curative resection[J].J Surg Oncol,2018,117(7):1540-1547

    • [34] HUANG J,LIU F C,LI L,et al.Nomograms to predict the long⁃time prognosis in patients with alpha⁃fetoprotein nega⁃ tive hepatocellular carcinoma following radical resection [J].Cancer Med,2020,9(8):2791-2802

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