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通讯作者:

袁玉芳,E-mail:yyf92992@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R725.5

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)11-1557-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20231112

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参考文献 11
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参考文献 12
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参考文献 15
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FERNÁNDEZ ⁃ PLAZA S,GONZÁLEZ DE PABLO J,GÁLVEZ E,et al.Variables related to chronic immune thrombocytopenia:experience from a single center and comparison to a meta ⁃ analysis[J].Eur J Pediatr,2021,180(7):2075⁃2081
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ZENG X L,BADAWY S M.Evaluating clinical outcomes and potential prognostic factors among 308 children and adolescents with immune thrombocytopenia(ITP):an 11⁃ year retrospective cohort study[J].Blood,2021,138(Suppl 1):4053
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王丽媛,刘亢亢,储金华,等.儿童免疫性血小板减少症病程慢性化影响因素的研究[J].中国实验血液学杂志,2021,29(3):881-886
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:分析儿童原发免疫性血小板减少症(immune thrombocytopenia,ITP)慢性化的危险因素,为临床早期判断疾病转归及治疗提供依据。方法:选取2019年1月—2021年12月在南京医科大学附属淮安第一医院儿科诊断为ITP的161例住院患儿为研究对象,并随访1年以上,按照病程长短分为非慢性ITP组(84例)及慢性ITP组(77例)。多因素Logistic回归分析慢性ITP的独立危险因素;通过受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线、校准曲线和临床决策曲线(decision curve analysis,DCA)评估模型的效能。结果:①慢性ITP发生的独立危险因素包括年龄、辅助性T细胞(helper T cell,Th)/杀伤性T细胞(killer T cell,Tc)、血清胱抑素C和血清C3(P<0.05);②年龄、Th/Tc、血清胱抑素C、血清C3及四者联合预测慢性ITP 发生的 ROC 曲线下面积分别为 0.725(95%CI:0.647~0.804)、0.741(95%CI:0.665~0.817)、0.706(95%CI:0.626~0.785)、0.635 (95%CI:0.550~0.720)、0.853(95%CI:0.794~0.911);③Calibration校准曲线接近理想曲线;④DCA曲线显示预测模型在0.10~ 0.85概率范围内的表现更好。结论:年龄、Th/Tc、血清胱抑素C和血清C3是儿童慢性ITP发生的独立影响因素,上述指标联合对预后有更好的预测价值。

    Abstract

    Objective:To analyze risk factors of chronic childhood immune thrombocytopenia(ITP),and to provide basis for early judging the prognosis and treatment of ITP. Methods:A total of 161 inpatients diagnosed with ITP in the Pediatrics Department of the Affiliated Huai’an No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University between January 2019 and December 2021 were selected as the research subjects,and they were followed up for more than one year. According to the course of the disease,they were divided into non-chronic ITP group(84 cases)and chronic ITP group(77 cases). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to analyze the independent risk factors of chronic ITP. The efficacy of the model was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve, calibration curve and decision curve analysis(DCA). Results:①Independent risk factors for chronic ITP included age,helper T cell (Th)/killer T cell(Tc),serum cystatin C and serum C3(P<0.05). ②The areas under the ROC curves to predict chronic ITP by age, Th/Tc,serum cystatin C and serum C3 and their combination were 0.725(95%CI:0.647~0.804),0.741(95%CI:0.665~0.817),0.706 (95%CI:0.626~0.785),0.635(95%CI:0.550~0.720),0.853(95%CI:0.794~0.911),respectively. ③The calibration curve is close to the ideal curve. ④The DCA curves showed a better performance of the prediction model in the 0.10~0.85 threshold probability range. Conclusion:Age,Th/Tc,serum cystatin C and serum C3 are independent influencing factors in children with chronic ITP,and their combination shows a better predictive value for the prognosis.

  • 原发免疫性血小板减少症(immune thrombocy⁃ topenia,ITP)是一种以血小板破坏过多和或血小板生成减少为主要特征的获得性自身免疫性出血性疾病[1]。该病具有自限性,一般预后良好,但仍有约 20%的患儿存在治疗效果不佳、病程迁延[2]、出血严重等问题。这不仅限制患儿的日常活动,降低其生活质量[3],甚至会因病情危重而危及生命。因此临床上迫切需要能够早期预测ITP不良预后的指标,以期更好地选择治疗方案,改善预后。本研究旨在分析儿童ITP患者慢性化的危险因素,为临床早期判断疾病转归及合理选择治疗方案提供依据。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 本研究纳入2019年1月—2021年12月在南京医科大学附属淮安第一医院儿科住院的ITP患儿。所有病例均符合《中国儿童原发免疫性血小板减少症诊断与治疗改编指南(2021 年版)》[3] ITP 诊断标准:①至少 2 次血常规检查显示血小板计数减少 (<100×109 个/L),外周血涂片示血细胞形态无明显异常;②脾脏一般不增大;③骨髓检查示巨核细胞增多或正常伴成熟障碍;④排除其他继发性血小板减少症。纳入标准:①新诊断ITP患儿;②未接受糖皮质激素和/或静脉丙种球蛋白治疗;③能定期随访 1 年。排除标准:①先天性或继发性血小板减少症;②先天性免疫缺陷病;③随访时间少于1年或失访。研究经南京医科大学附属淮安第一医院伦理委员会批准(伦理号:KY⁃2023⁃079⁃01)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 研究对象及分组

  • 收集符合纳入标准的 ITP 患儿临床资料,包括性别、年龄、发病诱因、初诊出血表现、外周血淋巴细胞计数、血小板计数、乳酸脱氢酶水平、辅助性T 细胞(helper T cell,Th)计数、杀伤性 T 细胞(killer T cell,Tc)计数、Th/Tc、血清胱抑素C、血清C3和血清 C4 水平。按照指南[2],将患儿分为非慢性 ITP 组 (包括新诊断 ITP 和持续性 ITP)和慢性 ITP 组:① 新诊断 ITP,ITP 持续时间<3 个月;②持续性 ITP, ITP 持续时间 3~12 个月;③慢性 ITP,ITP 持续时间 >12个月。

  • 1.2.2 随访方式

  • 主要通过血液病专病门诊、电话或微信群3种方式进行随访,随访时间点分别为1周、1个月、3个月及12个月,随访内容为外周血血小板计数。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS 26.0对数据进行统计学分析。计量资料采用 Shapiro⁃Wilk 法进行正态性检验,符合正态分布的资料采用均数±标准差(x-±s)表示,组间比较采用独立样本 t 检验;不符合正态分布的资料采用中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示,组间比较采用Mann⁃Whitney U检验。计数资料采用例数(百分率)[n(%)]表示,组间比较采用χ2 检验。采用 Logistic回归分析影响慢性ITP的相关因素,受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线和校准曲线评估模型的预测效能;临床决策曲线 (decision curve analysis,DCA)评估模型的临床适用性。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 临床资料分析

  • 研究共纳入 ITP 患儿 161 例,其中非慢性 ITP 84 例,慢性 ITP 77 例。通过文献检索,纳入既往报道较多与ITP预后相关的因素,即年龄、出血情况、初诊血小板及淋巴细胞计数。同时纳入新近研究发现可能与ITP预后相关的因素,即乳酸脱氢酶、血清胱抑素C、血清C3、血清C4、Th、Tc和Th/Tc。单因素分析发现年龄、外周血淋巴细胞计数、血清胱抑素C、乳酸脱氢酶、血清C3、Th和Th/Tc均与ITP预后有关(P<0.05,表1)。

  • 2.2 多因素Logistic回归

  • 对可能影响慢性 ITP 的因素进行 Logistic 回归分析,显示年龄、Th/Tc、血清胱抑素C和血清C3是慢性ITP发生的独立危险因素,其中血清C3和Th/Tc是慢性ITP发生的促进因素(P<0.05,表2)。

  • 2.3 年龄、Th/Tc、血清胱抑素C和血清C3预测慢性 ITP的ROC曲线分析

  • 将多因素Logistic 回归分析有统计学意义的因素(年龄、Th/Tc、血清胱抑素C和血清C3)进一步做 ROC曲线分析(图1),结果显示,上述4个指标联合评估儿童慢性 ITP 的 AUC>0.80,具有一定预测价值(P<0.001,表3)。

  • 2.4 预测模型的效能评价

  • 进一步行预测慢性ITP的模型校准曲线及DCA 曲线分析(图2)。已建立的 Logistic 回归模型拟合优度检验Hosmer⁃Lemeshow 结果显示,χ2 =4.154,P= 0.843>0.05,说明模型效能较好。预测模型的 DCA 曲线显示,预测模型在0.10~0.85概率范围内的表现更好(图2)。

  • 表1 ITP预后影响因素的单因素分析

  • Table1 Univariate analysis on prognostic factors of ITP

  • 表2 多因素Logistic回归分析慢性ITP的影响因素

  • Table2 Multivariate logistic regression analysis on influencing factors of chronic ITP

  • *:血清胱抑素C、血清C3、Th/Tc均乘以10倍后纳入模型。

  • 3 讨论

  • 儿童 ITP 发病机制复杂,临床表现及预后具有异质性。ITP慢性化的危险因素一直是国内外学者研究的热点。在初诊时,发现有用的指标预测儿童 ITP 的结局有助于减少患儿及其家庭的焦虑,指导疾病治疗。

  • 本研究发现年龄与ITP的预后密切相关。随着年龄增加,疾病慢性化的可能性越大。这与大多数研究相似[4-9]。ITP的分型受年龄的影响,可能与发病机制不同有关,但各研究报道的影响ITP慢性化进展的年龄分界值有所不同。本研究发现年龄> 25.5个月时,患慢性ITP的风险更高。而Güngör等[4] 和Cheng等[6] 报道年龄分界值均为10岁,Rosu 等[7]、 Jaime⁃Pérez等[8] 及王峰等[9] 研究年龄分界值分别为 9岁、6岁及1岁。各研究分界值差异较大,考虑与各研究间样本量及年龄段人数分布差异较大等有关。

  • 胱抑素C是一种半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂,其血清水平被证实为准确评估肾功能的潜在标志物。近年来研究发现,胱抑素C还能参与免疫调节,在自身免疫性疾病中发挥重要作用[10-13]。研究报道儿童及青少年甲状腺炎中的胱抑素C水平高于健康同龄人,可能参与自身免疫性甲状腺炎的发病[10]。血清胱抑素C水平可作为预测幼年型系统性红斑狼疮及狼疮性肾炎发生可能的非侵入性生物标志物[13]。本研究发现血清胱抑素C是ITP预后的独立影响因素,其水平越低,提示疾病预后越差。但目前血清胱抑素 C影响ITP预后的具体机制还有待进一步研究。

  • 图1 年龄、Th/Tc、血清胱抑素 C 和血清 C3 评估儿童慢性 ITP的ROC曲线

  • Figure1 ROC curve of age,Th/Tc,serum cystatin C and serum C3 in predicting chronic ITP

  • 本研究发现慢性 ITP 组的初诊血清 C3 水平明显降低,表明血清C3水平下降可能与ITP慢性化相关。血清 C3 水平越高,ITP 持续时间越长。这与 Shindo等[14] 研究结论一致。具体机制可能是血小板的减少与补体激活程度呈正相关[15]。血清C3可以结合到血小板上并促使巨噬细胞吞噬血小板,还可通过刺激膜攻击复合物来溶解血小板。T淋巴细胞免疫紊乱已被证实在ITP发病和预后中起着重要作用。黄育涛等[16] 认为慢性 ITP 的发生可能与 Th 百分比持续性减少相关。Lin 等[17] 发现慢性 ITP 患者的Tc1表达水平相比急性ITP患者和健康志愿者均明显升高。本研究通过对慢性ITP和非慢性ITP两组ITP患儿治疗前检测的淋巴细胞亚群分析结果发现,两组患儿Th/Tc差异有统计学意义。低Th/Tc的儿童ITP易发展为慢性,这与Arshad等[18] 研究结论一致。对其进行ROC曲线分析,结果显示其分界值为 1.040 时,曲线下面积最大(0.741),灵敏度较低 (63.60%),特异度较高(75.00%)。

  • 表3 年龄、Th/Tc、血清胱抑素C和血清C3对儿童慢性ITP的预测价值

  • Table3 The predictive value of age,Th/Tc,serum cystatin C and serum C3 for chronic ITP in children

  • 图2 预测慢性ITP的模型校准曲线及DCA曲线

  • Figure2 Calibration curve and DCA curve in predicting chronic ITP

  • 本研究进一步绘制年龄、血清胱抑素 C、血清C3、Th/Tc 及上述指标联合预测慢性 ITP 的 ROC 曲线,曲线下面积最大为0.853,灵敏度为87.00%,特异度为 72.60%。上述变量联合对慢性 ITP 的预测价值分别优于其单独应用,差异有统计学意义。 Hosmer⁃Lemeshow偏差性检验表明预测模型的预测值与实际值之间的偏差不存在统计学意义;DCA曲线显示,预测模型在0.10~0.85概率范围内的表现得更好。

  • 目前,性别、淋巴细胞计数、发病诱因及乳酸脱氢酶水平对ITP患儿预后的影响意见不一。Güngör 等[4]提出女性更易转变为慢性 ITP。本研究与 Fernández⁃Plaza等[19] 研究均认为性别与慢性ITP无关。淋巴细胞计数减少是 ITP 慢性发展的促进因素[2520],但本研究尚不支持该结论,因淋巴细胞计数变化可能受年龄影响[21]。患儿出血情况及血小板计数对预后无显著影响,这与多数研究一致[922-23]。与其他报道不同[1424-26],本研究中发病诱因及乳酸脱氢酶水平均与预后无关,考虑与纳入的样本量过少有关。

  • 综上所述,年龄、Th/Tc、血清胱抑素C和血清C3 是儿童慢性ITP发生的重要影响因素,且经DCA曲线分析发现基于上述影响因素构建的预测模型对儿童慢性ITP有一定预测价值。但本组仅为单中心研究,样本量偏小,有必要进行大样本多中心研究来验证上述指标对慢性ITP的预测价值;未来可增加前瞻性试验,了解该模型的稳定性,为更好地改善ITP患儿预后提供理论依据。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 袁红建,孙善芳,潘怀富.CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ 调节性T细胞在成人免疫性血小板减少症中的意义[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2014,34(12):1715-1716

    • [2] 童汝雁,金皎,黄璟,等.儿童免疫性血小板减少症预后相关因素[J].中华实用儿科临床杂志,2019,34(11):837-841

    • [3] 中国儿童原发性免疫性血小板减少症诊断与治疗指南改编工作组,中华医学会儿科学分会血液学组,中华儿科杂志编辑委员会,等.中国儿童原发性免疫性血小板减少症诊断与治疗改编指南(2021版)[J].中华儿科杂志,2021,59(10):810-819

    • [4] GÜNGÖR T,BILIRÖ A,CULHA V K,et al.Retrospec⁃ tive evaluation of children with immune thrombocytope⁃ nic purpura and factors contributing to chronicity[J].Pe⁃ diatr Neonatol,2019,60(4):411-416

    • [5] SUN Y,LONG S L,LIU W J.Risk factors and psychologi⁃ cal analysis of chronic immune thrombocytopenia in chil⁃ dren[J].Int J Gen Med,2020,13:1675-1683

    • [6] CHENG C N,YANG Y N,YEH Y H,et al.Predictors of remission in severe childhood immune thrombocytopenia [J].Diagnostics,2023,13(3):341

    • [7] ROSU V E,ROSU S T,IVANOV A V,et al.Predictor fac⁃ tors for chronicity in immune thrombocytopenic purpura in children[J].Children,2023,10(6):911

    • [8] JAIME⁃PÉREZ J C,AGUILAR⁃CALDERÓN P,JIMÉNEZ ⁃CASTILLO R A,et al.Treatment outcomes and chronici⁃ ty predictors for primary immune thrombocytopenia:10 ⁃ year data from an academic center[J].Ann Hematol,2020,99(11):2513-2520

    • [9] 王峰,娜斯曼·尼加提,黎瞳,等.影响儿童原发性免疫性血小板减少症临床预后因素的研究[J].中国小儿血液与肿瘤杂志,2021,26(2):93-97

    • [10] SÖBÜ E,YILDIZ Z.Does cystatin C have an immunomod⁃ ulatory role in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?[J].J Pediatr En⁃ docrinol Metab,2023,36(1):58-63

    • [11] XIN C H,XIE J,FAN H Y,et al.Association between se⁃ rum cystatin C and thyroid diseases:a systematic review and meta ⁃ analysis[J].Front Endocrinol,2021,12:766516

    • [12] GRECO M,FOTI D P,AVERSA A,et al.Cystatin C,a controversial biomarker in hypothyroid patients under le⁃ vothyroxine therapy:THYRenal,a pilot cohort observa⁃ tional study[J].J Clin Med,2020,9(9):2958

    • [13] BARAKA E,HASHAAD N,ABDELHALIM W,et al.Se⁃ rum cystatin C and β2 microglobulin as potential biomark⁃ ers in children with lupus nephritis[J].Arch Rheumatol,2022,38(1):56-66

    • [14] SHINDO R,ABE R,OKU K,et al.Involvement of the complement system in immune thrombocytopenia:review of the literature[J/OL].Immunol Med,2023(2023⁃05⁃26)[2023⁃07⁃06].DOI:10.1080/25785826.2023.2213976

    • [15] ZHANG Y N,LIU F A,LIANG X L,et al.Expression and prognostic value of C ⁃ reactive protein in adult immune thrombocytopenia(ITP)patients[J/OL].Clin Exp Med,2023(2023⁃05⁃28)[2023⁃07⁃06].DOI:10.1007/s10238⁃ 023⁃01043⁃y

    • [16] 黄育涛,王鸿武.儿童原发性免疫性血小板减少症预后因素的研究[J].国际医药卫生导报,2023,29(8):1117-1121

    • [17] LIN X X,XU A H,ZHOU L,et al.Imbalance of T lympho⁃ cyte subsets in adult immune thrombocytopenia[J].Int J Gen Med,2021,14:937-947

    • [18] ARSHAD A,MUKRY S N,BORHANY M,et al.T ⁃ cell imbalance or decreased Th:Tc ratio in immune thrombo⁃ cytopenia:Is it clinically significant?[J].Adv Life Sci,2023,10(1):109-114

    • [19] FERNÁNDEZ ⁃ PLAZA S,GONZÁLEZ DE PABLO J,GÁLVEZ E,et al.Variables related to chronic immune thrombocytopenia:experience from a single center and comparison to a meta ⁃ analysis[J].Eur J Pediatr,2021,180(7):2075⁃2081

    • [20] WANG Y X,HUANG Y X.Clinical value of megakaryo⁃ cytes in the diagnosis and treatmentof children with im⁃ mune thrombocytopenic purpura[J].Chin J Prim Med P⁃harm,2019,26(3):2830-2834

    • [21] YANG X M,WAN X H,HUANG C,et al.Re⁃evaluate the prognostic value of absolute lymphocyte count in pediatric immune thrombocytopenia[J].J Pediatr Hematol Oncol,2023,45(2):254-258

    • [22] ONG S Y,TAN C W,RAMYA V,et al.Risk factors and predictors of treatment responses and complications in im⁃ mune thrombocytopenia[J].Ann Hematol,2021,100(3):645-651

    • [23] ZENG X L,BADAWY S M.Evaluating clinical outcomes and potential prognostic factors among 308 children and adolescents with immune thrombocytopenia(ITP):an 11⁃ year retrospective cohort study[J].Blood,2021,138(Suppl 1):4053

    • [24] 王丽媛,刘亢亢,储金华,等.儿童免疫性血小板减少症病程慢性化影响因素的研究[J].中国实验血液学杂志,2021,29(3):881-886

    • [25] AL⁃SAMKARI H,KUTER D J.Lactate dehydrogenase is elevated in immune thrombocytopenia and inversely corre⁃ lates with platelet count[J].Br J Haematol,2019,187(3):61-64

    • [26] CHEN Q D,XIN M,WANG L J,et al.Inhibition of LDHA to induce eEF2 release enhances thrombocytopoiesis[J].Blood,2022,139(19):2958-2971

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 袁红建,孙善芳,潘怀富.CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ 调节性T细胞在成人免疫性血小板减少症中的意义[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2014,34(12):1715-1716

    • [2] 童汝雁,金皎,黄璟,等.儿童免疫性血小板减少症预后相关因素[J].中华实用儿科临床杂志,2019,34(11):837-841

    • [3] 中国儿童原发性免疫性血小板减少症诊断与治疗指南改编工作组,中华医学会儿科学分会血液学组,中华儿科杂志编辑委员会,等.中国儿童原发性免疫性血小板减少症诊断与治疗改编指南(2021版)[J].中华儿科杂志,2021,59(10):810-819

    • [4] GÜNGÖR T,BILIRÖ A,CULHA V K,et al.Retrospec⁃ tive evaluation of children with immune thrombocytope⁃ nic purpura and factors contributing to chronicity[J].Pe⁃ diatr Neonatol,2019,60(4):411-416

    • [5] SUN Y,LONG S L,LIU W J.Risk factors and psychologi⁃ cal analysis of chronic immune thrombocytopenia in chil⁃ dren[J].Int J Gen Med,2020,13:1675-1683

    • [6] CHENG C N,YANG Y N,YEH Y H,et al.Predictors of remission in severe childhood immune thrombocytopenia [J].Diagnostics,2023,13(3):341

    • [7] ROSU V E,ROSU S T,IVANOV A V,et al.Predictor fac⁃ tors for chronicity in immune thrombocytopenic purpura in children[J].Children,2023,10(6):911

    • [8] JAIME⁃PÉREZ J C,AGUILAR⁃CALDERÓN P,JIMÉNEZ ⁃CASTILLO R A,et al.Treatment outcomes and chronici⁃ ty predictors for primary immune thrombocytopenia:10 ⁃ year data from an academic center[J].Ann Hematol,2020,99(11):2513-2520

    • [9] 王峰,娜斯曼·尼加提,黎瞳,等.影响儿童原发性免疫性血小板减少症临床预后因素的研究[J].中国小儿血液与肿瘤杂志,2021,26(2):93-97

    • [10] SÖBÜ E,YILDIZ Z.Does cystatin C have an immunomod⁃ ulatory role in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?[J].J Pediatr En⁃ docrinol Metab,2023,36(1):58-63

    • [11] XIN C H,XIE J,FAN H Y,et al.Association between se⁃ rum cystatin C and thyroid diseases:a systematic review and meta ⁃ analysis[J].Front Endocrinol,2021,12:766516

    • [12] GRECO M,FOTI D P,AVERSA A,et al.Cystatin C,a controversial biomarker in hypothyroid patients under le⁃ vothyroxine therapy:THYRenal,a pilot cohort observa⁃ tional study[J].J Clin Med,2020,9(9):2958

    • [13] BARAKA E,HASHAAD N,ABDELHALIM W,et al.Se⁃ rum cystatin C and β2 microglobulin as potential biomark⁃ ers in children with lupus nephritis[J].Arch Rheumatol,2022,38(1):56-66

    • [14] SHINDO R,ABE R,OKU K,et al.Involvement of the complement system in immune thrombocytopenia:review of the literature[J/OL].Immunol Med,2023(2023⁃05⁃26)[2023⁃07⁃06].DOI:10.1080/25785826.2023.2213976

    • [15] ZHANG Y N,LIU F A,LIANG X L,et al.Expression and prognostic value of C ⁃ reactive protein in adult immune thrombocytopenia(ITP)patients[J/OL].Clin Exp Med,2023(2023⁃05⁃28)[2023⁃07⁃06].DOI:10.1007/s10238⁃ 023⁃01043⁃y

    • [16] 黄育涛,王鸿武.儿童原发性免疫性血小板减少症预后因素的研究[J].国际医药卫生导报,2023,29(8):1117-1121

    • [17] LIN X X,XU A H,ZHOU L,et al.Imbalance of T lympho⁃ cyte subsets in adult immune thrombocytopenia[J].Int J Gen Med,2021,14:937-947

    • [18] ARSHAD A,MUKRY S N,BORHANY M,et al.T ⁃ cell imbalance or decreased Th:Tc ratio in immune thrombo⁃ cytopenia:Is it clinically significant?[J].Adv Life Sci,2023,10(1):109-114

    • [19] FERNÁNDEZ ⁃ PLAZA S,GONZÁLEZ DE PABLO J,GÁLVEZ E,et al.Variables related to chronic immune thrombocytopenia:experience from a single center and comparison to a meta ⁃ analysis[J].Eur J Pediatr,2021,180(7):2075⁃2081

    • [20] WANG Y X,HUANG Y X.Clinical value of megakaryo⁃ cytes in the diagnosis and treatmentof children with im⁃ mune thrombocytopenic purpura[J].Chin J Prim Med P⁃harm,2019,26(3):2830-2834

    • [21] YANG X M,WAN X H,HUANG C,et al.Re⁃evaluate the prognostic value of absolute lymphocyte count in pediatric immune thrombocytopenia[J].J Pediatr Hematol Oncol,2023,45(2):254-258

    • [22] ONG S Y,TAN C W,RAMYA V,et al.Risk factors and predictors of treatment responses and complications in im⁃ mune thrombocytopenia[J].Ann Hematol,2021,100(3):645-651

    • [23] ZENG X L,BADAWY S M.Evaluating clinical outcomes and potential prognostic factors among 308 children and adolescents with immune thrombocytopenia(ITP):an 11⁃ year retrospective cohort study[J].Blood,2021,138(Suppl 1):4053

    • [24] 王丽媛,刘亢亢,储金华,等.儿童免疫性血小板减少症病程慢性化影响因素的研究[J].中国实验血液学杂志,2021,29(3):881-886

    • [25] AL⁃SAMKARI H,KUTER D J.Lactate dehydrogenase is elevated in immune thrombocytopenia and inversely corre⁃ lates with platelet count[J].Br J Haematol,2019,187(3):61-64

    • [26] CHEN Q D,XIN M,WANG L J,et al.Inhibition of LDHA to induce eEF2 release enhances thrombocytopoiesis[J].Blood,2022,139(19):2958-2971

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