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通讯作者:

刘辉,E-mail:huilium@163.com

中图分类号:R614.2

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)12-1724-05

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20231217

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参考文献 11
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参考文献 12
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参考文献 13
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参考文献 16
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:评估羟考酮联合丙泊酚用于全凭静脉麻醉对乳腺癌保乳手术患者术中全麻效果、围手术期不良反应和镇痛效果的影响。方法:选择美国麻醉医师协会(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)评分Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄26~61岁,体重指数19~28 kg/m2 ,择期行乳腺癌保乳手术的患者80例,随机分为芬太尼组和羟考酮组,每组40例。记录两组患者麻醉诱导前 (T0)、气管插管前即刻(T1)、手术开始时(T2)、切除乳腺标本时(T3)、手术结束时(T4)的收缩压、舒张压、心率;术后2 h 、6 h、24 h、48 h 静息状态及运动时的疼痛数字评分(numerical rating scale,NRS);患者清醒时间、拔管时间、丙泊酚用量;观察两组患者诱导期咳嗽反射、术中知晓、术中低血压、术后躁动、恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒等不良反应的发生率。结果:T2、T3时羟考酮组收缩压、舒张压、心率均显著高于芬太尼组(P < 0.05)。羟考酮组患者术后2 h静息及运动时疼痛NRS评分均低于芬太尼组(P < 0.05)。羟考酮组诱导期咳嗽反射的发生率显著低于芬太尼组(P < 0.05)。结论:羟考酮联合丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉可安全用于乳腺癌保乳手术,全麻诱导以及维持期间麻醉效果满意,术中对循环影响小,术后镇痛效果确切。

    Abstract

    Objective:To evaluate the effects of combined use of oxycodone and propofol for total intravenous anesthesia in patients with breast cancer undergoing breast - conserving surgery,on the intraoperative anesthesia,perioperative adverse reactions and analgesic effects. Methods:Eighty patients elective undergoing breast-conserving surgery for breast cancer,with American Society of Anesthesiologists(ASA)physical status classification Ⅰ or Ⅱ,aged 26-61 year,and body mass index(BMI)of 19~28 kg/m2 ,were randomly divided into oxycodone group(n=40)and fentanyl group(n=40). The systolic blood pressure(SBP),diastolic blood pressure (DBP),and heart rate(HR)were recorded at the following time points:before anesthesia induction(T0),immediately before tracheal intubation(T1),at the start of surgery(T2),during resection of the breast specimen(T3),and at the end of surgery(T4). The numerical rating scale(NRS)for pain were recorded at rest and during movement at 2 h,6 h,24 h and 48 h after surgery. The time to awakening, extubation time,and propofol consumption were also recorded. The incidence of cough reflex during induction,intraoperative awareness,intraoperative hypotension,postoperative agitation,nausea and vomiting,and skin itching were observed in both groups. Results:At T2 and T3,the SBP,DBP and HR in the oxycodone group were significantly higher than those in the fentanyl group(P < 0.05). The NRS scores for resting pain and movement pain at 2 h after surgery were significantly lower in the oxycodone group than the fentanyl group(P < 0.05). The incidence of cough reflex during induction was significantly lower in the oxycodone group than in the fentanyl group(P < 0.05). Conclusion:Oxycodone combined with propofol for total intravenous anesthesia can be safely used in breast- conserving surgery for breast cancer. It provides satisfactory anesthesia induction and maintenance,has minimal impact on circulation during surgery,and has effective postoperative analgesic effects.

  • 乳腺癌是最常见的女性恶性肿瘤之一,手术治疗仍然是目前最有效的治疗方法,保乳手术日益受到乳腺外科医生和患者的推崇,不仅可以促进患者早日康复,提高术后生活质量,还可以降低患者术后抑郁的发生率[1-2],符合加速康复外科(enhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)的理念。研究证实早期乳腺癌患者通过选择保乳手术联合术后放疗,可获得与根治性切除手术相似的远期生存率[3-4]。目前乳腺癌手术多选择全身麻醉,通常采用芬太尼、舒芬太尼、瑞芬太尼等强阿片类药物作为镇痛药,但强阿片类药物会引起免疫抑制、术后恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒、呼吸抑制等不良反应,影响患者快速恢复[5]。羟考酮为μ、κ双阿片受体激动剂,具有强效镇痛效应(尤其是内脏痛)[6],可联合丙泊酚用于全麻手术的诱导和维持,但用于全麻手术维持的研究很少。乳腺癌保乳手术不需要进入体腔,手术刺激相对较轻,因此选择羟考酮联合丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉用于乳腺癌保乳手术。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 考虑到可能的脱落以及剔除等情况,本研究实际共纳入在江苏省肿瘤医院择期行乳腺癌保乳根治术的患者80例,研究时间为2022年7月—2023年 6月。采用随机数字表法,将患者随机分为芬太尼组和羟考酮组,每组40例。纳入标准:择期行乳腺癌保乳手术的患者;年龄 26~61 岁;体重指数(body mass index,BMI)19~28 kg/m2;美国麻醉医师协会 (American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)评分Ⅰ 或Ⅱ级。排除标准:有严重心、肺、肝、肾疾病史;合并神经系统或相关精神疾病;有阿片类药物或精神类药物长期服用史、麻醉药物过敏史;有术前放化疗病史、乳腺癌手术史;患者及家属拒绝参与等。剔除标准:术中改变手术方式;出血量≥血容量 20%;手术时间>3 h;术后随访数据丢失等。根据预试验结果,按照术后 2 h 运动时疼痛数字评分 (numerical rating scale,NRS)进行样本量计算。芬太尼组疼痛NRS评分为(3.2±1.0)分,羟考酮组疼痛 NRS评分为(2.4±0.8)分,设双侧α=0.05,1-β=0.9,利用 PASS 15.0 软件计算得到两组的样本量 N1=N2= 28,考虑到 20%的失访率,最终每组至少需要研究对象 35 例,总计至少纳入 70 例患者。本研究经江苏省肿瘤医院伦理委员会批准(伦理号:2022⁃043),所有患者均签署知情同意书。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 术前常规禁食禁饮,患者入室后开放外周静脉,常规监测心电图(electrocardiography,ECG)、脉搏氧饱和度(pulse oxygen saturation,SpO2)和无创血压,并连接Angel⁃6000D脑电麻醉深度监护仪(深圳威浩康医疗科技有限公司)监测意识指数(index of consciousness,IoC)即 IoC1(全身麻醉中的意识深度)和 IoC2(伤害性刺激的反应程度)值的变化,以确保患者术中安全[7-8]。全身麻醉诱导:芬太尼组静脉注射芬太尼 2 μg/kg,2 min 后依次静脉注射咪唑安定 0.04~0.06 mg/kg、丙泊酚 1.0~1.5 mg/kg 和顺式阿曲库铵 0.2 mg/kg;羟考酮组静脉注射羟考酮 0.2 mg/kg,2 min 后依次静脉注射咪唑安定 0.04~0.06 mg/kg、丙泊酚 1.0~1.5 mg/kg 和顺式阿曲库铵 0.2 mg/kg,3 min 后根据患者体重及体型选择合适的喉罩型号(3#或4#)并置入喉罩。切皮前芬太尼组静脉注射芬太尼 1 μg/kg,羟考酮组静脉注射羟考酮 0.1 mg/kg,术中两组均持续静脉泵注丙泊酚 4~8 mg/(kg·h),维持IoC1值于40~60,根据IoC1值的变化调节丙泊酚的泵注速度。由于芬太尼作用时间较短,但反复注射芬太尼会引起蓄积作用,因此芬太尼组中采用瑞芬太尼进行持续静脉泵注维持,术中持续泵注瑞芬太尼的速度为0.10~0.25 μg/(kg·min),维持 IoC2 值为30~50,根据IoC2值的变化调节瑞芬太尼的泵注速度;由于羟考酮半衰期可达3 h,因此羟考酮组不使用瑞芬太尼维持,如IoC2值>50持续2 min 以上时,则静脉泵注瑞芬太尼0.10~0.25 μg/(kg·min) 作为补救措施。两组术中均持续泵注顺式阿曲库铵 0.10~0.15 mg/(kg·h)维持麻醉。术中维持血压波动范围在基础值±20%之内,当术中血压变化幅度超过基础值的 20%时,根据术中情况进行分析,酌情给予加深麻醉或减浅麻醉;或者应用血管活性药物去氧肾上腺素 40~80 μg 静脉注射提升血压,心率低于 50 次/min 时则使用阿托品 0.3~0.5 mg 提高心率。术毕前 30 min 停用顺式阿曲库铵。两组患者术毕停用所有麻醉药物,均转入麻醉恢复室(post anesthesia care unit,PACU)苏醒及拔除喉罩。术后采用疼痛NRS评分进行疼痛评估,0分为无痛,1~3分为轻度疼痛,4~6 分为中度疼痛,7~10 分为重度疼痛。当疼痛NRS评分≥4分时,予以地佐辛5 mg静脉注射进行补救镇痛。

  • 记录两组患者麻醉诱导前(T0)、气管插管前即刻(T1)、手术开始时(T2)、切除乳腺标本时(T3)、手术结束时(T4)的收缩压(systolic blood pressure,SBP)、舒张压(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)、心率(heart rate, HR);术后2、6、24、48 h 静息状态及运动时的疼痛 NRS评分;患者清醒时间(停药至睁眼时间)及拔管时间(手术结束至喉罩拔除时间),术中丙泊酚使用总量;记录两组患者诱导期咳嗽反射,术中知晓、术中低血压、术后躁动、恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒等不良反应的发生率;记录羟考酮组需辅助瑞芬太尼的病例数。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用 SPSS 22.0 软件进行统计学分析,正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(x-±s)表示,组间比较采用独立样本 t 检验,组内比较采用重复测量设计的方差分析,计数资料采用χ2 检验或Fisher’s精确概率法,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 一般资料

  • 本研究最终纳入择期手术患者80例,随机分为芬太尼组和羟考酮组,每组40例。两组患者年龄、体重、身高、ASA分级等一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,表1)。

  • 2.2 患者术中循环情况

  • T2、T3时间点羟考酮组 SBP、DBP、HR 均显著高于芬太尼组(P <0.05);与T0比较,两组患者T1~T4时间点 SBP、DBP 均明显降低,芬太尼组 T1~T4时间点 HR 均显著下降,而羟考酮组则于 T1~T2、T4时间点 HR显著下降(P <0.05,表2)。

  • 2.3 患者术中麻醉情况

  • 两组间丙泊酚用量[芬太尼组(444.6±59.3)mg vs. 羟考酮组(425.1±57.7)mg,t=1.208,P=0.232]、清醒时间[芬太尼组(11.9±3.4)min vs. 羟考酮组(12.6± 3.5)min,t=0.770,P=0.444]、拔管时间[芬太尼组 (15.9±3.1)min vs. 羟考酮组(16.4±3.0)min,t=0.597, P=0.553],差异均无统计学意义。羟考酮组40例患者中有4例(10%)术中IoC2值>50,需加用瑞芬太尼静脉泵注来辅助镇痛。

  • 表1 两组患者一般情况的比较

  • Table1 Comparison of general conditions between the two groups

  • 表2 各组患者不同时间点收缩压、舒张压和心率的比较

  • Table2 Comparison of SBP,DBP,HR at different time points in each group

  • 与芬太尼组比较,* P <0.05;与T0比较,# P <0.05。

  • 2.4 患者术后镇痛评分

  • 两组均未给予补救镇痛。与芬太尼组比较,羟考酮组术后2 h静息时、运动时疼痛NRS评分均显著降低(P <0.05);其他时间点无论静息时还是运动时疼痛 NRS评分两组间差异均无统计学意义(P >0.05,表3)。

  • 2.5 患者围术期不良反应

  • 两组患者术中均未发生术中知晓。两组患者术后躁动、恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒等不良反应的发生率差异均无统计学意义(P >0.05);羟考酮组患者诱导期咳嗽反射的发生率显著低于芬太尼组(P <0.05);羟考酮组患者术中低血压发生例数少于芬太尼组,但差异无统计学意义(P >0.05,表4)。

  • 表3 两组患者不同时点静息时和运动时疼痛NRS评分的比较

  • Table3 Comparison of NRS scores for pain at rest and movement at different time points between the two groups

  • 3 讨论

  • 羟考酮作用时间长达3.5~4.0 h,完全可以满足术中镇痛的需求,不良反应发生率低,对机体免疫抑制作用低于吗啡、芬太尼或瑞芬太尼等阿片类药物[9-10]。羟考酮可安全用于乳腺癌局部扩大切除术患者的全身麻醉诱导及维持,镇痛效果满意[11]。但在乳腺癌保乳手术中,使用羟考酮联合丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉,是否能满足手术麻醉维持及镇痛需求尚无定论。本研究探讨了羟考酮联合丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉用于乳腺癌保乳手术的安全性及可行性。

  • 表4 两组患者围术期不良反应发生率的比较

  • Table4 Comparison of the incidence of perioperative adverse reactions between the two groups

  • 结果显示两组患者麻醉诱导后、术中及手术结束时各时点SBP、DBP、HR均明显低于麻醉诱导期,说明羟考酮或芬太尼联合丙泊酚用于手术维持时,术中镇痛效果确切。而且在手术开始切皮以及切除乳腺标本时,羟考酮组SBP、DBP、HR均高于芬太尼组(P <0.05),且低于麻醉前基础值,这说明单独应用羟考酮组对术中循环功能的影响小于芬太尼联合瑞芬太尼麻醉组(P <0.05)。术后镇痛随访显示羟考酮组术后 2 h 无论静息时、运动时疼痛 NRS 评分均较芬太尼组显著降低,提示乳腺癌保乳手术采用羟考酮联合丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉患者术后早期镇痛效果优于芬太尼。这可能与羟考酮临床镇痛作用时间持续长于芬太尼有关,而且由于其独特的κ受体和μ受体的双重激动作用,对皮肤、肌肉和内脏组织均产生镇痛作用,对手术切口疼痛的镇痛作用相比单纯的μ受体激动剂效果更好[12-13]。Koch 等[14] 发现在手术结束后静脉注射羟考酮的患者,在进入PACU 后30、60、90 min和离开PACU时的疼痛 NRS 评分均显著低于使用芬太尼的患者。芬太尼诱导引起的咳嗽反射是麻醉诱导期常见的并发症[15-16],本研究芬太尼组咳嗽反射的发生率与先前研究结果相似[17],而羟考酮组无患者发生诱导期咳嗽反射,而且羟考酮能有效预防芬太尼诱发的咳嗽反射[18]。结果显示两组患者围手术期丙泊酚用量、清醒时间及拔管时间之间的差异并无统计学意义,提示羟考酮虽然临床镇痛时间长于芬太尼,但并不影响患者清醒时间和拔管时间,可安全用于全身麻醉诱导及维持[19]

  • 结果显示羟考酮组中有 4 例患者(10%)术中 IoC2值>50持续2 min以上,为保证患者手术期间完善的麻醉及镇痛,加用了小剂量瑞芬太尼持续静脉泵注[0.05~0.10 μg/(kg·min)]维持麻醉及镇痛,取得了满意的效果。这提示在乳腺癌保乳手术中单独应用羟考酮联合丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉,仍有少部分患者可能存在镇痛不足,需要加强术中监测,及时发现并进行补救处理。也可以通过联合区域神经阻滞,如胸椎旁神经阻滞、胸部神经阻滞等,多模式镇痛途径减少阿片类药物的使用量,从而减少阿片类药物的不良反应。

  • 综上所述,羟考酮联合丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉可安全用于乳腺癌保乳手术中,患者围手术期镇痛效果确切、不良反应发生率低,恢复质量高。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] SAGIROGLU J,OZEMIR I A,EREN T,et al.Comparison of oncoplastic breast surgery,non⁃oncoplastic breast con⁃ serving surgery and mastectomy in early breast cancer:a single center retrospective study[J].Arch Iran Med,2021,24(5):390-396

    • [2] 邓军,贾建光,高愿,等.保乳手术和改良根治术治疗早期乳腺癌的临床对比研究[J].中华全科医学,2018,16(4):533-537

    • [3] WRUBEL E,NATWICK R,WRIGHT G P.Breast ⁃ con⁃ serving therapy is associated with improved survival com⁃ pared with mastectomy for early ⁃ stage breast cancer:a propensity score matched comparison using the national cancer database[J].Ann Sur Oncol,2020,28(2):914-919

    • [4] RATOSA I,PLAVC G,PISLAR N,et al.Improved surviv⁃ al after breast⁃conserving therapy compared with mastec⁃ tomy in stage Ⅰ⁃Ⅱ A breast cancer[J].Cancers,2021,13(16):4044

    • [5] SUN Q,LI Z,WANG Z,et al.Immunosuppression by opi⁃ oids:mechanisms of action on innate and adaptive immu⁃ nity[J].Biochem Pharmacol,2023,209:115417

    • [6] FENG X,YANG P,LIAO Z,et al.Comparison of oxycodo⁃ ne and sufentanil in patient⁃controlled intravenous analge⁃ sia for postoperative patients:a meta ⁃analysis of random⁃ ized controlled trials[J].Chin Med J,2023,136(1):45-52

    • [7] 左都坤,杨贵英,陈凤,等.意识指数监测腹腔镜手术中七氟醚麻醉深度的效果[J].临床麻醉学杂志,2023,39(2):119-123

    • [8] 黄媚,李娟,杨成伟.意识指数监测对脑微血管减压术患者术后早期恢复质量的影响[J].临床麻醉学杂志,2020,36(6):555-558

    • [9] WODEHOUSE T,DEMOPOULOS M,PETTY R,et al.A randomized pilot study to investigate the effect of opioids on immunomarkers using gene expression profiling during surgery[J].Pain,2019,160(12):2691-2698

    • [10] FRANCHI S,MOSCHETTI G,AMODEO G,et al.Do all opioid drugs share the same immunomodulatory proper⁃ ties?A review from animal and human studies[J].Front Immunol,2019,10:2914

    • [11] 何自静,陈静,李密,等.羟考酮与舒芬太尼用于乳腺癌手术全身麻醉的比较[J].临床麻醉学杂志,2017,33(3):269-272

    • [12] HAN L,SU Y,XIONG H,et al.Oxycodone versus sufent⁃ anil in adult patient⁃controlled intravenous analgesia after abdominal surgery[J].Medicine,2018,97(31):e11552

    • [13] 王维嘉,任立英,龚亚红,等.盐酸羟考酮注射液用于术后患者静脉自控镇痛的回顾性分析[J].中国医学科学院学报,2020,42(1):91-95

    • [14] KOCH S,AHLBURG P,SPANGSBERG N,et al.Oxyco⁃ done vs.fentanyl in the treatment of early post ⁃operative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy:a randomised double ⁃ blind study[J].Acta Anaesthesiol Scand,2008,52(6):845-850

    • [15] JINDAL P,GUPTA P,KUMAR N.Role of pre ⁃ emptive Huff’s manoeuvre and acupressure in reducing the inci⁃ dence of fentanyl induced cough;a risk factor for postop⁃ erative nausea vomiting in female patients:a prospective randomised controlled study[J].Indian J Anaesth,2019,63(10):834

    • [16] TAN W,LI S,LIU X,et al.Prophylactic intravenous lido⁃ caine at different doses for fentanyl⁃induced cough(FIC):a meta⁃analysis[J].Sci Rep,2018,8(1):9946

    • [17] 郑瑄,蒋益民.HPC联合深呼吸法可有效抑制芬太尼诱发的咳嗽反应[J].基因组学与应用生物学,2018,37(9):4062-4068

    • [18] DAI B,CAO X.Comparing the different oxycodone doses of prevent oxycodone for prevention of preventing fentanyl ⁃ induced cough during induction of general anaesthesia [J].Int J Clin Pract,2020,74(12):e13642

    • [19] 朱文智,王东信.羟考酮在全身麻醉诱导中的临床应用 [J].临床麻醉学杂志,2016,32(4):341-343

  • 参考文献

    • [1] SAGIROGLU J,OZEMIR I A,EREN T,et al.Comparison of oncoplastic breast surgery,non⁃oncoplastic breast con⁃ serving surgery and mastectomy in early breast cancer:a single center retrospective study[J].Arch Iran Med,2021,24(5):390-396

    • [2] 邓军,贾建光,高愿,等.保乳手术和改良根治术治疗早期乳腺癌的临床对比研究[J].中华全科医学,2018,16(4):533-537

    • [3] WRUBEL E,NATWICK R,WRIGHT G P.Breast ⁃ con⁃ serving therapy is associated with improved survival com⁃ pared with mastectomy for early ⁃ stage breast cancer:a propensity score matched comparison using the national cancer database[J].Ann Sur Oncol,2020,28(2):914-919

    • [4] RATOSA I,PLAVC G,PISLAR N,et al.Improved surviv⁃ al after breast⁃conserving therapy compared with mastec⁃ tomy in stage Ⅰ⁃Ⅱ A breast cancer[J].Cancers,2021,13(16):4044

    • [5] SUN Q,LI Z,WANG Z,et al.Immunosuppression by opi⁃ oids:mechanisms of action on innate and adaptive immu⁃ nity[J].Biochem Pharmacol,2023,209:115417

    • [6] FENG X,YANG P,LIAO Z,et al.Comparison of oxycodo⁃ ne and sufentanil in patient⁃controlled intravenous analge⁃ sia for postoperative patients:a meta ⁃analysis of random⁃ ized controlled trials[J].Chin Med J,2023,136(1):45-52

    • [7] 左都坤,杨贵英,陈凤,等.意识指数监测腹腔镜手术中七氟醚麻醉深度的效果[J].临床麻醉学杂志,2023,39(2):119-123

    • [8] 黄媚,李娟,杨成伟.意识指数监测对脑微血管减压术患者术后早期恢复质量的影响[J].临床麻醉学杂志,2020,36(6):555-558

    • [9] WODEHOUSE T,DEMOPOULOS M,PETTY R,et al.A randomized pilot study to investigate the effect of opioids on immunomarkers using gene expression profiling during surgery[J].Pain,2019,160(12):2691-2698

    • [10] FRANCHI S,MOSCHETTI G,AMODEO G,et al.Do all opioid drugs share the same immunomodulatory proper⁃ ties?A review from animal and human studies[J].Front Immunol,2019,10:2914

    • [11] 何自静,陈静,李密,等.羟考酮与舒芬太尼用于乳腺癌手术全身麻醉的比较[J].临床麻醉学杂志,2017,33(3):269-272

    • [12] HAN L,SU Y,XIONG H,et al.Oxycodone versus sufent⁃ anil in adult patient⁃controlled intravenous analgesia after abdominal surgery[J].Medicine,2018,97(31):e11552

    • [13] 王维嘉,任立英,龚亚红,等.盐酸羟考酮注射液用于术后患者静脉自控镇痛的回顾性分析[J].中国医学科学院学报,2020,42(1):91-95

    • [14] KOCH S,AHLBURG P,SPANGSBERG N,et al.Oxyco⁃ done vs.fentanyl in the treatment of early post ⁃operative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy:a randomised double ⁃ blind study[J].Acta Anaesthesiol Scand,2008,52(6):845-850

    • [15] JINDAL P,GUPTA P,KUMAR N.Role of pre ⁃ emptive Huff’s manoeuvre and acupressure in reducing the inci⁃ dence of fentanyl induced cough;a risk factor for postop⁃ erative nausea vomiting in female patients:a prospective randomised controlled study[J].Indian J Anaesth,2019,63(10):834

    • [16] TAN W,LI S,LIU X,et al.Prophylactic intravenous lido⁃ caine at different doses for fentanyl⁃induced cough(FIC):a meta⁃analysis[J].Sci Rep,2018,8(1):9946

    • [17] 郑瑄,蒋益民.HPC联合深呼吸法可有效抑制芬太尼诱发的咳嗽反应[J].基因组学与应用生物学,2018,37(9):4062-4068

    • [18] DAI B,CAO X.Comparing the different oxycodone doses of prevent oxycodone for prevention of preventing fentanyl ⁃ induced cough during induction of general anaesthesia [J].Int J Clin Pract,2020,74(12):e13642

    • [19] 朱文智,王东信.羟考酮在全身麻醉诱导中的临床应用 [J].临床麻醉学杂志,2016,32(4):341-343

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