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通讯作者:

钱炳俊,E-mail:bjqianfd@jsmc.edu.cn

中图分类号:R541.78

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)03-313-09

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN230692

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参考文献 8
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参考文献 9
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参考文献 11
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参考文献 12
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参考文献 13
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参考文献 14
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参考文献 15
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参考文献 16
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参考文献 19
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参考文献 20
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参考文献 21
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参考文献 22
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:研究神经肽Y(neuropeptide Y,NPY)/Y1受体信号转导在心肌细胞损伤中的作用及机制。方法:C57BL/6J小鼠皮下注射异丙肾上腺素(isoprenaline,ISO)构建心肌损伤模型,腹腔注射Y1受体特异性拮抗剂BIBO3304干预。小鼠随机分为对照组(生理盐水)、ISO组[20 mg/(kg·d)ISO]、BIBO3304+ISO组[0.1 mg/(kg·d)BIBO3304+20 mg/(kg·d)ISO]、BIBO3304组 [0.1 mg/(kg·d)BIBO3304],每组10只,连续给药14 d。实时定量PCR和Western blot检测小鼠心肌组织中NPY表达。HE染色和Masson染色观察各组小鼠心肌纤维结构变化和纤维化程度;定量PCR检测小鼠心肌肥大基因心房钠尿肽(atrial natriuretic peptide,ANP)、β-肌球蛋白重链(β-myosin heavy chain,β-MHC)mRNA表达。采用Y1受体特异性激活剂[Leu31,Pro34]-NPY刺激 H9C2 细胞,检测 ANP、β-MHC mRNA 表达;CCK-8 检测心肌细胞活力。Western blot 检测各组小鼠心肌组织和 H9C2 细胞中 active β-catenin、磷酸化糖原合成酶激酶-3β(phospho-glycogen synthesis kinase 3β,p-GSK3β)、总糖原合成酶激酶-3β(total glyco- gen synthesis kinase 3β,t-GSK3β)蛋白表达。免疫荧光染色检测心肌细胞β-catenin 入核情况。利用β-catenin 特异性抑制剂 ICG001处理细胞,检测[Leu31,Pro34]-NPY诱导的心肌细胞肥大和细胞活力变化。结果:与对照组比较,ISO组小鼠心肌组织 NPY mRNA 和蛋白表达均显著增加(P < 0.05),心肌纤维排列紊乱,心肌纤维化程度高,心肌肥大基因表达增加。与 ISO 组比较,BIBO3304+ISO组小鼠心肌损伤和纤维化得到有效缓解,心肌肥大基因表达下降(P < 0.01)。与对照组比较,[Leu31, Pro34]-NPY 增加 H9C2 细胞 ANP、β-MHC mRNA 表达,降低心肌细胞活力(P < 0.01)。与对照组比较,ISO 组小鼠心肌组织 active β-catenin、p-GSK3β表达明显上调,p-GSK3β/t-GSK3β增加;与 ISO 组比较,BIBO3304+ISO 组心肌组织 active β-catenin、 p-GSK3β表达降低(P < 0.05)。与对照组比较,[Leu31,Pro34]-NPY 显著增加心肌细胞 active β-catenin、p-GSK3β表达(P < 0.05),促进细胞核β-catenin 积累。与[Leu31,Pro34]-NPY 组比较,BIBO3304 抑制细胞核β-catenin 表达,ICG001 显著缓解 [Leu31,Pro34]-NPY诱导的心肌细胞肥大和细胞活力下降(P < 0.01)。结论:NPY通过Y1受体转导激活β-catenin信号通路介导心肌细胞损伤和心肌纤维化。

    Abstract

    Objective:To explore the effect and mechanism of neuropeptide Y(NPY)/Y1 receptor signaling in myocardial injury. Methods:The C57BL/6J mice model of cardiac injury was established by subcutaneous injection with isoproterenol(ISO),which was subsequently treated with the specific NPY/Y1 receptor antagonist BIBO3304 by intraperitoneal injection. C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 4 groups:control group(Saline),ISO group[20 mg/(kg · d)ISO],BIBO3304 + ISO group[0.1 mg/(kg · d) BIBO3304+20 mg/(kg·d)ISO],and BIBO3304 group[0.1 mg/(kg·d)BIBO3304]. All the drug was administered continuously for 14 days. The expression of NPY mRNA and protein in the heart of mice were detected by qPCR and Western blot,respectively. The change of myocardial fiber structure and myocardial fibrosis were observed by HE and Masson staining. Levels of cardiac hypertrophy related gene,atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP)and β-myosin heavy chain(β-MHC)mRNA in the heart of mice were also estimated by qPCR.[Leu31,Pro34]-NPY,a specific Y1 receptor agonist,was used to directly treat H9C2 cells in vitro. The mRNA levels of ANP and β - MHC in the cardiomyocytes were detected by qPCR,and the cell viability of H9C2 was measured by CCK - 8. The expressions of active β-catenin,phospho-glycogen synthesis kinase 3β(p-GSK3β)and total glycogen synthesis kinase 3β(t-GSK3β)in the heart and H9C2 cells were analyzed by Western blot. Nuclear β- catenin accumulation was estimated by immunofluorescence staining. ICG001,a specific β-catenin inhibitor,was used to treat H9C2,and the cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and cell viability induced by[Leu31,Pro34]- NPY were further examined. Results:Compared with the control group,cardiac NPY mRNA and protein expressions were increased significantly in ISO group(P < 0.05),in which it exhibited myocardial fiber arrangement disorder,high degree of myocardial fibrosis and increased expression of cardiac hypertrophy related gene. Compared with the ISO group,the myocardial damage and fibrosis were effectively alleviated in BIBO3304+ISO group,and the expression of cardiac hypertrophy related gene were decreased(P < 0.01). Compared with the control group,[Leu31,Pro34]-NPY increased ANP and β-MHC mRNA levels, and decreased cell viability in H9C2 cardiomyocytes(P < 0.01). Compared with the control group,the protein expressions of active β- catenin and p - GSK3β/t - GSK3β were increased in the heart of mice from ISO group(P < 0.05). Compared with the ISO group,the expressions of active β-catenin and p-GSK3β were decreased in BIBO3304+ISO group(P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, [Leu31,Pro34]-NPY increased expressions of active β-catenin and p-GSK3β,as well as facilitated nuclear β-catenin accumulation in the cardiomyocytes(P < 0.05). Compared with[Leu31,Pro34]-NPY group,BIBO3304 decreased β-catenin expression in the nucleus, and ICG001 effectively alleviated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and cell viability reduction(P < 0.01). Conclusion:NPY/Y1 receptor mediates cardiomyocyte injury and fibrosis through β-catenin pathway.

  • 近年来,心源性猝死(sudden cardiac death, SCD)的发病率显著增加并呈年轻化趋势,严重威胁着人类的生命健康。SCD本质上表现为心脏电传导功能紊乱,多发生于有心脏基础病变的心肌病患者,如心肌肥厚、冠心病、心肌梗死等。这些疾病造成患者的心肌细胞发生不同程度的损伤,是猝死发生的物质基础[1-2]。了解心肌细胞损伤的诱因并探讨其相应的分子机制,对于心肌疾病的精准诊疗以及预防SCD猝死具有重要意义。

  • 神经肽 Y(neuropeptide Y,NPY)是 1 种由 36 个氨基酸组成的小分子多肽,是心肌组织中含量最丰富的神经肽类物质。心肌梗死、心衰等发生时,血清和心肌组织中NPY表达均显著增加[3]。然而NPY 在心肌细胞中的功能目前没有统一的认识。研究发现NPY高表达对心血管系统具有损伤作用,可进一步引发高血压和心肌肥厚[4];敲除NPY可有效缓解缺血诱导的心肌细胞凋亡和功能障碍[5]。然而也有研究认为,缺乏NPY的急性心肌缺血小鼠表现出更严重的进行性心肌炎症和心肌纤维化[6],提示NPY 高表达可能是机体的一种反馈保护机制。因此深入探讨不同状态下 NPY 对心肌细胞的作用及相应机制具有重要意义。

  • 目前已发现的NPY作用受体有8种亚型。激活细胞表面不同亚型的受体可产生不同的生物学效应。Y1受体是心肌细胞表面主要的表达亚型。高血压大鼠心肌组织Y1受体表达增加,参与调节心肌细胞的能量生成[7]。NPY 通过Y1受体可促进内皮细胞和血管平滑肌细胞的增殖和迁移。然而NPY/ Y1受体信号转导是否参与β肾上腺素受体持续激活诱导心肌损伤目前尚未可知。经典 Wnt/β⁃catenin 信号通路在细胞生长、增殖、迁移以及凋亡等过程中扮演重要角色。糖尿病性心肌病中,心肌组织糖原合成酶激酶 3β(glycogen synthesis kinase3β,GSK3β) mRNA下降,p⁃GSK3β增加,诱导细胞质中β⁃catenin 入核,启动下游靶基因表达,导致细胞凋亡[8]。NPY 是否影响心肌细胞中经典Wnt信号通路未见相关报道。基于此,本研究建立异丙肾上腺素(isoprena⁃ line,ISO)诱导的小鼠心肌损伤模型和Y1受体特异性激活剂[Leu31,Pro34]⁃NPY 诱导的 H9C2 细胞模型,探讨 NPY/Y1 受体信号转导是否通过β⁃catenin 信号通路诱导心肌细胞损伤。

  • 1 材料和方法

  • 1.1 材料

  • C57BL/6J小鼠(6~8周龄)购自南京凯斯佳生物科技有限公司,动物实验符合3R原则(伦理批文编号:XMLL⁃2023⁃036),饲养于江苏医药职业学院实验动物中心,恒温(23 ± 1)℃,人工照明(白天/黑夜各12 h)。大鼠心肌细胞H9C2(上海中国科学院细胞库);L⁃DMEM、胎牛血清、0.25%胰酶(Hyclone 公司,美国);ISO(HY ⁃ B0468,Sigma 公司,美国); [Leu31,Pro34]⁃NPY(HY⁃P1323)、Y1受体特异性拮抗剂 BIBO3304(HY⁃107725)(MCE 公司,美国); β⁃catenin 特异性抑制剂 ICG001(SF6827,杭州碧云天公司);NPY 抗体[Neuropeptide Y(D7Y5A), 11976]、磷酸化糖原合成酶激酶⁃3β(phospho⁃glyco⁃ gen synthesis kinase3β,p ⁃ GSK3β)抗体[phospho ⁃ GSK3β(Ser9)(D85E12),5558]、总糖原合成酶激酶⁃ 3β(total glycogen synthesis kinase3β,t⁃GSK3β)抗体 [GSK3β(D5C5Z),12456]、active⁃β⁃catenin抗体[non ⁃phosph(Active)β⁃catenin(Ser45)(D2U8Y),19807] (CST 公司,美国);GAPDH 抗体(PB1034)、HRP 标记的抗兔 IgG(PA2202)(Proteinbio 公司,美国); Actin ⁃ Tracker Red ⁃ 555(微丝红色荧光探针) (C2203S,杭州碧云天公司);AF488标记的抗兔IgG (AB0141,Abways公司,美国);ECL显影液(Biosharp 公司,美国);TRIzol试剂(Invitrogen公司,美国);反转录试剂盒和qPCR mix(Vazyme公司,美国);CCK⁃8试剂(Glpbio公司,美国)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 实验动物分组

  • 4 周龄雄性小鼠随机分成4组,包括对照组、ISO 组、BIBO3304+ISO组、BIBO3304组,每组10只。对照组皮下注射生理盐水;ISO组皮下注射20 mg/(kg·d) ISO;BIBO3304+ ISO 组腹腔注射 0.1 mg/(kg · d) BIBO3304,30 min 后皮下注射 20 mg/(kg·d)ISO; BIBO3304 组腹腔注射 0.1 mg/(kg·d)BIBO3304,所有组连续给药14 d。

  • 1.2.2 HE和Masson染色

  • 收集各组小鼠心肌组织置于4%多聚甲醛中固定过夜,用梯度乙醇进行脱水处理、石蜡包埋、切片 (5 μm),最后置70℃烘箱烤片2.5 h,HE染色观察心肌纤维形态结构;Masson染色观察心肌纤维化程度。

  • 1.2.3 细胞培养

  • H9C2细胞接种于6孔培养板上,用含10%胎牛血清的L⁃DMEM培养24 h后,无血清L⁃DMEM饥饿处理过夜,用不同浓度(0、10、100 nmol/L)[Leu31, Pro34]⁃NPY处理细胞24 h或48 h后进行相应的实验。

  • 1.2.4 荧光定量PCR

  • TRIzol法提取细胞样品中的总RNA,采用反转录试剂合成 cDNA。Real⁃time RT⁃PCR 检测心肌组织中 NPY 和细胞中肥大基因心房钠尿肽(atrial na⁃ triuretic peptide,ANP)、β⁃肌球蛋白重链(β⁃myosin heavy chain,β⁃MHC)mRNA表达,以GAPDH作为内参。具体引物序列见表1。

  • 表1 PCR引物序列

  • Table1 PCR primer sequences

  • 1.2.5 Western blot检测蛋白表达

  • 心肌组织或细胞样品中加入 PIPA 裂解液(含 1 mmol/L 蛋白酶抑制剂和 1 mmol/L 磷酸化酶抑制剂)提取心肌或细胞的总蛋白。蛋白定量后与上样缓冲液混合,金属浴煮沸5 min变性,之后进行SDS⁃ PAGE电泳分离。快速湿转将蛋白转移到PVDF膜, 5%脱脂牛奶室温封闭1 h,加入一抗(NPY,1∶1 000 稀释;p⁃GSK3β,1∶1 000 稀释;t⁃GSK3β,1∶1 000 稀释;active β⁃catenin,1∶1 000稀释;GAPDH,1∶5 000稀释),4℃摇床孵育过夜。TBST 清洗 3 次,每次 10 min。之后加入HRP⁃标记的二抗(1∶5 000稀释) 室温孵育2 h,TBST 清洗3次,每次10 min。ECL 显影,Image J软件对蛋白灰度值进行定量分析。

  • 1.2.6 CCK⁃8法检测H9C2细胞活力

  • H9C2 细胞以 6×104 个/mL 接种至 96 孔培养板上,24 h后细胞饥饿过夜,分别加入不同浓度(0、10、 100 nmol/L)的[Leu31,Pro34]⁃NPY 处理细胞 48 h。之后向每孔中加入10 μL CCK⁃8工作液,37℃培养箱内孵育2 h。用酶标仪检测450 nm处每孔的吸光度值,并计算心肌细胞活力。

  • 1.2.7 免疫荧光染色

  • H9C2 细胞以 1×105 个/mL 密度接种至 24 孔板中,24 h 后细胞饥饿过夜。Y1 受体特异性拮抗剂 BIBO3304(1 μmol/L)或β⁃catenin特异性抑制剂ICG001 (1 μmol/L)预处理细胞 30 min 后,用 100 nmol/L [Leu31,Pro34]⁃NPY 处理细胞。4%多聚甲醛固定细胞,PBS清洗3次。0.2% TritonX⁃100处理30 min, PBS 清洗 3 次。3%BSA 封闭细胞 60 min,PBS 清洗3 次。细胞骨架染色:加入 Actin⁃Tracker Red⁃555 4℃过夜后滴加 DAPI 染细胞核 10 min,PBS 清洗 3 次,荧光显微镜观察拍照。β⁃catenin 入核检测:孵育β⁃catenin 一抗 4°C 过夜,PBS 清洗 3 次后加入 AF488 标记的抗兔二抗(1∶100 稀释),室温下孵育 2 h;滴加DAPI染细胞核10 min,PBS清洗3次,荧光显微镜观察拍照。采用 Image J 软件对细胞面积进行定量分析。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 数据结果采用GraphPad Prism 7软件进行处理。符合正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(x-±s)表示。两组间数据比较采用独立样本t检验;多组间数据比较采用单因素方差分析。两两比较采用SNK⁃q 检验,P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 ISO组小鼠心肌组织NPY水平增加

  • 与对照组相比,ISO组小鼠皮下注射20 mg/(kg·d) ISO 14 d 后,心肌组织中 NPY mRNA 和蛋白表达显著增加,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05,图1)。

  • 图1 小鼠心肌组织中NPY mRNA和蛋白表达

  • Figure1 Expression of NPY mRNA and protein in myo⁃ cardial tissue of mice

  • 2.2 BIBO3304缓解ISO诱导的心肌损伤和纤维化

  • 对照组小鼠皮下注射生理盐水2周后,心肌纤维没有出现明显损伤,心肌细胞排列整齐,纤维结构清晰,无明显纤维化。与对照组相比,ISO 组小鼠心肌组织 HE 染色出现明显的心肌细胞坏死、心肌细胞溶解;Masson 染色显示心肌组织胶原沉积明显增加,并向周围间质延伸。与 ISO 组相比, BIBO3304+ISO组心肌细胞损伤有所缓解,心肌组织胶原沉积明显减少。与对照组相比,BIBO3304组小鼠心肌纤维结构和心肌胶原沉积程度无明显改变 (图2A、B)。与对照组相比,ISO组小鼠心肌肥大基因 ANP、β⁃MHC mRNA 表达显著增加;与 ISO 组相比,BIBO3304+ISO组小鼠ANP、β⁃MHC mRNA表达降低(P <0.01)。与对照组相比,BIBO3304 组小鼠 ANP、β⁃MHC mRNA表达无明显变化(图2C、D)。

  • 2.3 [Leu31,Pro34]⁃NPY诱导H9C2心肌细胞损伤

  • 为探索NPY/Y1受体对心肌细胞的直接生物学效应,用不同浓度(0、10、100 nmol/L)的Y1受体特异性激活剂[Leu31,Pro34]⁃NPY处理H9C2细胞24 h,定量 PCR 结果显示心肌肥大基因 ANP、β⁃ MHC mRNA表达显著增加(P <0.01,图3A、B)。CCK⁃8 检测发现,[Leu31,Pro34]⁃NPY处理H9C2细胞48 h 后细胞活力明显下降(P <0.01),呈现剂量依赖效应(图3C)。

  • 2.4 BIBO3304 缓解 ISO 诱导激活的β⁃catenin 信号通路

  • 与对照组相比,ISO组p⁃GSK3β、active β⁃catenin 表达增加,p⁃GSK3β/t⁃GSK3β比值增加,提示β⁃catenin 信号通路激活。与 ISO 组相比,BIBO3304+ISO组 active β⁃catenin 和 p⁃GSK3β/t⁃GSK3β表达显著下降 (P <0.05)。BIBO3304 组与对照组相比,active β⁃ catenin和p⁃GSK3β/t⁃GSK3β表达差异无统计学意义 (图4)。

  • 2.5 [Leu31,Pro34]⁃NPY激活β⁃catenin信号通路

  • 与对照组相比,Y1受体激动剂[Leu31,Pro34]⁃ NPY 增加 active β⁃catenin、p⁃GSK3β表达,active β⁃ catenin/GAPDH、p ⁃ GSK3β/t ⁃ GSK3β比值增加(P <0.05,图5A~C),提示β⁃catenin信号通路激活。与对照组相比,[Leu31,Pro34]⁃NPY促进细胞核β⁃catenin 增加;与[Leu31,Pro34]⁃NPY 组相比,BIBO3304 抑制细胞核β⁃catenin积累(图5D)。

  • 2.6 抑制β⁃catenin 信号通路缓解[Leu31,Pro34]⁃ NPY诱导的H9C2细胞损伤

  • 与[Leu31,Pro34]⁃NPY 组相比,ICG001 显著抑制[Leu31,Pro34]⁃NPY 诱导的 H9C2 细胞心肌肥大基因 ANP、β⁃MHC mRNA 表达上升(P <0.05)和细胞面积增加(P <0.01),缓解心肌细胞活力下降 (P <0.01,图6)。

  • 图2 BIBO3304缓解ISO诱导的心肌损伤和纤维化

  • Figure2 BIBO3304 alleviated ISO⁃induced myocardial injury and fibrosis

  • 图3 [Leu31,Pro34]⁃NPY诱导H9C2细胞损伤

  • Figure3 [Leu31,Pro34]⁃NPY induced injury of H9C2 cells

  • 3 讨论

  • 本研究构建 ISO 诱导的小鼠心肌损伤模型和 [Leu31,Pro34]⁃NPY 诱导的 H9C2 细胞模型,探索NPY/Y1 受体信号转导在心肌损伤中的作用及机制。结果显示:ISO 诱导小鼠心肌组织 NPY mRNA 和蛋白表达增加、心肌细胞损伤和心肌纤维化,特异性拮抗Y1受体可有效缓解ISO诱导的心肌损伤、纤维化以及心肌肥大基因表达;体外实验证实特异性激活Y1受体增加心肌肥大基因表达和心肌细胞面积,降低心肌细胞活力。体内外实验均表明NPY 通过 Y1 受体转导可促进心肌细胞 GSK3β磷酸化,增加细胞内active β⁃catenin表达;拮抗Y1受体信号转导可有效抑制 ISO 诱导的心肌组织 p⁃GSK3β和 active β⁃catenin表达增加。[Leu31,Pro34]⁃NPY促进 H9C2细胞核β⁃catenin积累;BIBO3304抑制[Leu31, Pro34]⁃NPY诱导的细胞核β⁃catenin表达。β⁃catenin 转录激活的特异性抑制剂ICG001显著缓解[Leu31, Pro34]⁃NPY诱导的心肌细胞肥大和细胞活力下降。

  • 图4 BIBO3304抑制ISO诱导的β⁃catenin信号通路蛋白表达

  • Figure4 BIBO3304 inhibited ISO⁃induced protein expressions of β⁃catenin pathway

  • 图5 [Leu31,Pro34]⁃NPY激活H9C2细胞的β⁃catenin信号通路

  • Figure5 [Leu31,Pro34]⁃NPY activated the β⁃catenin pathway in H9C2 cells

  • 图6 ICG001缓解[Leu31,Pro34]⁃NPY诱导的H9C2细胞损伤

  • Figure6 ICG001 alleviated cell injury induced by[Leu31,Pro34]⁃NPY in H9C2 cells

  • NPY 是心肌组织中含量最丰富的神经肽类激素,参与多种心血管疾病如高血压、应激性心肌病、糖尿病性心肌病等的发生发展[9-10]。在生理或病理状态下,机体交感神经兴奋增强使得神经末梢NPY 分泌和释放增加,血清NPY 水平显著升高,进一步可促进血管收缩和心肌重构。此外,心肌内皮细胞、血小板、巨噬细胞等也可以合成和释放 NPY。一般认为,NPY在心肌组织中可发挥短时和长时两种效应。短时效应是NPY调节钙离子信号,影响心肌细胞兴奋收缩偶联;长时效应则是NPY作为一种细胞因子,调节心肌细胞肥大和凋亡等。前期研究发现,多种心血管疾病发生时血清和心肌组织中 NPY水平均显著增加。在体外培养的心肌细胞中, H2O2可直接诱导细胞内NPY表达增加,下调心肌细胞中NPY表达,显著缓解氧化应激导致的心肌细胞凋亡[5]。本研究通过皮下注射ISO构建小鼠心肌损伤模型,14 d后发现心肌组织NPY mRNA和蛋白的表达显著上升,提示在β肾上腺素受体持续激活诱导的心肌损伤过程中,NPY 的表达同样增加,与之前的研究结果一致。

  • NPY通过与细胞表面的Y受体特异性结合发挥生物学效应。NPY 及其受体的遗传多态性与心血管疾病的发病发展具有显著相关性[11-12]。然而关于 NPY 在心肌组织中的功能目前仍存在较大争议。研究发现,血清 NPY 水平与患者心肌肥厚程度呈正相关,是影响心力衰竭患者1年生存率的独立因素[13-14];NPY 敲除后,心肌缺血导致的心肌功能障碍、细胞凋亡等可有效缓解[5],提示NPY/Y受体介导了心肌肥大、细胞损伤和心肌功能障碍的发生发展。然而也有研究认为 NPY 增强巨噬细胞 p62/ SQSTM1依赖性自噬和核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor⁃erythroid 2 related factor 2,NRF2)介导的抗氧化信号通路[15]。此外NPY促进血管生成、减轻小鼠急性心梗后的心肌重塑、抑制心肌炎症和纤维化[6],提示 NPY 可能对心肌损伤有抑制作用。因此深入探讨心肌组织中 NPY/Y 受体信号转导对心血管疾病的预防和精准诊疗具有重要意义。

  • 目前已发现8种亚型的NPY作用受体,除了受体Y3外,其余亚型的受体均为G蛋白偶联受体。激活不同亚型的受体可以产生不同的生物学效应。 Y1受体是心肌细胞表达的主要亚型。短时效应方面,Y1受体激活后增加心肌细胞的正性收缩。阻断抑制NPY/Y1受体信号转导被认为是β受体阻滞剂治疗室性心律失常的一种有效辅助方式[16]。长时效应方面,NPY通过Y1受体可促进内皮细胞和血管平滑肌细胞的增殖和迁移[17]。在高血压大鼠模型中,心肌组织Y1受体mRNA和蛋白表达增加,参与调节心肌细胞的能量生成。NPY/Y1受体信号转导还介导了血管收缩效应和肺高血压[918]。本研究发现Y1受体特异性拮抗剂BIBO3304有效缓解了ISO诱导的小鼠心肌细胞排列紊乱、心肌纤维化及心肌肥大基因表达,提示NPY/Y1受体介导了ISO诱导的小鼠心肌损伤。此外,Y1受体特异性的激活剂[Leu31,Pro34]⁃ NPY 刺激 H9C2 细胞后,小鼠心肌细胞肥大基因 ANP、β⁃MHC mRNA表达增加,细胞面积增大,细胞活力显著下降,进一步证实了 NPY/Y1 受体信号转导对心肌细胞具有直接损伤效应。

  • β⁃catenin是经典Wnt信号通路的关键下游效应因子,参与心肌肥大、纤维化、心衰等多个过程的调节[19-20]。当 Wnt 信号通路激活后,GSK3β自身磷酸化水平增加,抑制 GSK3β对β⁃catenin 的磷酸化降解,最终导致细胞质内游离β⁃catenin 蛋白表达增加,β⁃catenin 转入细胞核,作为核转录辅因子调节下游靶基因的表达。GSK3β活性降低或 GSK3β缺陷型的小鼠心脏细胞分裂紊乱,可导致扩张性心肌病的发生[21]。此外,在心肌肥厚的大鼠心脏和肾脏中均发现了Wnt/β⁃catenin信号通路的激活,而阻断该信号通路可有效改善这两个组织的损伤[22]。本研究中在ISO组小鼠心肌组织和[Leu31,Pro34]⁃NPY处理的 H9C2 细胞中均发现了 p⁃GSK3β 和 active⁃ β⁃catenin 的高表达;BIBO3304 可抑制 ISO 诱导的 β⁃catenin 信号通路的激活;BIBO3304抑制[Leu31, Pro34]⁃NPY 诱导的β⁃catenin 入核;ICG001 有效改善[Leu31,Pro34]⁃NPY 诱导的心肌细胞肥大和细胞活力下降,提示 NPY/Y1 受体信号转导可能通过 β⁃catenin 信号通路介导了心肌细胞损伤和纤维化。前期研究发现,在压力超负荷引起的小鼠心肌肥厚模型中,心肌组织Wnt配体Wnt1、Wnt3a表达增加,同时β⁃catenin 水平上调,与心肌损伤和纤维化程度一致[22]。在心肌肥大和损伤过程中,高表达的 NPY是否通过调节心肌细胞中Wnt配体的表达亚型和表达水平影响GSK3β的磷酸化状态,导致Wnt信号通路激活,尚需进一步研究。

  • 综上所述,本研究认为在β肾上腺素受体持续激活诱导的心肌损伤过程中,NPY 合成和释放增加,其通过与Y1受体结合激活β⁃catenin信号通路; 增加的β⁃catenin转入细胞核,调节下游靶基因的表达,介导了心肌细胞损伤和纤维化(图7)。本研究只观察了NPY/Y1受体信号转导对心肌细胞中经典 Wnt信号通路核心因子β⁃catenin表达的影响,后续研究将基于NPY/Y1信号转导影响β⁃catenin的机制做进一步探讨,以期为以NPY为靶点的心血管疾病的精准预防和临床诊疗提供理论依据。

  • 图7 神经肽Y/Y1受体激活β⁃catenin信号通路介导心肌细胞损伤

  • Figure7 NPY/Y1 receptor activiation mediates cardio⁃ myocyte injury through β ⁃ catenin signaling pathway

  • 参考文献

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    • [16] HOANG J D,SALAVATIAN S,YAMAGUCHI N,et al.Cardiac sympathetic activation circumvents high⁃dose beta blocker therapy in part through release of neuropeptide Y [J].JCI Insight,2020,5(11):e135519

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  • 参考文献

    • [1] TARGHER G,COREY K E,BYRNE C D.NAFLD,and cardiovascular and cardiac diseases:factors influencing risk,prediction and treatment[J].Diabetes Metab,2021,47(2):101215

    • [2] 俞灏,周子皓,张南南,等.Bmal1调控T型钙离子通道对慢性心衰室性心律失常昼夜节律的影响[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2022,42(5):610-618

    • [3] GIBBS T,TAPOULAL N,SHANMUGANATHAN M,et al.Neuropeptide ⁃Y levels in ST ⁃segment ⁃elevation myo⁃ cardial infarction:relationship with coronary microvascu⁃ lar function,heart failure,and mortality[J].J Am Heart Assoc,2022,11(13):e024850

    • [4] WANG J H,HAO D,ZENG L F,et al.Neuropeptide Y mediates cardiac hypertrophy through microRNA ⁃ 216b/FoxO4 signaling pathway[J].Int J Med Sci,2021,18(1):18-28

    • [5] HUANG W,ZHANG Q H,QI H P,et al.Deletion of neu⁃ ropeptide Y attenuates cardiac dysfunction and apoptosis during acute myocardial infarction[J].Front Pharmacol,2019,10:1268

    • [6] QIN Y Y,HUANG X R,ZHANG J,et al.Neuropeptide Y attenuates cardiac remodeling and deterioration of func⁃ tion following myocardial infarction[J].Mol Ther,2022,30(2):881-897

    • [7] CHEN A L,LI W L,CHEN X Y,et al.Trimetazidine attenuates pressure overload⁃induced early cardiac energy dysfunction via regulation of neuropeptide Y system in a rat model of abdominal aortic constriction[J].BMC Car⁃ diovasc Disord,2016,16(1):225

    • [8] LIU J J,SHENTU L M,MA N,et al.Inhibition of NF⁃κB and Wnt/β ⁃ catenin/GSK3β signaling pathways amelio⁃ rates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis in strepto⁃ zotocin(STZ)⁃induced type 1 diabetic rats[J].Curr Med Sci,2020,40(1):35-47

    • [9] TAN C M J,GREEN P,TAPOULAL N,et al.The role of neuropeptide Y in cardiovascular health and disease[J].Front Physiol,2018,9:1281

    • [10] HU J,XU X H,ZUO Y Y,et al.NPY impairs cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential through Ca2+ and p38 signaling pathways in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes [J].J Cardiovasc Pharmacol,2017,70(1):52-59

    • [11] SHAH S H,FREEDMAN N J,ZHANG L S,et al.Neuro⁃ peptide Y gene polymorphisms confer risk of early ⁃onset atherosclerosis[J].PLoS Genet,2009,5(1):e1000318

    • [12] CHANG H A,FANG W H,CHANG T C,et al.Associa⁃ tion of neuropeptide Y promoter polymorphism(rs16147)with perceived stress and cardiac vagal outflow in humans [J].Sci Rep,2016,6:31683

    • [13] HERRING N,TAPOULAL N,KALLA M,et al.Neuropep⁃ tide ⁃Y causes coronary microvascular constriction and is associated with reduced ejection fraction following ST⁃ele⁃ vation myocardial infarction[J].Eur Heart J,2019,40(24):1920-1929

    • [14] MEDZIKOVIC L,VAN ROOMEN C,BAARTSCHEER A,et al.Nur77 protects against adverse cardiac remodelling by limiting neuropeptide Y signalling in the sympathoad⁃ renal ⁃cardiac axis[J].Cardiovasc Res,2018,114(12):1617-1628

    • [15] PROFUMO E,MAGGI E,ARESE M,et al.Neuropeptide Y promotes human M2 macrophage polarization and en⁃ hances p62/SQSTM1⁃dependent autophagy and NRF2 acti⁃ vation[J].Int J Mol Sci,2022,23(21):13009

    • [16] HOANG J D,SALAVATIAN S,YAMAGUCHI N,et al.Cardiac sympathetic activation circumvents high⁃dose beta blocker therapy in part through release of neuropeptide Y [J].JCI Insight,2020,5(11):e135519

    • [17] LIANG S Y,ZHOU Y L,SHU M Q,et al.Regulation of geminin by neuropeptide Y in vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation:a current review[J].Herz,2019,44(8):712-716

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