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通讯作者:

王文平,E-mail:xwjnyycsk@163.com

中图分类号:R540.45

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)03-380-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN230852

参考文献 1
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参考文献 2
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参考文献 8
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参考文献 9
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参考文献 10
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参考文献 11
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参考文献 12
ZHANG R,CUI C Y,WANG S J,et al.Interaction effect of hypertension and obesity on left atrial phasic function:a three ⁃ dimensional echocardiography study[J].Quant Imaging Med Surg,2023,13(7):4463-4474
参考文献 13
JAIN V,GHOSH R,GUPTA M,et al.Contemporary nar⁃ rative review on left atrial strain mechanics in echocar⁃ diography:cardiomyopathy,valvular heart disease and be⁃ yond[J].Cardiovasc Diagn Ther,2021,11(3):924-938
参考文献 14
CHIRINOS J A,SARDANA M,SATIJA V,et al.Effect of obesity on left atrial strain in persons aged 35 ⁃ 55 years(the asklepios study)[J].Am J Cardiol,2019,123(5):854-861
参考文献 15
ALONSO GÓMEZ A M,SIERRA L T,MORA N M,et al.Left atrial strain improves echocardiographic classifica⁃ tion of diastolic function in patients with metabolic syn⁃ drome and overweight ⁃ obesity[J].Int J Cardiol,2022,348:169-174
参考文献 16
THOMAS L,MURARU D,POPESCU B A,et al.Evalua⁃ tion of left atrial size and function:relevance for clinical practice[J].J Am Soc Echocardiogr,2020,33(8):934-952
参考文献 17
BRECHT A,OERTELT ⁃ PRIGIONE S,SEELAND U,et al.Left atrial function in preclinical diastolic dysfunction:two ⁃ dimensional speckle ⁃tracking echocardiography ⁃ de⁃ rived results from the BEFRI trial[J].J Am Soc Echocar⁃ diogr,2016,29(8):750-758
参考文献 18
MORRIS D A,BELYAVSKIY E,ARAVIND⁃KUMAR R,et al.Potential usefulness and clinical relevance of add⁃ ing left atrial strain to left atrial volume index in the detec⁃ tion of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction[J].JACC Car⁃ diovasc Imaging,2018,11(10):1405-1415
参考文献 19
HENNAWY B,EL KILANY W,GALAL H,et al.Role of speckle tracking echocardiography in detecting early left atrial dysfunction in hypertensive patients[J].Egypt Heart J,2018,70(3):217-223
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:联合应用二维斑点追踪技术(two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging,2D-STI)和实时三维超声心动图 (real-time three-dimensional echocardiography,RT-3DE)评估肥胖对原发性高血压患者左房功能的影响。方法:根据体重指数 (body mass index,BMI)将2022年4月—2023年7月在南京医科大学附属江宁医院确诊的132例原发性高血压患者及114例血压正常的健康对照分为6个亚组。利用2D-STI 联合RT-3DE技术获得左房纵向应变及机械功能指数,比较各组间左房功能差异。结果:与相同BMI 分类的健康对照组相比,高血压组左房储备期应变(left artial reservoir strain,LASr)、左房导管期应变 (left artial conduit strain,LAScd)均下降(P < 0.05);随BMI增加,高血压组LASr、LAScd、左房总排空分数(total left atrial ejection fraction,LAEFt)、左房被动排空分数(passive left atrial ejection fraction,LAEFp)、左房主动排空分数(active left a trial ejection fraction,LAEFa)均降低(P < 0.05),而左房收缩期应变(left artial contractile strain,LASct)无明显差异(P > 0.05)。多元线性回归显示BMI与高血压组LASr、LAScd、LAEFt、LAEFp、LAEFa均呈独立负相关(P < 0.05),而收缩压与高血压患者左房功能无明显相关(P > 0.05)。结论:高血压可引起左房功能受损,随着BMI的增加特别是合并肥胖后可在一定程度上进一步加重功能损伤。

    Abstract

    Objective:To evaluate the effect of obesity on left atrial function in patients with essential hypertension by using a combined approach of two - dimensional speckle tracking imaging(2D - STI)and real -time three - dimensional echocardiography(RT - 3DE). Methods:A total of 132 patients diagnosed with essential hypertension and 114 controls with normal blood pressure were enrolled from Jiangning Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University from April 2022 to July 2023. According to the body mass index(BMI),they were stratified into six subgroups. Left atrial longitudinal strain and mechanical function indices were obtained using the combined 2D-STI and RT-3DE techniques to compare differences in left atrial function among the groups. Results:Compared to the healthy control group with the same BMI category,the hypertension group showed a decrease in left atrial reservoir strain(LASr) and left atrial conduit strain(LAScd)(P < 0.05);As BMI increased,LASr,LAScd,total left atrial ejection fraction(LAEFt),passive left atrial positive ejection fraction(LAEFp),and active left atrial ejection fraction(LAEFa)decreased in hypertension patients(P < 0.05),while left atrial contractile strain(LASct)showed no significant difference(P > 0.05). Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that BMI was independently negatively correlated with LASr,LAScd,LAEFt,LAEFp and LAEFa in the hypertension group, respectively(P < 0.05),while systolic blood pressure showed no significant correlation with left atrial function in hypertensive patients (P > 0.05). Conclusion:Hypertension can lead to the impairment of left atrial function and with an increase in BMI,especially when combined with obesity,the damage to left atrial function may be further exacerbated to a certain extent.

  • 《中国心血管健康与疾病报告 2022 概要》显示,我国居民的超重率、肥胖率及高血压患病率总体均呈上升趋势[1],2018年我国成人高血压患者已达 2.45 亿,且《中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告 (2020年)》显示,我国超过一半成人超重/肥胖[2]。超重、肥胖、高血压均可增加心血管事件发生风险[3-4],且他们之间存在交互作用[5],高血压合并超重及肥胖可进一步增加心血管事件的发生风险。既往研究主要集中在高血压或肥胖单一因素对左室的影响,对左房的研究较少,对高血压合并肥胖后左房功能变化的报道则更为少见,本研究应用二维斑点追踪技术(two⁃dimensional speckle tracking imaging, 2D⁃STI)联合实时三维超声心动图(real⁃time three⁃ dimensional echocardiography,RT⁃3DE)评价肥胖对原发性高血压患者左房心肌纵向应变及机械功能影响。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 选择2022年4月—2023年7月在南京市江宁医院就诊的原发性高血压患者132例作为高血压组,其中男74例,女 58例。纳入标准:①高血压诊断符合《中国高血压防治指南(2018年修订版)》标准,近 1年血压稳定(非同日血压测量至少4次,每次收缩压/舒张压波动不超过10 mmHg,其中夏季和冬季各 1次);②窦性心律;③左室射血分数≥55%。选取同期 114 例门诊体检血压正常的人群作为健康对照组,其中男 61 例,女 53 例。参照《中国成人超重和肥胖症预防控制指南》将高血压组及健康对照组根据体重指数(body mass index,BMI)分为 6 个亚组:正常体重高血压组(46例)、超重高血压组(47例)、肥胖高血压组(39例)、正常体重对照组(45例)、单纯超重组(46 例)、单纯肥胖组(23 例)。18.5 kg/m2 ≤ BMI<24 kg/m2 为正常体重,24 kg/m2 ≤BMI<28 kg/m2 为超重,BMI≥28 kg/m2 为肥胖。

  • 排除标准:极低体重患者(BMI<18.5 kg/m2);近 1年血压波动大(非同日血压收缩压/舒张压波动差值 >10 mmHg);图像不清晰者;严重瓣膜病、原发性心肌病、冠心病、结构性心脏病、先天性心脏病、既往心脏手术、严重脏器衰竭、肿瘤、糖尿病、甲状腺功能异常等代谢性疾病者。本研究获得南京市江宁医院医学伦理委员会批准(编号:2022-03-020-K01),所有患者均知情同意。

  • 仪器:飞利浦EPIQ 7C彩超仪(飞利浦公司,美国),常规超声采用S5⁃1探头,三维超声采用X5⁃1容积探头。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 资料收集

  • 收集所有对象的一般资料,如性别、年龄、身高、体重、收缩压(systolic blood pressure,SBP)、舒张压(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)、高血压病程及家族史、高血压有无规范用药、体表面积(body surface area,BSA),其中血压测量取平静状态5~10 min后,坐位测收缩压、舒张压 3 次,每次间隔 1 min 以上,取平均值,3次收缩压和舒张压数值波动均不超过 10 mmHg。

  • 1.2.2 心超图像获取及数据分析

  • 患者采取左侧卧位,接心电导联。

  • 一般心脏参数测量:左室舒张末期内径(left ventricular end ⁃diastolic diameter,LVEDd)、左室舒张末期室间隔厚度(thickness of interventricular septum,IVS),左室后壁舒张末期厚度(thickness of left ventricular posterior wall,LVPW),左室射血分数 (left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF),计算左室壁相对室壁厚度(relative wall thickness,RWT):RWT= (IVS+LVPW)/LVEDd,左室质量分数(left ventricular mass index,LVMI)根据 Devereux 校正公式计算:左室质量(left ventricular mass,LVM)(g)=0.8 × 1.04 [(IVS+LVEDd+LVPW)3-LVEDd3 ]+0.6 g,LVMI(g/ m2)=LVM/BSA。

  • 2D⁃STI图像获取及数据测量:选取心内膜显示清晰的心尖四腔及二腔心切面,避免肺静脉及左心耳干扰,调节图像深度、增益、扇面大小等,显示完整的左房游离壁、房顶及房间隔后,让患者屏气分别留取4个心动周期的2D动态图像;图像拷贝至电脑后利用QLAB13.0软件AutoStrain LA 技术离线分析2D图像,软件自动识别并描记左房心内膜面,以左心室舒张末期为零应变参考,获得左房储备期应变(left artial strain in the reservoir phase,LASr)、左房导管期应变(left artial strain in the ductal phase, LAScd)、左房收缩期应变(left artial strain in the contraction phase,LASct)(图1)。

  • RT⁃3DE 图像获取及数据测量:在全容积成像模式下调整探头角度及深度、增益等,选择心内膜显示清晰的心尖四腔心切面,让患者屏气后留取 4 个心动周期的 3D 动态图像;利用 QLAB13.0 软件脱机分析,选择 3DQA 模式分析,获得左房时间 ⁃容积曲线,记录左房舒张末期容积(maximum left atrial volume,LAVmax)、左房最小容积(minimum left atrial volume,LAVmin)、左房收缩前容积(pre ⁃con⁃ traction left atrial volume,LAVpre),经 BSA 标准化后计算得到左房最大容积指数LAVImax,同时计算左房机械功能参数:左房储备功能,LAEFt=100%×(LAVmax-LAVmin)/LAVmax;左房管道功能,LAEFp=100% × (LAVmax-LAVpre)/LAVmax;左房辅泵功能,LAEFa= 100%×(LAVpre-LAVmin)/LAVpre(图2)。

  • 图1 2D⁃STI AutoStrain技术获取左房应变曲线

  • Figure1 The curve of LA strain formed by 2D⁃STI Auto⁃ Strain technology

  • 图2 RT⁃3DE技术获取左房时间⁃容积曲线

  • Figure2 The time⁃volume curve of left atrium formed by RT⁃3DE

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS 26.0软件对数据进行分析。计量资料首先进行数据的正态性检验(Shapiro⁃Wilk检验),符合正态分布的数据以均数±标准差(x-±s)表示,在多组之间比较采用单因素方差分析,组间两两比较采用Bonferroni事后分析;对于不符合正态分布的变量,采用中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示,多组之间比较采用Kruskal⁃Wallis检验,组间两两比较采用Bonferroni事后分析。计数资料采用例数和百分比表示,组间比较采用χ2 检验。采用多元线性回归分析左房功能指数与其他变量的相关性。P <0.05 为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 亚组间患者常规数据比较

  • 一般资料方面,相同BMI分类下的高血压组与健康对照组之间年龄、性别、BMI、BSA、心率(heart rate,HR)均无明显差异。高血压组患者的不同 BMI分类亚组间病程、有无规范用药及家族史均无显著差异。健康对照组与高血压组的不同 BMI 分类亚组间年龄、性别、HR 均无明显差异(P >0.05,表1)。

  • 左房构型方面,经BSA标准化后的LAVImax在相同BMI分类的高血压组与健康对照组之间、健康对照组与高血压组的不同 BMI 分类亚组间均无明显差异。

  • 左室构型及收缩功能方面,除 LVMI 在高血压组内随肥胖程度增加有统计学差异外,LVEF、RWT 在高血压组及健康对照组内均无明显差异。

  • 2.2 相同BMI分类下高血压对左房功能影响

  • 相同BMI分类下高血压组LASr、LAScd均明显低于健康对照组,而LASct无明显差异。在3个BMI 分类下高血压组与健康对照组左房机械指数均无明显差异(图3)。

  • 表1 亚组间常规数据比较

  • Table1 Comparison of conventional data of the study cohort

  • Compared with the normal weight group,* P <0.05;compared with the overweight group,# P <0.05;compared with the normal weight subgroup in healthy control group,P <0.05;compared with the overweight subgroup in healthy control group,P <0.05;compared with the obese subgroup in healthy control group,P <0.05.

  • 2.3 肥胖对高血压组左房功能影响

  • 高血压组中,随BMI增加,左房储备功能、导管期纵向应变及机械功能指数均呈下降趋势,LASct 无明显改变但LAEFa呈下降趋势;正常体重高血压组与超重高血压组间仅LAEFt差异有统计学意义,随BMI增加,肥胖高血压组与正常体重高血压组间 LASr、LAEFt、LAScd、LAEFp 及 LAEFa 差异均有统计学意义,LASct无明显差异(表2)。

  • 2.4 BMI与高血压患者左房功能相关性

  • 多元线性回归表明:在高血压患者中,BMI 与 LASr、LAEFt、LAScd、LAEFp、LAEFa 均呈独立负相关,与 LASct 无明显相关,年龄与 LASr、LAScd 呈独立负相关,SBP与左房各功能指标均无明显相关性 (表3)。

  • 3 讨论

  • 左房曾经是“被遗忘的腔室”,然而,近年诸多研究发现,左房构型及功能改变是冠心病、高血压等诸多心血管疾病的早期表现之一,与这类疾病的发生、发展及预后密切相关[6-8],准确、有效地评估左房功能对不良心血管事件的诊疗及预后具有重要意义[9-10]

  • 图3 相同BMI分类下高血压组与健康对照组左房功能对比

  • Figure3 The left atrial strain and mechanical function index between hypertension and healthy control group under the same BMI category

  • 表2 肥胖对高血压组左房功能影响

  • Table2 Effect of obesity on left atrial function in hypertension patients

  • Compared with the normal weight group,* P <0.05;compared with the overweight group,# P <0.05.

  • 本研究发现,相同BMI分类下高血压组与健康对照组相比,左房功能改变主要表现为 LASr 及 LAScd受损,提示左房心肌应变较机械排空分数更敏感地反映了高血压对左房功能的影响,既往研究也表明相比于左房容积及排空分数,左房应变更能敏感反映不同时期的左房功能[11],但本研究中高血压患者SBP与左房功能指标无明显相关,这可能与本研究高血压组大多都为1、2级高血压患者且大部分患者均服药治疗、血压控制平稳有关。

  • 已有研究证实,随着肥胖程度的加重,高血压患者左房受损程度逐渐加重[12],本研究中超重高血压患者与正常体重高血压患者间左房功能仅LAEFt 有显著差异,而肥胖高血压患者与正常体重高血压患者间除LASct外,左房功能指标均有显著差异,多元线性回归表明高血压患者 BMI 与 LASr、LAEFt、 LAScd、LAEFp、LAEFa 均独立负相关,进一步证实了肥胖对高血压患者左房功能的损害。研究表明,肥胖可引起后负荷增加、脂肪因子介导的炎症、交感神经激活、心外膜脂肪可能的旁分泌效应激发等[13-14],通过血流动力学改变及神经体液因素等多种病理生理过程共同作用[15],引起心肌纤维化、心肌初长度降低,肺静脉回流血量减少、心肌顺应性降低,左房储存功能下降,左房充盈压升高,左房血抽吸至左室血量减少,管道功能降低,早期心室舒张期也即心房收缩期左房辅泵功能可代偿增加,以维持左室舒张期血量,但随疾病进展和左室充盈压进一步升高,左房顺应性及心肌初长度进一步减低,左房主动收缩功能亦降低。

  • 表3 多元线性回归分析高血压患者左房功能与其他变量的相关性

  • Table3 Multivariate linear regression analysis of left atrial functions in all hypertension patients

  • 既往研究报道左房辅泵功能在高血压及肥胖早期不变或代偿性增加,而随着疾病进一步进展,辅泵功能下降[14-16]。本研究中高血压患者左房辅泵期排空分数随肥胖进展下降,但左房辅泵期纵向应变并无明显差异,这可能由于左房是由数层排列方向不同的心肌交错组成的不规则腔室,而本研究利用2D⁃STI 仅计算左房心肌二维纵向应变而未将周向及径向应变纳入观察,从而导致结果不一致,这也侧面说明2D⁃STI与RT⁃3DE联合应用的必要性。

  • 本研究显示,高血压患者除 LVMI 随 BMI 增加外,左房容积指数、RWT及LVEF随BMI增加并无明显差异,而左房功能均已发生变化,这进一步证实左房功能改变早于左房、左室构型及左室收缩功能改变,2D⁃STI联合RT⁃3DE可早期反映这一变化,与此前报道一致[1317-19]

  • 本研究不足之处:①研究对象为血压相对稳定的高血压患者,未将高血压节律异常、血压变异度及服用药物种类纳入研究;②本研究为横断面研究,未进行纵向随访探讨肥胖及血压动态变化对左房功能影响。

  • 综上所述,高血压患者出现左房功能受损,随着 BMI 的增加尤其是合并肥胖后其功能损伤可进一步加重,联合应用2D⁃STI与RT⁃3D技术可早期反映这一病理状态下左房功能的变化,为临床诊疗提供参考依据。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 中国心血管健康与疾病报告编写组.中国心血管健康与疾病报告2022概要[J].中国循环杂志,2023,38(6):583-612

    • [2] 中国超重/肥胖医学营养治疗指南(2021)[J].中国医学前沿杂志(电子版),2021,13(11):1-55

    • [3] TROMP J,MACDONALD M R,TAY W T,et al.Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in the young[J].Circulation,2018,138(24):2763-2773

    • [4] WAHAB A,DEY A K,BANDYOPADHYAY D,et al.Obesity,systemic hypertension,and pulmonary hyperten⁃ sion:a tale of three diseases[J].Curr Probl Cardiol,2021,46(3):100599

    • [5] KUWABARA M,KUWABARA R,NIWA K,et al.Differ⁃ ent risk for hypertension,diabetes,dyslipidemia,and hy⁃ peruricemia according to level of body mass index in Japa⁃ nese and American subjects[J].Nutrients,2018,10(8):1011

    • [6] CARLUCCIO E,BIAGIOLI P,MENGONI A,et al.Left atrial reservoir function and outcome in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction[J].Circ Cardiovasc Imaging,2018,11(11):e007696

    • [7] MALAGOLI A,ROSSI L,BURSI F,et al.Left atrial func⁃ tion predicts cardiovascular events in patients with chron⁃ ic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction[J].J Am Soc Echocardiogr,2019,32(2):248-256

    • [8] PETRE I,ONCIUL S,IANCOVICI S,et al.Left atrial strain for predicting atrial fibrillation onset in hyperten⁃ sive patients[J].High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev,2019,26(4):331-337

    • [9] MANCUSO F J N,MOISÉS V A,ALMEIDA D R,et al.Left atrial volume determinants in patients with non⁃isch⁃ emic dilated cardiomyopathy[J].Arq Bras Cardiol,2015,105(1):65-70

    • [10] ROZENBAUM Z,GRANOT Y,TURKELTAUB P,et al.Very small left atrial volume as a marker for mortality in patients undergoing nongated computed tomography pul⁃ monary angiography[J].Cardiology,2018,139(1):62-69

    • [11] FRYDAS A,MORRIS D A,BELYAVSKIY E,et al.Left atrial strain as sensitive marker of left ventricular diastol⁃ ic dysfunction in heart failure[J].ESC Heart Fail,2020,7(4):1956-1965

    • [12] ZHANG R,CUI C Y,WANG S J,et al.Interaction effect of hypertension and obesity on left atrial phasic function:a three ⁃ dimensional echocardiography study[J].Quant Imaging Med Surg,2023,13(7):4463-4474

    • [13] JAIN V,GHOSH R,GUPTA M,et al.Contemporary nar⁃ rative review on left atrial strain mechanics in echocar⁃ diography:cardiomyopathy,valvular heart disease and be⁃ yond[J].Cardiovasc Diagn Ther,2021,11(3):924-938

    • [14] CHIRINOS J A,SARDANA M,SATIJA V,et al.Effect of obesity on left atrial strain in persons aged 35 ⁃ 55 years(the asklepios study)[J].Am J Cardiol,2019,123(5):854-861

    • [15] ALONSO GÓMEZ A M,SIERRA L T,MORA N M,et al.Left atrial strain improves echocardiographic classifica⁃ tion of diastolic function in patients with metabolic syn⁃ drome and overweight ⁃ obesity[J].Int J Cardiol,2022,348:169-174

    • [16] THOMAS L,MURARU D,POPESCU B A,et al.Evalua⁃ tion of left atrial size and function:relevance for clinical practice[J].J Am Soc Echocardiogr,2020,33(8):934-952

    • [17] BRECHT A,OERTELT ⁃ PRIGIONE S,SEELAND U,et al.Left atrial function in preclinical diastolic dysfunction:two ⁃ dimensional speckle ⁃tracking echocardiography ⁃ de⁃ rived results from the BEFRI trial[J].J Am Soc Echocar⁃ diogr,2016,29(8):750-758

    • [18] MORRIS D A,BELYAVSKIY E,ARAVIND⁃KUMAR R,et al.Potential usefulness and clinical relevance of add⁃ ing left atrial strain to left atrial volume index in the detec⁃ tion of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction[J].JACC Car⁃ diovasc Imaging,2018,11(10):1405-1415

    • [19] HENNAWY B,EL KILANY W,GALAL H,et al.Role of speckle tracking echocardiography in detecting early left atrial dysfunction in hypertensive patients[J].Egypt Heart J,2018,70(3):217-223

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 中国心血管健康与疾病报告编写组.中国心血管健康与疾病报告2022概要[J].中国循环杂志,2023,38(6):583-612

    • [2] 中国超重/肥胖医学营养治疗指南(2021)[J].中国医学前沿杂志(电子版),2021,13(11):1-55

    • [3] TROMP J,MACDONALD M R,TAY W T,et al.Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in the young[J].Circulation,2018,138(24):2763-2773

    • [4] WAHAB A,DEY A K,BANDYOPADHYAY D,et al.Obesity,systemic hypertension,and pulmonary hyperten⁃ sion:a tale of three diseases[J].Curr Probl Cardiol,2021,46(3):100599

    • [5] KUWABARA M,KUWABARA R,NIWA K,et al.Differ⁃ ent risk for hypertension,diabetes,dyslipidemia,and hy⁃ peruricemia according to level of body mass index in Japa⁃ nese and American subjects[J].Nutrients,2018,10(8):1011

    • [6] CARLUCCIO E,BIAGIOLI P,MENGONI A,et al.Left atrial reservoir function and outcome in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction[J].Circ Cardiovasc Imaging,2018,11(11):e007696

    • [7] MALAGOLI A,ROSSI L,BURSI F,et al.Left atrial func⁃ tion predicts cardiovascular events in patients with chron⁃ ic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction[J].J Am Soc Echocardiogr,2019,32(2):248-256

    • [8] PETRE I,ONCIUL S,IANCOVICI S,et al.Left atrial strain for predicting atrial fibrillation onset in hyperten⁃ sive patients[J].High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev,2019,26(4):331-337

    • [9] MANCUSO F J N,MOISÉS V A,ALMEIDA D R,et al.Left atrial volume determinants in patients with non⁃isch⁃ emic dilated cardiomyopathy[J].Arq Bras Cardiol,2015,105(1):65-70

    • [10] ROZENBAUM Z,GRANOT Y,TURKELTAUB P,et al.Very small left atrial volume as a marker for mortality in patients undergoing nongated computed tomography pul⁃ monary angiography[J].Cardiology,2018,139(1):62-69

    • [11] FRYDAS A,MORRIS D A,BELYAVSKIY E,et al.Left atrial strain as sensitive marker of left ventricular diastol⁃ ic dysfunction in heart failure[J].ESC Heart Fail,2020,7(4):1956-1965

    • [12] ZHANG R,CUI C Y,WANG S J,et al.Interaction effect of hypertension and obesity on left atrial phasic function:a three ⁃ dimensional echocardiography study[J].Quant Imaging Med Surg,2023,13(7):4463-4474

    • [13] JAIN V,GHOSH R,GUPTA M,et al.Contemporary nar⁃ rative review on left atrial strain mechanics in echocar⁃ diography:cardiomyopathy,valvular heart disease and be⁃ yond[J].Cardiovasc Diagn Ther,2021,11(3):924-938

    • [14] CHIRINOS J A,SARDANA M,SATIJA V,et al.Effect of obesity on left atrial strain in persons aged 35 ⁃ 55 years(the asklepios study)[J].Am J Cardiol,2019,123(5):854-861

    • [15] ALONSO GÓMEZ A M,SIERRA L T,MORA N M,et al.Left atrial strain improves echocardiographic classifica⁃ tion of diastolic function in patients with metabolic syn⁃ drome and overweight ⁃ obesity[J].Int J Cardiol,2022,348:169-174

    • [16] THOMAS L,MURARU D,POPESCU B A,et al.Evalua⁃ tion of left atrial size and function:relevance for clinical practice[J].J Am Soc Echocardiogr,2020,33(8):934-952

    • [17] BRECHT A,OERTELT ⁃ PRIGIONE S,SEELAND U,et al.Left atrial function in preclinical diastolic dysfunction:two ⁃ dimensional speckle ⁃tracking echocardiography ⁃ de⁃ rived results from the BEFRI trial[J].J Am Soc Echocar⁃ diogr,2016,29(8):750-758

    • [18] MORRIS D A,BELYAVSKIY E,ARAVIND⁃KUMAR R,et al.Potential usefulness and clinical relevance of add⁃ ing left atrial strain to left atrial volume index in the detec⁃ tion of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction[J].JACC Car⁃ diovasc Imaging,2018,11(10):1405-1415

    • [19] HENNAWY B,EL KILANY W,GALAL H,et al.Role of speckle tracking echocardiography in detecting early left atrial dysfunction in hypertensive patients[J].Egypt Heart J,2018,70(3):217-223

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