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通讯作者:

刘鸣,E-mail:liuming@njucm.edu.cn

中图分类号:R540.45;R540.48

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)04-491-09

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN231096

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参考文献 12
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参考文献 16
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参考文献 17
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参考文献 18
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参考文献 19
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参考文献 23
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:在江苏丹阳社区人群中探讨颈动脉内中膜厚度(carotid intima-media thickness,cIMT)与亚临床左心室功能的关系。方法:研究对象为2021年在江苏省丹阳市车站社区招募的受试者。使用GE Vivid E90超声仪测量分析cIMT;二维斑点追踪技术采集左心室整体纵向应变(left ventricular global longitudinal strain,LVGLS)作为评估亚临床收缩功能的指标,二尖瓣口血流频谱和组织多普勒成像采集e’和E/e’比值作为评估亚临床舒张功能的指标。结果:研究共计纳入561例,年龄 (58.2±11.7)岁,其中女339例(60.4%)。首先使用三分位法将cIMT作为分类变量分析,在单因素分析中,除了左心室射血分数外,LVGLS,E/A和e’均随着cIMT三分位数从低到高下降,而E/e’比值随着cIMT三分位数从低到高增加(均Ptrend ≤ 0.002)。然而,进一步进行多因素校正分析后,只有LVGLS仍随着cIMT三分位数从低到高下降(P < 0.05)。进一步将cIMT自然对数转换后进行连续变量分析,结果与分类变量分析结果类似,仅有LVGLS与cIMT显著负相关(r=-0.087,P=0.041);并且在回归分析中也发现了类似的结果(β=-1.12,P=0.041)。结论:在江苏丹阳社区人群中,cIMT增厚与GLS减低独立相关。

    Abstract

    Objective:To explore the relationship between carotid intima -media thickness(cIMT)and subclinical left ventricular function in population of Danyang community. Methods:The study subjects were recruited in 2021 from the Station Community of Danyang City,Jiangsu Province. cIMT was measured and analyzed by GE Vivid E90 ultrasound instrument. Two - dimensional(2D) speckle tracking technology was used to collect left ventricular global longitudinal strain(LVGLS)of the left ventricle as an indicator for assessing subclinical systolic function. The e’and E/e’ratio were obtained from mitral valve blood flow spectra and tissue Doppler imaging,serving as indicators for evaluating subclinical diastolic function. Results:A total of 561 participants with an average age of (58.2 ± 11.7)years were enrolled,among whom 339(60.4% )were females. Using tertiles of cIMT as a categorical variable,in univariate analysis,LVGLS,E/A ratio,and e’decreased as cIMT tertiles increased,while the E/e’ratio increased(all Ptrend ≤ 0.002), except for left ventricular ejection fraction. However,after further multivariate adjustment,only LVGLS continued to decrease with increasing cIMT tertiles(P < 0.05). Continuous variable analysis after natural logarithm transformation of cIMT yielded results similar to categorical variable analysis,with only LVGLS showing a significant negative correlation with cIMT(r=- 0.087,P=0.041),and similar findings were observed in regression analysis(β =- 1.12,P=0.041). Conclusion:In the Danyang community population in Jiangsu,increased cIMT is independently correlated with decreased GLS.

  • 心力衰竭(heart failure,HF)[1] 是多种病因导致的心脏功能损害的终末阶段,作为一个严重的、快速增长的公共卫生问题,全球约超过 3 370 万人患病,并且因心力衰竭症状,如呼吸困难、疲劳、运动耐量下降等,导致患者生活质量严重下降或病死率增高。根据2020中国心力衰竭医疗质量控制报告表明,心力衰竭患者平均年龄在67岁,男性占比 60.8%,心衰住院患者的病死率为 2.8%[2]。由此可见,对于心衰的早期预防尤为重要。利用二维斑点追踪技术采集的左心室整体纵向应变(left ven⁃ tricular global longitudinal strain,LVGLS)是 HF 的早期敏感指标[3],即使在左心室射血分数(left ven⁃ tricular ejection fraction,LVEF)正常的情况下也可以发现早期的心脏功能障碍[4-5],相比于 LVEF, LVGLS 对 HF 的风险预测价值更高(HR:3.51 vs.2.39)[6]。同样,利用组织多普勒技术测量的二尖瓣环舒张早期血流速度和舒张早期峰值流速,相比传统的舒张功能指标,可以发现早期的舒张功能下降[7]

  • 动脉粥样硬化是 HF 的主要危险因素,因此对于动脉粥样硬化的防治是预防HF发生发展的重要治疗原则。目前可以通过无创、敏感、可重复的颈动脉B超测量颈动脉内中膜厚度(carotid intima⁃media thickness,cIMT)实现对动脉粥样硬化的评估[8]。研究表明,cIMT 是 HF 发生的独立危险因素,cIMT 每增加1 mm,HF的发病风险增加20%(HR=1.20),并且独立于传统的心血管危险因素和生物标志物[9]; 同时,cIMT也可用于识别亚临床血管疾病和评估心血管事件风险[10]。目前临床实践中常用的生物标志物众多,如B型钠尿肽(B⁃type natriuretic peptide, BNP)[11]、N 末端 B 型利钠肽前体(N⁃terminal⁃proB⁃ type natriuretic peptide,NT⁃proBNP)[11]、半乳糖素⁃3 (galectin⁃3,Gla⁃3)[12] 及肌钙蛋白T(cardiac troponins T,cTNT)[13]、肌钙蛋白Ⅰ(cardiac troponins Ⅰ,cTNI)[13] 等,这些生物标志物均与HF的发生发展相关,均对 HF具有较好的预测价值,同时BNP和NT⁃proBNP还是诊断 HF 的金标准[11]。然而,目前尚无 cIMT 与 BNP及NT⁃proBNP对于HF预测价值的对比研究,且这些生物标志物的检测较为复杂,需要专业的实验室及仪器分析现场检测,在基于自然人群的流行病学研究中的应用相比于简便无创的B超优势不足。

  • 然而,cIMT与亚临床左心室收缩和舒张功能的关系尚不完全清楚。因此,本研究旨在江苏丹阳车站社区自然人群中,探讨cIMT与亚临床左心室功能的关系。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 本研究是基于“丹阳研究”的一个横断面研究。“丹阳研究”是本团队在江苏省丹阳市车站社区正在开展的一个基于自然人群的高血压及相关心血管疾病的流行病学研究[14-15]。研究纳入标准:①丹阳车站社区常驻居民;②年龄至少18岁,男女不限; ③有正常表达能力,并签署知情同意书。排除标准:①合并严重心血管疾病或3个月内有脑卒中病史;②合并自身免疫系统疾病、精神疾病或恶性肿瘤;③预期寿命低于5年;④近3个月内有严重感染性疾病。南京中医药大学附属医院(江苏省中医院)伦理委员会同意本研究方案(2017NL⁃045⁃02),所有受试者均签署知情同意书。

  • 本研究采用“丹阳研究”在2021年10月对2018年募集的受试者进行随访的人群(n=750),样本量根据公式(1)计算:

  • n=δα/22π(1-π)δ2
    (1)
  • 根据 2010 年中国 30~79 岁人群中颈动脉斑块的患病率为 20.15%计算[16],设双侧α=0.05,容许误差为 3.5%,计算样本量为 505 例,考虑到失访率 20%,至少需要调查 631 例。本研究纳入随访人群共计 750 例,满足横断面研究所需的最小样本量。在排除颈动脉超声图像缺失(n=109)及超声心动图图像质量欠佳或缺失的人群后(n=80),最终纳入本研究进行统计分析的样本量为561例。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 一般资料采集

  • 个人基本资料包括姓名、性别、出生日期、身高、体重、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、个人史 (包括吸烟史、饮酒史、疾病史及目前服用药物治疗情况)等。高血压定义为收缩压≥140 mmHg和/或舒张压≥90 mmHg,或目前正在服用降压药物;糖尿病定义为空腹血糖≥7.0 mmol/L和/或正在使用降糖药物;高脂血症定义为总胆固醇≥6.2 mmol/L或低密度脂蛋白胆固醇≥4.1 mmol/L或甘油三酯≥2.3 mmol/L 或高密度脂蛋白胆固醇<1.0 mmol/L和/或正在使用降脂药物。

  • 1.2.2 生化指标采集

  • 嘱受试者禁食禁水 8 h 以上,次日清晨经肘静脉采血约 10 mL,并在 4℃条件下由离心机转速 1 000 r/min 分离血样本,离心后血清置于-20℃保存,避免反复冻融,送至检验科测定常规生化指标,包括总胆固醇、甘油三酯、空腹血糖、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、血清肌酐等,并根据CKD⁃EPI(chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration)方程估算肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)[17]

  • 1.2.3 颈动脉超声指标采集

  • 根据指南推荐的方法[9] 进行 cIMT 的采集。受试者平静休息3~5 min,取平卧位,将头部转向非检测方向,充分暴露颈部,由1名经验丰富的超声医学科医师使用GE Vivid E90超声仪对双侧颈动脉进行数据采集。高频线阵探头轻置于甲状腺横切面水平,自颈总动脉近段扫查至分叉处远段4~6 cm处,二维灰阶模式下定格最清晰的1帧图像,测量颈总动脉远段测量内膜上缘至外膜上缘的垂直距离,即为 cIMT。测量双侧cIMT,取平均值进行统计分析。

  • 1.2.4 超声心动图指标的采集

  • 由专业的心脏超声医师根据标准化方案使用飞利浦CX⁃50型心脏彩色多普勒超声仪(Philips 公司,美国)对受试者进行超声心动图指标的采集。根据指南推荐方法[18] 采集收缩功能指标,包括 LVEF 及 LVGLS。使用改良 Simpson 法测量 LVEF。采集左心内膜最清晰的一帧图像,使用软件(QLAB⁃9, Philips公司,美国)进行离线斑点追踪分析,得出左心室前壁、前间隔、后间隔、下壁、后壁、侧壁,按照基底部、中间部、心尖部分及心尖帽共17个室壁节段应变,由系统自动获取 LVGLS,为了便于展示及分析,LVGLS 采用绝对值形式表示,其绝对值越低代表左室收缩功能减退。同样,根据现行指南推荐进行舒张功能指标的采集[19],在心尖四腔心切面获取二尖瓣舒张期血流,脉冲多普勒技术测量并记录舒张早期峰值流速(E)和舒张晚期峰值流速(A),得到E/A比值;组织多普勒技术测量二尖瓣环舒张早期血流速度(e’),并计算E/e’。亚临床左心室收缩和舒张功能的评估指标[20] 包括LVGLS、e’和E/e’。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 使用SAS 9.4软件和R version 4.2.2(http://www. R⁃project.org)对数据进行管理和分析。符合正态分布的连续性变量用均数±标准差(x-±s)表示,非正态分布变量用中位数(四分位)[MP25P75)]表示,分类变量以频数(百分比)表示。因为cIMT呈偏态分布,首先以cIMT三分位数进行分类分析,并对研究人群的基线特征及超声心动图参数使用单因素方差分析、秩和检验、卡方检验比较组间差异。对于分类变量的分析,使用未校正协变量的单因素方差分析和校正协变量的协方差分析探讨超声心动图参数在cIMT3组间的差异。此外,利用线性回归模型探讨超声心动图参数随着cIMT三分位数从低到高的变化趋势。其中模型1为单因素分析;模型2校正了年龄、BMI、性别、吸烟史、饮酒史;模型3在模型2 的基础上校正了收缩压、空腹血糖、心率、eGFR、总胆固醇与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇比值。接着,将cIMT 进行自然对数转化,使其作为一个连续型变量进行未校正和校正的相关性分析以及线性回归模型分析,进一步检验其与左心室收缩功能(LVEF、 LVGLS)与舒张功能(E/A、e’、E/e’比值)的关系。本研究为双侧检验,P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 研究人群的基本特征

  • 研究共计纳入561例,年龄(58.2±11.7)岁,其中女 339 例(60.4%)。根据三分位法对 cIMT 进行分层后,最低、中间、最高三分位数组分别有 203 例、 199 例、159 例,cIMT 的范围分别为:≤ 0.65 mm、 >0.65~0.80 mm、>0.80 mm。表1总结了受试者基于 cIMT三分位数分层的基本特征。cIMT最高三分位数组人群平均年龄较高,且心血管危险因素较多,如吸烟史、饮酒史、糖尿病(较高的空腹血糖)、高血压(较高的收缩压)及高脂血症,血清肌酐及 eGFR 也较高(Ptrend <0.01)。相比最低三分位数组人群, cIMT 最高三分位数组人群 LVGLS 较低(19.8% ± 2.8% vs.20.5%±2.0%,P=0.002),且左心室舒张功能(E/A和e’较低,E/e’较高)更差(Ptrend <0.01)。

  • 2.2 分类变量分析cIMT与左心室收缩及舒张功能的关系

  • 使用三分位法将cIMT作为分类变量分析,在单因素分析中,除 LVEF 外,LVGLS,E/A 和 e’均随着 cIMT三分位数从低到高下降,而E/e’比值随着 cIMT 三分位数从低到高增加(均Ptrend ≤ 0.002,表1)。在多因素分析进一步校正年龄、BMI、性别、吸烟史、饮酒史、收缩压、血糖、心率、eGFR及总胆固醇高密度脂蛋白胆固醇比值后,只有 LVGLS 仍随着 cIMT 三分位数从低到高下降(P <0.05)。这表明 cIMT 的增厚与早期左心室收缩功能下降独立相关(表2)。

  • 2.3 连续变量分析cIMT与左心室收缩及舒张功能的关系

  • 将cIMT自然对数转换后进行连续性分析,结果与分类变量分析类似。在未校正的模型1中,cIMT 与 LVGLS、E/A、e’、E/e’显著相关(P <0.01,图1)。但是在进一步校正混杂因素后,仅有 LVGLS 与 cIMT 显著负相关(r=-0.087,P=0.041,表3);并且在回归分析中也发现了对数转化后的cIMT每增加 1 mm,则LVGLS的绝对值平均降低1.12%(β=-1.12, P=0.041,表4)。无论将 cIMT 作为分类变量还是连续变量,都表明了 cIMT 增厚与 LVGLS 下降独立相关。

  • 表1 表1 cIMT分层的研究人群基本特征

  • Table1 Baseline characteristics of the study population stratified by cIMT levels

  • HDL:high⁃density lipoprotein;E:the early diastolic peak flow;A:the atrial peak flow;e’:mitral annular early diastolic velocities. Compared with the Tertile 1 group,* P <0.05,**P <0.01,***P <0.001.

  • 表2 cIMT三分位数分组与左心室收缩及舒张功能的关系

  • Table2 Relationship between cIMT tertiles and left ventricular systolic and diastolic function

  • Model 1 is unadjusted. Model 2 is adjusted for age,body mass index,sex,current smoking,alcohol intake. Model 3 is additionally adjusted for all covariates from model 2 plus systolic blood pressure,fasting plasma glucose,heart rate,eGFR and total cholesterol HDL ⁃cholesterol ratio. Compared with the Tertile 1 group,* P <0.05;**P <0.01;***P <0.001.

  • 3 讨论

  • 在江苏丹阳社区人群中,cIMT增厚与GLS减低独立相关,并且在校正了相关混杂因素后,这种相关性仍然存在。本研究是国内首次在较大样本量基础上探讨cIMT与亚临床左心室收缩功能的关系,并且发现增厚的cIMT与LVGLS减低显著相关。

  • cIMT作为动脉粥样硬化的替代指标,与 HF 的发生发展相关。流行病学研究发现,cIMT 每增加 1 mm,HF的发病风险增加20%。在多因素分析中,与最低四分位数相比,cIMT 最高四分位数组 (cIMT >0.79 mm)HF 的发生风险最高(HR=1.60, 95%CI:1.37~1.87)[9]。此外,通过cIMT识别晚期亚临床动脉粥样硬化的个体可以提高对心血管疾病的风险评估价值,在心血管病中高危患者中可以改善风险分类[21]

  • 目前关于cIMT与亚临床左心室收缩及舒张功能下降的研究尚少。MESA研究探讨了早期动脉粥样硬化与早期心肌功能障碍的关系,研究发现在校正了混杂因素后,cIMT的升高与心肌前壁(β=0.18, 95%CI:0.03~0.32)、前间壁(β=0.18,95%CI:0.04~0.32)、侧壁(β=0.15,95%CI:0.02~0.28)收缩期环向应变下降相关(P <0.05)[22]。Nakanishi等[23] 在使用超声心动图二维斑点追踪测量 GLS 的研究中发现,在 cIMT最高四分位数组(cIMT ≥ 1.15 mm)中LVGLS异常(LVGLS绝对值<18.6%)的发生率最高,在多因素回归分析中发现cIMT与LVGLS独立相关(OR=1.33, 95%CI:1.11~1.60,P=0.003)。本研究也发现无论是将cIMT作为分类变量或连续变量,都与LVGLS的减低显著相关,与上述2项研究结果类似。

  • Vriz 等[24] 在没有心血管疾病的受试者中探讨 cIMT 与亚临床舒张功能的关系,研究发现在校正了年龄、性别、脉压及BMI后,cIMT与E/A比值无关 (r=0.14,P=0.25)。这与本研究结果类似。而在另一项基于性别差异开展的cIMT与舒张功能的研究发现,在单因素分析中,cIMT 增厚与 E/A 减退相关 (男性 OR=3.02,95%CI:1.67~5.44,P <0.001;女性 OR=6.00,95%CI:3.20~11.25,P <0.001),而在校正混杂因素后,这种相关性仅在女性中存在(OR=3.22, 95%CI:1.31~7.95,P=0.01)。本研究在单因素分析中也发现增厚的cIMT与E/A比值减低相关,但是将性别作为混杂因素进行校正后,这种相关性不存在。可能与样本量相对较小,没有足够的统计学效能发现性别依赖的相关。当然,除了E/A,本研究还进一步评估了E/e’和e’与cIMT的关系,也未观察到显著相关。他们的研究将E/A作为二分类变量进行逻辑回归,而不是作为连续性变量进行线性回归或者相关分析。

  • 图1 对数转化后的cIMT(lncIMT)与左心室收缩及舒张功能的相关关系

  • Figure1 Relationship between natural log⁃transformed cIMT(lncIMT)and left ventricular systolic and diastolic function

  • 表3 对数转化后的cIMT与左心室收缩及舒张功能的相关关系

  • Table3 Relationship between natural log⁃transformed cIMT and left ventricular systolic and diastolic function

  • lncIMT is the natural log⁃transformed carotid intima⁃media thickness of the carotid artery. The correlation between LVEF,GLS,E/A ratio,e’and E/e’ ratio and log⁃transformed cIMT was analyzed,and the r⁃coefficient represented the correlation between lncIMT and LVEF,GLS,E/A ratio,e’and E/e’ ratio. Model 1 is an unadjusted and Pearson correlation analysis is used. Model 2 is adjusted for age,body mass index,sex,current smoking,alcohol intake. Model 3 is additionally adjusted for all covariates from model 2 plus systolic blood pressure,fasting plasma glucose,heart rate,eGFR and total cholesterol HDL⁃cholesterol ratio. Models 2 and Model 3 all use partial correlation analysis.

  • 表4 对数转化后的cIMT(lncIMT)与左心室收缩及舒张功能的关系

  • Table4 Relationship between natural log⁃transformed cIMT(lncIMT)and left ventricular systolic and diastolic function

  • The model used LVEF,GLS,E/A ratio,e’and E/e’ratio as the dependent variables,and cIMT as the independent variables. The β coefficient rep⁃ resents the change in LVEF,GLS,E/A ratio,e’,and E/e’ratio for every 2.72 mm increase in cIMT. Model 1 is unadjusted. Model 2 is adjusted for age, body mass index,sex,current smoking,alcohol intake. Model 3 is additionally adjusted for all covariates from model 2 plus systolic blood pressure,fast⁃ ing plasma glucose,heart rate,eGFR and total cholesterol HDL⁃cholesterol ratio.

  • cIMT 增厚与 GLS 下降的内在机制目前尚不完全清楚,本研究认为可能与以下病理生理学机制有关。第一,与动脉粥样硬化导致的慢性炎症过程有关[26]。炎症反应在血管内膜中引发了巨噬细胞和T 细胞的聚集和浸润,这些细胞会释放大量炎症介质,如IL⁃6、TNF⁃α等[27]。这些炎症介质可以直接影响心脏组织,导致心肌细胞功能逐渐改变。在大鼠动物模型中发现连续输注TNF⁃α会导致大鼠左心室功能随时间变化、心肌细胞缩短及左心室扩大[28]。第二,与动脉顺应性下降有关[29]。cIMT的增厚会导致动脉壁的改变,包括胶原沉积、钙化和平滑肌细胞的异常增殖[30]。这些结构改变降低了动脉的弹性和顺应性,使其失去了正常的扩张和收缩能力。这种动脉顺应性下降可能影响心脏的前负荷和后负荷,进而影响了心脏的收缩和舒张功能。因此, cIMT 增厚引起的动脉壁的生物学改变可能与 LVGLS的下降相关,这种改变可能发生在全身动脉系统,并最终引起左心室功能下降。

  • 本研究的优点有以下几点:首先,本研究在相对较大样本的江苏丹阳社区自然人群中发现cIMT增厚与亚临床左心室收缩功能降低独立相关,研究结果具有一定的可推广性;其次,本研究的发现可以为早期预防 HF 提供基础。当然,本研究也有不足之处,首先,本研究为横断面研究,无法阐明cIMT 增厚与LVGLS降低之间的因果关系,这将在未来的前瞻性研究中进一步阐明;再次,本研究仅在丹阳社区开展,具有地域局限性,仍需要开展多中心的流行病学研究进一步验证本结论;另外,本研究中 cIMT测量受现有设备分辨率所限,相对不够精准,未来拟投入新设备进行更精确地评估;最后,关于 cIMT与舒张功能的关系还需要进一步扩大样本量,在后续的前瞻性队列研究中进一步阐明。

  • 综上所述,本研究发现cIMT增厚与亚临床左心室功能减退独立相关,其可能为HF的早期预防提供新的诊治思路。在未来的研究中,将进一步开展前瞻性研究,阐明cIMT增厚与LVGLS降低的因果关系,从而为抗动脉粥样硬化预防HF提供科学依据。

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  • 参考文献

    • [1] ZIAEIAN B,FONAROW G C.Epidemiology and aetiolo⁃ gy of heart failure[J].Nat Rev Cardiol,2016,13(6):368-378

    • [2] 国家心血管病医疗质量控制中心专家委员会心力衰竭专家工作组.2020中国心力衰竭医疗质量控制报告[J].中国循环杂志,2021,36(3):221-238

    • [3] STANTON T,LEANO R,MARWICK T H.Prediction of all ⁃ cause mortality from global longitudinal speckle strain:comparison with ejection fraction and wall motion scoring[J].Circ Cardiovasc Imaging,2009,2(5):356-364

    • [4] MONDILLO S,GALDERISI M,MELE D,et al.Speckle ⁃tracking echocardiography:a new technique for assessing myocardial function[J].J Ultrasound Med,2011,30(1):71-83

    • [5] EDVARDSEN T,HELLE⁃VALLE T,SMISETH O A.Sys⁃ tolic dysfunction in heart failure with normal ejection frac⁃ tion:speckle⁃tracking echocardiography[J].Prog Cardio⁃ vasc Dis,2006,49(3):207-214

    • [6] RUSSO C,JIN Z,ELKIND M S,et al.Prevalence and prognostic value of subclinical left ventricular systolic dysfunction by global longitudinal strain in a community⁃ based cohort[J].Eur J Heart Fail,2014,16(12):1301-1309

    • [7] PONIKOWSKI P,VOORS A A,ANKER S D,et al.2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure:the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the Eu⁃ ropean Society of Cardiology(ESC)developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association(HFA)of the ESC[J].Eur Heart J,2016,37(27):2129-2200

    • [8] LORENZ M W,MARKUS H S,BOTS M L,et al.Predic⁃ tion of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima ⁃ media thickness:a systematic review and meta ⁃ analysis [J].Circulation,2007,115(4):459-467

    • [9] EFFOE V S,RODRIGUEZ C J,WAGENKNECHT L E,et al.Carotid intima ⁃ media thickness is associated with incident heart failure among middle ⁃ aged whites and blacks:the atherosclerosis risk in communities study[J].J Am Heart Assoc,2014,3(3):e000797

    • [10] JOHRI A M,NAMBI V,NAQVI T Z,et al.Recommenda⁃ tions for the assessment of carotid arterial plaque by ultra⁃ sound for the characterization of atherosclerosis and eval⁃ uation of cardiovascular risk:from the American Society of Echocardiography[J].J Am SocEchocardiogr,2020,33(8):917-933

    • [11] BADIANYAMA M,MPANYA D,ADAMU U,et al.New biomarkers and their potential role in heart failure treat⁃ ment optimisation ⁃ an African perspective[J].J Cardio⁃ vascDev Dis,2022,9(10):335

    • [12] IMRAN T F,SHIN H J,MATHENGE N,et al.Meta⁃anal⁃ ysis of the usefulness of plasma galectin ⁃3 to predict the risk of mortality in patients with heart failure and in the general population[J].Am J Cardiol,2017,119(1):57-64

    • [13] PEACOCK W F 4th,DE MARCO T,FONAROW G C,et al.Cardiac troponin and outcome in acute heart failure[J].N Engl J Med,2008,358(20):2117-2126

    • [14] WANG Y,LIANG J,ZHENG S,et al.Combined associa⁃ tions of obesity and metabolic health with subclinical left ventricular dysfunctions:Danyang study[J].ESC Heart Fail,2021,8(4):3058-3069

    • [15] 梁爽,刘鸣,梁君雅,等.江苏省丹阳市高血压病不同中医证型患者左心室结构和功能特征的横断面研究[J].中医杂志,2022,63(7):658-663

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    • [17] LEVEYA S,STEVENS L A,SCHMID C H,et al.A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate[J].Ann In⁃ tern Med,2009,150(9):604-612

    • [18] LANG R M,BADANO L P,MOR ⁃AVI V,et al.Recom⁃ mendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echo⁃ cardiography in adults:an update from the American Soci⁃ ety of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging[J].J Am Soc Echocardiogr,2015,28(1):1-39

    • [19] NAGUEH S F,SMISETH O A,APPLETON C P,et al.Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular di⁃ astolic function by echocardiography:an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging[J].J Am SocEcho⁃ cardiogr,2016,29(4):277-314

    • [20] WANG Y C,LIANG C S,GOPAL D M,et al.Preclinical systolic and diastolic dysfunctions in metabolically healthy and unhealthy obese individuals[J].Circ Heart Fail,2015,8(5):897-904

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