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通讯作者:

张冬梅,E-mail:zdm_ntyy@163.com

中图分类号:R742

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)07-915-12

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN231122

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:通过生信分析筛选脓毒症相关性脑病(sepsis associated encephalopathy,SAE)中小胶质细胞介导神经炎症的核心基因,并通过体外细胞学实验验证。方法:从基因表达综合数据库(gene expression omnibus,GEO)中获取脓毒症患者外周血全转录组测序数据集 GSE65682 以及体外脂多糖(lipopolysaccharides,LPS)诱导小胶质细胞活化模型基因芯片数据集 GSE103156。采用加权基因共表达网络分析(weighted gene co-expression network analysis,WGCNA)筛选GSE65682数据集中与脓毒症临床诊断显著相关的模块,与GSE103156数据集中LPS处理前后小胶质细胞的差异表达基因(differentially expressed gene,DEG)相交,利用基因本体论(gene ontology,GO)和京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG)对DEG进行功能富集分析。采用STRING构建蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用网络、Cytoscape以及Lasso回归分析筛选核心基因。构建LPS诱导BV2小胶质细胞活化体外细胞模型,采用实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,RT-qPCR)检测基因表达;采用慢病毒载体法过表达组蛋白去乙酰化酶9(histone deacetylase 9,HDAC9),Western blot检测炎症相关分子表达。结果:WGCNA 分析得到 GSE65682 数据集中与脓毒症临床诊断相关的 9 个模块、共 332 个基因,通过 Limma 分析得到 GSE103156数据集中LPS刺激前后小胶质细胞的1272个DEGs,二者取交集后得到18个交集基因,进一步采用Lasso回归分析筛选得到4个枢纽基因分别为七跨膜G蛋白偶联受体183(G protein-coupled receptor 183,GPR183)、HDAC9、烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸激酶(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide kinase,NADK)、富含亮氨酸重复蛋白25(leucine rich repeat containing 25,LRRC25)。RT-qPCR 结果证实在LPS刺激的小胶质细胞炎性活化模型中,Gpr183Hdac9基因的mRNA表达下调、Lrrc25表达上调,而Nadk表达无明显变化;Western blot显示过表达HDAC9可促进LPS诱导小胶质细胞促炎因子白介素(interleukin,IL)-1β、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase ,iNOS)的表达、促进JAK1-STAT3磷酸化。结论:本研究利用生物信息学筛选得到SAE中小胶质细胞介导神经炎症的4个关键基因,并初步证实HDAC9对于小胶质细胞具有促炎活性,为SAE的机制研究提供了新的思路和数据。

    Abstract

    Objective:To identity core genes of neuroinflammation mediated by microglia in sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE)through bioinformatics analysis and validate them through in vitro cellular experiments. Methods:Transcriptomic datasets of peripheral blood from sepsis patients(GSE65682)and in vitro lipopolysaccharide(LPS)- stimulated microglial cell activation model (GSE103156)were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO)database. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA)was used to screen the modules significantly related to clinical diagnosis of sepsis in the GSE65682 dataset. The intersection between differentially expressed genes(DEG)in LPS-treated and untreated microglial cells from the GSE103156 dataset and the WGCNA modules was determined. Functional enrichment analysis of DEG was performed using gene ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG). A protein-protein interaction network was constructed using STRING,and core genes were screened by Cytoscape and Lasso regression analysis. An in vitro cellular activation model of LPS -induced BV2 microglial was established,and gene expression was detected using quantitative real -time PCR(RT-qPCR). Histone deacetylase 9(HDAC9)was overexpressed in microglia using the lentiviral vector method,and Western blot was employed to detect the inflammation related molecule expression. Results:The WGCNA analysis identified nine modules associated with the clinical diagnosis of sepsis in the GSE65682 dataset,comprising 332 genes. Limma analysis identified 1272 DEGs in LPS-stimulated microglial cells from the GSE103156 dataset. Eighteen overlapping genes were obtained,and the Lasso regression analysis further selected four hub genes:G protein-coupled receptor 183(GPR183),HDAC9,nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide kinase(NADK),and leucine rich repeat containing 25(LRRC25). RT-qPCR confirmed downregulation of mRNA expression of Gpr183 and Hdac9 genes and upregulation of Lrrc25 expression in the inflammatory activation model of LPS-stimulated microglial cell,with no significant change in Nadk expression. Western blot showed that overexpression of HDAC9 promoted the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin(IL)- 1β and inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)in LPS-induced microglial cells and enhanced JAK1 - STAT3 phosphorylation. Conclusion:This study identitfies four key genes mediating neuroinflammation in SAE through bioinformatics analysis and preliminarily demonstrates that HDAC9 has pro-inflammatory activity in microglia,providing new insights and data for further mechanistic research on SAE.

  • 脓毒症相关性脑病(sepsis associated encepha⁃ lopathy,SAE)是指由于脓毒症全身性感染及机体炎症反应失调而导致的弥漫性脑功能障碍,急性期表现为行为异常、谵妄甚至昏迷,与高死亡率密切相关,慢性期则表现为持续认知功能受损,可累及超 50%的脓毒症幸存者,严重影响其生活质量[1-2]。 SAE症状可出现于脓毒症明确诊断之前,对于SAE 的早期识别与积极治疗有助于提高脓毒症患者的生存率,改善远期预后[3]。由于SAE的病理机制还未完全阐明,临床缺乏明确的诊断及特异有效的治疗方案,因此对于SAE的关键机制及分子靶点的深入研究具有重要意义[4]

  • 脓毒症患者全身性感染、免疫炎症反应失调、低灌注等因素导致脑缺血/出血损伤、血⁃脑屏障受损、神经炎症反应、神经突触受损、神经兴奋性毒性等,是SAE的重要致病机制[3]。作为脑内唯一常驻固有免疫细胞,小胶质细胞介导的神经炎症在SAE 病理进程中发挥重要作用[5]。正常生理状态下,小胶质细胞具有免疫防御、免疫监视等重要功能,及时清除损伤凋亡细胞,参与神经突触重塑、释放神经营养因子,维持脑内环境稳态[6]。然而,全身性感染状态下,细菌脂多糖(lipopolysaccharides,LPS)等外源性病原相关分子模式(pathogen associated molecular pattern,PAMP)及白介素⁃1β(interleukins⁃1β, IL⁃1β)等内源性损伤相关分子模式(damage associ⁃ ated molecular pattern,DAMP)通过血⁃脑屏障进入脑实质,激活小胶质细胞,引发高水平神经炎症,导致神经元继发性损伤,是SAE的重要病理基础[7-8]。以小胶质细胞介导的神经炎症为切入点,是解析SAE关键基因与发病机制的重要突破口。

  • 随着基因芯片、生物信息学等技术的迅速发展,高通量转录组数据被广泛用于研究疾病生物学特性。本研究通过对公共数据库中脓毒症患者血液标本及体外LPS刺激小胶质细胞的转录组数据进行整合分析,筛选SAE中神经炎症相关核心基因,并在体外小胶质细胞炎性活化模型中进行初步验证。

  • 1 材料和方法

  • 1.1 材料

  • LPS(L2880,Sigma公司,美国);胎牛血清(A511⁃001,Lonsera公司,美国);DMED培养基(C11995500BT, Gibco公司,美国);青霉素⁃链霉素溶液(C0222,上海碧云天公司);胰蛋白酶⁃EDTA消化液(25200⁃056, Gibco 公司,美国);TRIzol(15596018,Ambion 公司,美国);PrimeScriptTM RT Master Mix(Perfect Real Time)(RR036A,TaKaRa 公司,日本);BeyoFastTM SYBR Green qPCR Mix(D7262,上海碧云天公司); 蛋白酶抑制剂、磷酸酶抑制剂(Roche 公司,美国); BCA 蛋白检测试剂盒(23225,Thermo Fishier Scien⁃ tific 公司,美国);组蛋白去乙酰化酶 9(histone deacetylase9,HDAC9)抗体(SC ⁃398003,Santa Cruz 公司,美国);IL⁃1β抗体(ab9722)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)抗体 (ab178945,Abcam 公司,美国);p ⁃ STAT3 抗体 (9145S,CST公司,美国);STAT3抗体(10253⁃2⁃AP, Proteintech 公司,美国);p⁃JAK1 抗体(3331,CST 公司,美国);JAK1 抗体(66466⁃1⁃Ig)、α⁃tubulin 抗体 (66031⁃1⁃Ig)(Proteintech公司,美国);二抗(Jackson Immuno Research公司,美国);PCR引物由南京擎科生物公司合成。HDAC9过表达慢病毒载体由蔚楠生物科技股份有限公司构建。小鼠小胶质细胞株 BV2购于上海富衡生物科技有限公司。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 在线数据获取

  • NCBI⁃GEO(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo)数据库中输入 SAE、Spesis、LPS 等关键词搜索到符合研究的数据集 GSE65682 和 GSE103156。其中, GSE65682数据集基于GPL13667芯片分析平台,由 Scicluna等[9] 于2015年提交,本研究纳入该数据集中 75例健康或非感染人群对照样本、727例重症监护室的脓毒症患者血液样本测序数据;GSE103156数据集基于 GPL17400 芯片分析平台,由 Mazzio 等[10] 于 2017年提交,本研究纳入该数据集中BV2小胶质细胞 LPS 刺激组(n=3)以及非刺激对照组(n=3)测序数据。

  • 1.2.2 加权基因共表达网络分析(weighted gene co⁃ expression network analysis,WGCNA)

  • 采用 WGCNA 包对脓毒症 GSE65682 数据集构建WGCNA网络。将基因表达矩阵转化为Person系数矩阵,计算软阈值使Person系数矩阵符合无尺度网络分布,进一步转变为邻接矩阵,计算节点之间相异系数,并据此构建分层聚类树。删除离群值后分析挖掘基因共表达模块并拟合,引入表型相关信息并识别与脓毒症表型相关的关键模块。所有模块均采用模块特征基因(moduleEigengenes,ME) 表示,代表给定模块内基因表达谱的合成基因。

  • 1.2.3 筛选差异表达基因(differentially expressed gene, DEG)

  • 采用 Limma R 包从 GSE103156 数据集中筛选 LPS刺激前后小胶质细胞的DEG,计算每个DEG的 P 值,在校正调整后筛选条件设定为 P <0.05 和 |log2FC|>0.5 [11]。Log2FC>0.5表示该基因的表达水平升高,而 log2FC<-0.5 则表示该基因的表达水平下降,并绘制火山图将所得结果可视化。

  • 1.2.4 基因本体论(gene ontology,GO)、京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)功能富集分析

  • GO 法将 DEG 从生物过程(biological process, BP)、细胞成分(cellular component,CC)、分子功能 (molecular function,MF)3 个层面进行基因功能注释。采用 Clusterprofiler 包[12] 进行 GO 功能富集分析,得到模块基因所富集到的GO terms 及GO terms 的P值;以校正后P <0.05为纳入标准,筛选出差异表达基因显著富集的GO terms,并进行可视化。运用 Clusterprofiler 包将筛选的模块基因或 DEG 进行 KEGG 通路富集分析,以校正后 P <0.05 为纳入标准,筛选出显著富集的信号通路并进行可视化。

  • 1.2.5 Lasso回归分析

  • 使用“glmnet”和“Lambda”R 包进行 Lasso 回归分析[13]。Lambda 最小值取 0.000 时的模型为最佳诊断模型。在系数路径图中,随着 log(Lambda)的降低,模型的系数逐渐收敛,在交叉验证偏差图中,寻找使得模型偏差最小化的 Lambda 值。选择最小 Lambda 值对应模型后,利用 R 语言中 Random Forest 包进行筛选,通过考虑各个基因的重要性得分,识别出对模型预测性能贡献最大的 DEG。 Lasso 分析的基因被认为是SAE神经炎症的候选枢纽基因。

  • 1.2.6 蛋白质⁃蛋白质相互作用网络(protein⁃protein interaction network,PPI)构建及核心基因分析

  • 将获得的交集基因输入到 STRING11.5(https:// string⁃db.org)数据库中构建PPI网络,设置蛋白种类为“Homo sapiens”,相互作用阈值为0.7,获取蛋白相互作用信息,分析结果保存为 TSV 文件,将其导入 Cytoscape3.7.2软件,利用Network Analyzer工具计算节点属性,筛选出前十核心基因。

  • 1.2.7 小胶质细胞培养及活化模型构建

  • BV2细胞于DMEM完全培养基(含10%胎牛血清、1%青霉素⁃链霉素),37℃、5% CO2条件培养箱中培养。BV2细胞传代平均接种于培养皿中,待生长至合适密度,加入LPS(1 μg/mL)刺激0 h、24 h,收集细胞用于后续实验。

  • 1.2.8 BV2小胶质细胞体外HDAC9慢病毒过表达

  • 以HDAC9过表达慢病毒载体(oe⁃HDAC9)感染 BV2 小胶质细胞,以空白慢病毒载体(oe⁃ctrl)作为对照,分别加入滴度为 1×108 病毒液和终浓度为 10 μg/mL polybrene培养24 h后换液,继续培养 48 h,之后采用含嘌呤霉素(终浓度 10 μg/mL)的培养基进行目标细胞筛选,采用 Western blot 检测 HDAC9 过表达效率。

  • 1.2.9 实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real⁃time PCR, RT⁃qPCR)

  • 采用 TRIzol 法提取细胞总 RNA,采用 Prime⁃ ScriptTM RT Master Mix 试剂盒将 mRNA 逆转录至 cDNA,采用SYBR Green qPCR试剂盒进行RF⁃qPCR,反应条件:95℃ 52 min 预变性;95℃ 15 s 变性, 60℃ 30 s退火/延伸,重复40个循环;4℃保存。以 Gapdh作为内参,引物序列具体信息见表1。

  • 表1 RT⁃qPCR基因引物序列信息

  • Table1 Sequences of gene primers for RT⁃qPCR

  • 1.2.10 Western blot

  • 提取细胞蛋白,采用BCA法检测蛋白浓度。根据目的蛋白分子质量大小分别选择 7.5%、10%或 12.5%十二烷基硫酸钠⁃聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离蛋白样品,转膜后以 5%脱脂牛奶室温封闭 2 h,一抗 4℃孵育过夜,二抗室温孵育 2 h,采用化学发光法检测试剂成像,采用Image J软件进行定量分析。

  • 1.3 统计学分析

  • 基因表达综合数据库数据集处理和分析均通过R软件(4.1.0版)完成。采用GraphPad Prism 8和 SPSS 25.0进行统计分析与作图。定量数据以均数± 标准差(x-±s)表示,两组间比较采用独立样本 t 检验,多组间比较采单因素方差分析,组间两两比较采用LSD⁃t检验。P <0.05表示差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 WGCNA分析脓毒症数据集GSE65682

  • 纳入GSE65682数据集中75例健康或非感染者作为对照组、727例重症监护室内脓毒症患者作为脓毒症组,对其外周血测序数据进行 WGCNA 分析。通过WGCNA 包的算法,根据无尺度网络分布拟合,设置相关系数R2 为0.85,选取7作为最佳软阈值(图1A),同时保证了较高的连通性(图1B)。计算基因间的相关性矩阵和拓扑重叠矩阵(topologi⁃ cal overlap matrix,TOM),使用TOM构建基因间分层聚类树,树状图的分支对应10个不同的基因模块,树状图上的每一片叶子都对应一个基因,相似的基因被聚类到相同颜色的模块中(图1C)。使用动态剪切树法识别基因模块,并将相似度较高的模块合并,最终得到21个模块,绘制模块与脓毒症临床诊断相关性热图(图1D、E)。其中,9个模块(合计332个基因)与脓毒症显著相关(P <0.01),分别为Yellow (P=1.2e-18)、Salmon(P=4e-14)、Darkred(P=1.1e-23)、 Orange(P=8.3e-29)、Skyblue(P=1.2e-25)、Black(P= 4e-38)、Steelblue(P=3.3e-17)、Brown(P=2.9e-51)、 White(P=6.3e-41),其中 Brown 模块与脓毒症临床表型相关性最强(图1F)。

  • 2.2 GSE65682数据集中脓毒症相关模块基因的富集分析

  • 为确定GSE65682数据集中脓毒症相关模块包含的基因功能,对上述与脓毒症显著相关的9个模块内的332个基因进行GO富集分析,模块基因显著富集于免疫应答调节、免疫应答过程、衰老、经典的炎症相关信号通路激活等(如Wnt、NF⁃κB、MAPK级联反应)(图2A)。KEGG信号通路富集分析结果显示,脓毒症相关模块基因显著富集于代谢通路,并富集于MAPK、cAMP、JAK⁃STAT、NF⁃κB等信号通路 (图2B)。

  • 图1 WGCNA分析脓毒症数据集GSE65682

  • Figure1 WGCNA analysis of sepsis dataset GSE65682

  • 2.3 LPS 刺激 BV2 小胶质细胞数据集 GSE103156 的差异基因与功能富集分析

  • SAE为脓毒症常见中枢神经系统并发症,细菌、 LPS等PAMP诱导小胶质细胞炎性激活是SAE神经炎症的重要病理基础[14]。采用LPS刺激体外培养的 BV2 细胞作为小胶质细胞活化模型,可较好探究 SAE发病机制,筛选其关键通路及核心基因。本研究采用Limma⁃R包对LPS刺激BV2小胶质细胞活化的测序数据集GSE103156进行差异表达分析,经过条件筛选得到1 272个DEGs(图3A),其中包含726个上调基因和546个下调基因,并通过热图将前30个 DEGs进行可视化(图3B)。

  • 为确定GSE103156数据集中LPS刺激后小胶质细胞 DEG 的基因功能,本研究对差异基因进行GO 富集分析。LPS刺激后小胶质细胞DEG的生物过程显著富集于对病毒的反应、细胞因子介导的信号通路、对外界生物因素刺激的正向调节等(图3C); DEG 的细胞成分富集于内吞囊泡、内体膜、细胞基质连接、细胞外膜等(图3D);分子功能富集于磷脂锚定、GTPase 活性调节、细胞因子受体结合等(图3E)。KEGG 富集分析显示,GSE103156 数据集中 LPS刺激后小胶质细胞的DEG主要参与NF⁃κB、Toll 样受体、TNF、NOD样受体等重要免疫应答相关信号通路(图3F)。

  • 2.4 筛选SAE小胶质细胞炎性活化的核心基因

  • 为了筛选 SAE 小胶质细胞炎性活化的关键基因,本研究将GSE103156数据集LPS刺激小胶质细胞前后的1 272个DEGs与GSE65682数据集的脓毒症相关 9 个模块共 332 个基因取交集,并通过韦恩图可视化,得到18个交集基因。这些基因既与临床脓毒症疾病特征相关,又参与小胶质细胞炎性活化,可能是SAE神经炎症的关键基因(图4A)。

  • 利用 STRING 数据库(www.string ⁃db.org)构建 18 个核心基因的PPI网络,探索其蛋白质互作关系 (图4B)。在此基础上,利用 Cytoscape3.6.1 软件对 PPI网络进行计算得到前10个核心基因,包括B细胞连接蛋白(B⁃cell linker,BLNK)、CCAAT 增强子结合蛋白(CCAAT enhancer binding protein beta, CEBPB)、谷氨酸离子型受体 NMDA 型亚基相关蛋白1(glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit associated protein 1,GRINA)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶1 (glutathione peroxidase1,GPX1)、G 蛋白偶联受体 183(G protein receptor 183,GPR183)、HDAC9、富含亮氨酸重复蛋白 25(leucine rich repeat containing25,LRRC25)、激活T细胞家族成员2的接头(linker for activation of T cells family member 2,LAT2)、烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸激酶(nicotinomide adenine dinu⁃ cleotide kinase,NADK)、蛋白激酶 AMP 激活的非催化亚基γ1(protein kinase AMP⁃associated non⁃catalytic subunit gamma1,PRKAG1)(图4C)。通过 Lasso 回归算法筛选得到4个候选枢纽基因分别为GPR183、 HDAC9、LRRC25、NADK(图4D、E)。

  • 图2 GSE65682数据集脓毒症相关模块基因的GO和KEGG通路分析

  • Figure2 GO and KEGG pathway analysis of sepsis related module genes in the GSE65682 dataset

  • 图3 LPS刺激BV2小胶质细胞数据集GSE103156的差异基因与功能富集分析

  • Figure3 Differential gene and functional enrichment analysis of LPS stimulated BV2 microglia dataset GSE103156

  • 2.5 SAE小胶质细胞炎性活化核心基因的表达验证

  • 为了验证生信分析结果,构建LPS刺激BV2小鼠小胶质细胞活化的体外细胞模型;与对照组比较, LPS 刺激组小胶质细胞炎性细胞因子 Il⁃1βTnf⁃α Inos 的mRNA 表达水平显著升高,提示模型构建成功(图5A~C)。小胶质细胞内Hdac9Gpr183基因的mRNA表达在LPS刺激后24 h后显著下降,Lrrc25 表达上升(图5D~F),与生信分析结果一致;而Nadk 的mRNA表达差异无统计学意义(图5G)。

  • 2.6 过表达HDAC9促进小胶质细胞中促炎因子的表达以及JAK1⁃STAT3信号通路磷酸化

  • 为探索HDAC9在小胶质细胞炎症激活中的潜在作用,本研究通过慢病毒载体在BV2细胞中过表达 HDAC9,Western blot 证实过表达效率(图6A)。 Western blot 显示,与对照组(oe⁃ctrl)相比,过表达 HDAC9(oe⁃HDAC9)组中LPS诱导的小胶质细胞促炎因子IL⁃1β、iNOS的表达显著增强(图6A)。进一步,过表达 HDAC9 可上调 LPS 诱导 BV2 细胞 JAK1 及 STAT3 磷酸化水平(p ⁃ JAK1、p ⁃ STAT3),提示 HDAC9可能促进小胶质细胞JAK1⁃STAT3通路磷酸化激活(图6B)。

  • 3 讨论

  • SAE可累及超过50%的脓毒症患者,临床表现为急性精神或意识异常、慢性认知功能受损,与脓毒症不良预后密切相关[15]。小胶质细胞炎性活化导致的中枢神经系统急性炎症应答是 SAE 的重要病理基础[16]。本研究采用生物学信息学技术筛选SAE小胶质细胞炎性活化关键基因,并以体外细胞学实验进行初步验证,旨在为SAE发病机制研究提供新思路和潜在靶点。

  • 图4 SAE小胶质细胞炎性活化核心基因的筛选与鉴定

  • Figure4 Screening and identification of the core genes for microglial inflammatory activation in SAE

  • 图5 SAE小胶质细胞炎性活化核心基因的表达验证

  • Figure5 Expression verification of the core genes for microglial inflammatory activation in SAE

  • 图6 过表达HDAC9促进小胶质细胞中促炎因子的表达以及JAK1⁃STAT3信号通路磷酸化

  • Figure6 Overexpression of HDAC9 promoted the expression of pro ⁃inflammatory cytokines and phosphorylation of the JAK1⁃STAT3 signaling pathway in microglia

  • 本研究分析了GEO数据库中的两组数据集,其一是 GSE65682 脓毒症基因表达阵列,在脓毒症患者和非感染对照组外周血样本中通过WGCNA分析得到332个基因与脓毒症临床诊断密切相关;其二为 LPS刺激小胶质细胞活化的测序数据集GSE103156,通过Limma分析筛选到1 272个DEGs。富集分析结果显示,上述基因集中在免疫应答相关通路,包括Toll 样受体、NOD 样受体等模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptor,PRR)信号通路,以及 NF ⁃κB、 JAK⁃STAT 等经典炎症相关转录因子信号通路。 ①PRR 与 SAE 小胶质细胞介导的神经炎症。在脓毒症发生急性期,免疫细胞通过Toll样受体、NOD样受体等模式识别受体,识别结合 DAMP 或 PAMP 等内外源性刺激信号,引发细胞因子风暴、激活免疫系统,导致全身炎症反应[17-18]。外周循环的LPS、炎症因子等通过多种途径损伤血⁃脑屏障,过度激活小胶质细胞,导致神经元损伤、功能丧失[15]。在 SAE 动物模型中,采用蛋白互作抑制 TLR4 通路可显著减轻小胶质细胞介导的神经炎症,改善SAE导致的认知功能障碍[19]。SAE大鼠模型中,线粒体靶向抗氧化肽 SS⁃31 可通过抑制 NOD 样受体蛋白 NLRP3 活化,抑制炎症小体形式、抑制线粒体氧化应激、恢复线粒体功能稳态,从而抑制小胶质细胞焦亡,发挥神经保护功能[20]。②促炎转录因子与 SAE 小胶质细胞介导的神经炎症。NF⁃κB、STAT3 作为最经典的促炎转录因子,与SAE小胶质细胞炎性活化密切相关,是SAE治疗关键靶点。有报道,NF⁃κB p65 化学抑制剂Bay⁃7082可显著抑制LPS诱导的小胶质细胞炎性活化及氧化应激[21];天然化合物梓醇通过抑制 NF⁃κB 活性、阻断小胶质细胞 M1 极化,缓解 SAE小鼠认知障碍[22]。在SAE模型早期,治疗性使用催产素可通过抑制ERK⁃STAT3信号通路,抑制小鼠海马区小胶质细胞活化,改善海马区神经突触功能、保护神经元活性,从而改善认知及记忆受损[23]。因此,筛选鉴定小胶质细胞炎性活化关键基因,从而早期阻断小胶质细胞过度激活,对SAE的急性期治疗及预后具有重要意义。

  • 本研究通过 Lasso 分析筛选得到 4 个 SAE 小胶质细胞炎性活化关键枢纽基因,分别为 GPR183HDAC9NADKLRRC25;体外 LPS 刺激的小胶质细胞炎性活化模型验证显示,Gpr183Hdac9 mRNA 水平表达下调、Lrcc25表达上调,与数据集表达趋表达一致,而Nadk无明显变化。

  • GPR183,又名EB病毒诱导G蛋白偶联受体2,为氧甾醇受体,在成熟B细胞、CD4+ T细胞、树突状细胞等免疫细胞高表达,广泛参与调控免疫应答[24-25]。 GRP183基因的单核苷酸多态性可增强其在T细胞表面的丰度,增强炎症性肠病的易感性[26]。在多发性硬化小鼠模型中,GRP183 主要表达定位于胶质细胞;与野生型相比,GRP183 敲除小鼠脑内神经炎症相关 Abl1 激酶、NF⁃κB 亚基的表达下降,髓鞘发育与再生延迟[27]。Hsiao 等[28] 通过 G 蛋白偶联受体组学发现,GPR183 可表达于小胶质细胞,参与稳态维持;Cao等[29] 采用整合生信分析筛选发现,GPR183 与小胶质细胞活化、迁移相关,参与癫痫神经炎症病理进程。本研究通过生信筛选及细胞模型验证发现 GPR183 在脓毒症患者外周血及 LPS 诱导的小胶质细胞炎性活化模型中表达下降,可能作为关键基因参与调控 SAE 神经炎症病理进程。

  • NADK 通过磷酸化 NAD+ 生成烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADP),是目前已知NADP从头合成的唯一催化酶,其在进化上高度保守,参与细胞氧化还原稳态调节[30]。研究表明NADK2的缺失可导致中枢神经系统异常,其在肿瘤发生、胰岛素分泌、心脏病变、合成代谢和分解代谢过程、神经元发育和衰老方面均发挥重要作用[30-32]。NADK在小胶质细胞及神经炎症中的生物学功能尚无相关研究。本研究采用生信分析筛选发现Nadk可能作为关键基因参与SAE病理进程;尽管在LPS诱导小胶质细胞炎性活化体外细胞模型中未检测到NADK mRNA的显著表达差异,但其在中枢神经系统中的生物学功能仍值得未来进一步探究。

  • LRRC25 由 305 个氨基酸组成,含有 4 个富含亮氨酸的重复序列及潜在的 N⁃连接糖基化修饰位点[33]。LRRC25 包含一个 F⁃box 结构域,可与 E3 泛素连接酶相互作用,参与泛素化生物过程。研究表明,LRRC25可抑制病毒感染引起的炎症反应,通过蛋白互作促进p65/RelA的自噬降解从而抑制NF⁃κB 转录,通过结合 ISG5、P62、RIG1 进而抑制 IFN⁃γ合成。在小胶质细胞中,LRRC25可降解游离的ISG15 从而抑制IFN⁃γ的分泌,负性调控小胶质细胞的抗结核杆菌免疫[33-34],小胶质细胞转录组测序分析显示, LRRC25 为阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD) 的潜在风险基因[35]。最新研究显示,LRRC25 表达于小胶质细胞、星形胶质细胞及神经元的细胞膜及细胞质,其在脑内表达具有脑区选择性,并呈年龄依赖性增强;AD患者脑内LRRC25表达水平显著高于健康对照组,其可能通过调控β⁃淀粉样蛋白或 Tau蛋白代谢关键酶的稳定性及活性参与AD病理进程[36]。本研究筛选鉴定LRRC25为SAE小胶质细胞炎性活化关键基因,体外细胞学实验证实其在LPS 刺激的小胶质细胞中高表达,其生物学功能及机制有待进一步探索。

  • HDAC9属Ⅱa 类组蛋白去乙酰化酶,在心肌、大脑和骨骼肌中表达较高,也表达于脾脏、肝脏及骨髓[37-38],在神经系统发育及功能维持中发挥重要作用[39]。HDAC9具有重要的生物学功能,广泛参与多种疾病进程。例如,HDAC9促进成骨细胞分化、抑制破骨细胞分化参与骨质疏松症,可抑制脂肪生成分化、促进胰岛素抵抗,参与糖尿病进程,HDAC9 通过去乙酰化激活IKKα/β参与动脉粥样硬化及冠心病等[40]。HDAC9与免疫细胞活化密切相关,可调控 NF⁃κB 信号通路参与炎症应答[40]。Yang 等[41] 发现 HDAC9 在脓毒症心肌炎症损伤中表达升高,敲低 HDAC9可抑制NF⁃κB活化、缓解LPS诱导的心肌炎症损伤。HDAC9在脑缺血后的神经元中表达增高,通过结合并去乙酰化修饰转录因子HIF⁃1α及Sp1,从而增加TfR1表达、减少GPX4表达,促进脑缺血后神经元铁死亡,抑制HDAC9成为一个有希望的干预卒中的药物靶点[42]。这些报道表明HDAC9在神经炎症、脓毒症相关疾病中具有重要作用,然而 HDAC9在脓毒症所致的脑功能障碍中的作用尚不清楚。本研究筛选鉴定HDAC9为脓毒症相关神经炎症关键基因,体外细胞学的实验结果表明HDAC9 可促进小胶质细胞的炎性活化,过表达HDAC9可促进炎症因子IL⁃1β、iNOS表达,增强LPS诱导的小胶质细胞JAK1⁃STAT3促炎信号通路激活。

  • 综上所述,本研究利用生物信息学数据分析筛选联合体外细胞学实验验证发现 SAE 小胶质细胞介导中枢神经系统炎症的关键基因 HDAC9、 GPR183及LRRC25,初步提示HDAC9可促进LPS诱导的小胶质细胞炎性活化,有望成为SAE新的潜在治疗靶点,为SAE的分子机制研究提供新的思路。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] ITO H,HOSOMI S,KOYAMA Y,et al.Sepsis⁃associated encephalopathy:a mini-review of inflammation in the brain and body[J].Front Aging Neurosci,2022,14:912866

    • [2] PIVA S,BERTONI M,GITTI N,et al.Neurological complications of sepsis[J].Curr Opin Crit Care,2023,29(2):75-84

    • [3] CHUNG H Y,WICKEL J,BRUNKHORST F M,et al.Sepsis ⁃ associated encephalopathy:from delirium to dementia?[J].J Clin Med,2020,9(3):703

    • [4] 唐梅,马艳,张西京,等.脓毒症脑病的诊疗进展[J].空军军医大学学报,2023,9(4):375-379

    • [5] XIN Y W,TIAN M,DENG S X,et al.The key drivers of brain injury by systemic inflammatory responses after sepsis:microglia and neuroinflammation[J].Mol Neurobiol,2023,60(3):1369-1390

    • [6] 朱睿放,张宇,卢应梅.小胶质细胞及其介导的神经炎症在帕金森病中的作用[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2023,43(4):569-576

    • [7] GAO S J,JIANG Y,CHEN Z Y,et al.Metabolic reprogramming of microglia in sepsis ⁃associated encephalopathy:insights from neuroinflammation[J].Curr Neurophar-macol,2023,21(9):1992-2005

    • [8] YAN X Q,YANG K Y,XIAO Q,et al.Central role of microglia in sepsis⁃associated encephalopathy:From mechanism to therapy[J].Front Immunol,2022,13:929316

    • [9] SCICLUNA B P,VAN VUGHT L A,ZWINDERMAN A H,et al.Classification of patients with sepsis according to blood genomic endotype:a prospective cohort study[J].Lancet Respir Med,2017,5(10):816-826

    • [10] MAZZIO E A,JEMENEZ A,SOLIMAN K F.Microarray whole transcriptome profiling of LPS(Escherichia coli O111:B4)treated BV ⁃ 2 cells(EB/OL)(.2017 ⁃ 08 ⁃ 29)[2019⁃6⁃11].http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.html

    • [11] ZHOU J F,HUANG J,LI Z W,et al.Identification of aging⁃related biomarkers and immune infiltration characteristics in osteoarthritis based on bioinformatics analysis and machine learning[J].Front Immunol,2023,14:1168780

    • [12] YU G C,WANG L G,HAN Y Y,et al.clusterProfiler:an R package for comparing biological themes among gene clusters[J].OMICS,2012,16(5):284-287

    • [13] ZHANG M H,ZHU K B,PU H H,et al.An immune⁃related signature predicts survival in patients with lung adenocarcinoma[J].Front Oncol,2019,9:1314

    • [14] 谢雯,董洪权,侍崇龙,等.脑膜淋巴管转运功能障碍加重脂多糖诱导的小鼠中枢炎症[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2023,43(7):927-933

    • [15] PAN S W,LV Z,WANG R,et al.Sepsis ⁃induced brain dysfunction:pathogenesis,diagnosis,and treatment[J/OL].Oxid Med Cell Longev,2022[2022 ⁃ 10 ⁃ 31].DOI:10.1155/2022/1328729

    • [16] QIN N N,MIAO Y M,XIE L Y,et al.Sepsis ⁃associated encephalopathy:Autophagy and miRNAs regulate microg-lial activation[J].Physiol Rep,2024,12(5):e15964

    • [17] 甘宇婧,史如鹏,吴丹瑛,等.老年脓毒症患者早期炎症因子水平及预后的相关性分析[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2023,43(9):1208-1215

    • [18] 须怀沙,王易欣,陈旭锋,等.甲基苯丙胺引起BV2小胶质细胞炎性反应:基于Toll样受体⁃Peli1信号通路的研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(3):324-330

    • [19] WANG H Y,WANG H W,SONG Y S,et al.Overexpres-sion of Foxc1 ameliorates sepsis⁃associated encephalopa⁃thy by inhibiting microglial migration and neuroinflammation through the IκBα/NF⁃κB pathway[J].Mol Med Rep,2022,25(3):107

    • [20] ZHONG L L,REN X S,AI Y H,et al.SS⁃31 improves cognitive function in sepsis-associated encephalopathy by inhibiting the Drp1⁃NLRP3 inflammasome activation[J].Neuromolecular Med,2023,25(2):230-241

    • [21] CHEN Q,LU H J,DUAN C W,et al.PDCD4 simultaneously promotes microglia activation via PDCD4 ⁃ MAPK-NF⁃κB positive loop and facilitates neuron apoptosis during neuroinflammation[J].Inflammation,2022,45(1):234-252

    • [22] HU W Q,ZOU L,YU N X,et al.Catalpol rescues LPS⁃induced cognitive impairment via inhibition of NF⁃κb⁃regulated neuroinflammation and up⁃regulation of TrkB⁃mediated BDNF secretion in mice[J].J Ethnopharmacol,2024,319(Pt 3):117345

    • [23] JIANG J L,ZOU Y,XIE C T,et al.Oxytocin alleviates cognitive and memory impairments by decreasing hippocampal microglial activation and synaptic defects via OXTR/ERK/STAT3 pathway in a mouse model of sepsis-associated encephalopathy[J].Brain Behav Immun,2023,114:195⁃213

    • [24] GATTO D,WOOD K,CAMINSCHI I,et al.The chemotactic receptor EBI2 regulates the homeostasis,localization and immunological function of splenic dendritic cells[J].Nat Immunol,2013,14(5):446-453

    • [25] LI J H,LU E,YI T S,et al.EBI2 augments TFH cell fate by promoting interaction with IL ⁃ 2 ⁃ quenching dendritic cells[J].Nature,2016,533(7601):110-114

    • [26] RUIZ F,WYSS A,ROSSEL J B,et al.A single nucleotide polymorphism in the gene for GPR183 increases its surface expression on blood lymphocytes of patients with inflammatory bowel disease[J].Br J Pharmacol,2021,178(16):3157-3175

    • [27] KLEJBOR I,SHIMSHEK D R,KLIMASZEWSKA⁃ŁATA J,et al.EBI2 is expressed in glial cells in multiple sclerosis lesions,and its knock⁃out modulates remyelination in the cuprizone model[J].Eur J Neurosci,2021,54(3):5173-5188

    • [28] HSIAO C C,SANKOWSKI R,PRINZ M,et al.GPCRo-mics of homeostatic and disease-associated human microglia[J].Front Immunol,2021,12:674189

    • [29] CAO J,GAN H,XIAO H,et al.Key protein⁃coding genes related to microglia in immune regulation and inflammatory response induced by epilepsy[J].Math Biosci Eng,2021,18(6):9563-9578

    • [30] OKA S I,TITUS A S,ZABLOCKI D,et al.Molecular properties and regulation of NAD+ kinase(NADK)[J].Redox Biol,2023,59:102561

    • [31] HOXHAJ G,BEN⁃SAHRA I,LOCKWOOD S E,et al.Direct stimulation of NADP+ synthesis through Akt⁃mediated phosphorylation of NAD kinase[J].Science,2019,363(6431):1088-1092

    • [32] POMERANTZ D J,FERDINANDUSSE S,COGAN J,et al.Clinical heterogeneity of mitochondrial NAD kinase deficiency caused by a NADK2 start loss variant[J].Am J Med Genet A,2018,176(3):692-698

    • [33] SHENG G,CHU H Q,DUAN H J,et al.LRRC25 inhibits IFN ⁃γ secretion by microglia to negatively regulate antituberculosis immunity in mice[J].Microorganisms,2023,11(10):2500

    • [34] NG A C,EISENBERG J M,HEATH R J,et al.Human leucine⁃rich repeat proteins:a genome⁃wide bioinformatic categorization and functional analysis in innate immunity[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2011,108(Suppl 1):4631-4638

    • [35] KOSOY R,FULLARD J F,ZENG B,et al.Genetics of the human microglia regulome refines Alzheimer’s disease risk loci[J].Nat Genet,2022,54(8):1145-1154

    • [36] DEVADOSS D,AKKAOUI J,NAIR M,et al.LRRC25 expression during physiological aging and in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease and iPSC-derived neurons[J].Front Mol Neurosci,2024,17:1365752

    • [37] BRANCOLINI C,GIORGIO E D,FORMISANO L,et al.Quis custodiet ipsos custodes(who controls the controllers)?two decades of studies on HDAC9[J].Life,2021,11(2):90

    • [38] HU S Q,CHO E H,LEE J Y.Histone deacetylase 9:its role in the pathogenesis of diabetes and other chronic diseases[J].Diabetes Metab J,2020,44(2):234-244

    • [39] SUGO N,YAMAMOTO N.Visualization of HDAC9 spatiotemporal subcellular localization in primary neuron cultures[J].Methods Mol Biol,2016,1436:119-127

    • [40] DAS T,KHATUN S,JHA T,et al.HDAC9 as a privileged target:reviewing its role in different diseases and structure-activity relationships(SARs)of its inhibitors[J].Mini Rev Med Chem,2023:767-784

    • [41] YANG L,WU C X,CUI Y,et al.Knockdown of histone deacetylase 9 attenuates sepsis ⁃induced myocardial injury and inflammatory response[J].Exp Anim,2023,72(3):356-366

    • [42] SANGUIGNO L,GUIDA N,ANZILOTTI S,et al.Stroke by inducing HDAC9 ⁃ dependent deacetylation of HIF ⁃ 1 and Sp1,promotes TfR1 transcription and GPX4 reduction,thus determining ferroptotic neuronal death[J].Int J Biol Sci,2023,19(9):2695-2710

  • 参考文献

    • [1] ITO H,HOSOMI S,KOYAMA Y,et al.Sepsis⁃associated encephalopathy:a mini-review of inflammation in the brain and body[J].Front Aging Neurosci,2022,14:912866

    • [2] PIVA S,BERTONI M,GITTI N,et al.Neurological complications of sepsis[J].Curr Opin Crit Care,2023,29(2):75-84

    • [3] CHUNG H Y,WICKEL J,BRUNKHORST F M,et al.Sepsis ⁃ associated encephalopathy:from delirium to dementia?[J].J Clin Med,2020,9(3):703

    • [4] 唐梅,马艳,张西京,等.脓毒症脑病的诊疗进展[J].空军军医大学学报,2023,9(4):375-379

    • [5] XIN Y W,TIAN M,DENG S X,et al.The key drivers of brain injury by systemic inflammatory responses after sepsis:microglia and neuroinflammation[J].Mol Neurobiol,2023,60(3):1369-1390

    • [6] 朱睿放,张宇,卢应梅.小胶质细胞及其介导的神经炎症在帕金森病中的作用[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2023,43(4):569-576

    • [7] GAO S J,JIANG Y,CHEN Z Y,et al.Metabolic reprogramming of microglia in sepsis ⁃associated encephalopathy:insights from neuroinflammation[J].Curr Neurophar-macol,2023,21(9):1992-2005

    • [8] YAN X Q,YANG K Y,XIAO Q,et al.Central role of microglia in sepsis⁃associated encephalopathy:From mechanism to therapy[J].Front Immunol,2022,13:929316

    • [9] SCICLUNA B P,VAN VUGHT L A,ZWINDERMAN A H,et al.Classification of patients with sepsis according to blood genomic endotype:a prospective cohort study[J].Lancet Respir Med,2017,5(10):816-826

    • [10] MAZZIO E A,JEMENEZ A,SOLIMAN K F.Microarray whole transcriptome profiling of LPS(Escherichia coli O111:B4)treated BV ⁃ 2 cells(EB/OL)(.2017 ⁃ 08 ⁃ 29)[2019⁃6⁃11].http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.html

    • [11] ZHOU J F,HUANG J,LI Z W,et al.Identification of aging⁃related biomarkers and immune infiltration characteristics in osteoarthritis based on bioinformatics analysis and machine learning[J].Front Immunol,2023,14:1168780

    • [12] YU G C,WANG L G,HAN Y Y,et al.clusterProfiler:an R package for comparing biological themes among gene clusters[J].OMICS,2012,16(5):284-287

    • [13] ZHANG M H,ZHU K B,PU H H,et al.An immune⁃related signature predicts survival in patients with lung adenocarcinoma[J].Front Oncol,2019,9:1314

    • [14] 谢雯,董洪权,侍崇龙,等.脑膜淋巴管转运功能障碍加重脂多糖诱导的小鼠中枢炎症[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2023,43(7):927-933

    • [15] PAN S W,LV Z,WANG R,et al.Sepsis ⁃induced brain dysfunction:pathogenesis,diagnosis,and treatment[J/OL].Oxid Med Cell Longev,2022[2022 ⁃ 10 ⁃ 31].DOI:10.1155/2022/1328729

    • [16] QIN N N,MIAO Y M,XIE L Y,et al.Sepsis ⁃associated encephalopathy:Autophagy and miRNAs regulate microg-lial activation[J].Physiol Rep,2024,12(5):e15964

    • [17] 甘宇婧,史如鹏,吴丹瑛,等.老年脓毒症患者早期炎症因子水平及预后的相关性分析[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2023,43(9):1208-1215

    • [18] 须怀沙,王易欣,陈旭锋,等.甲基苯丙胺引起BV2小胶质细胞炎性反应:基于Toll样受体⁃Peli1信号通路的研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(3):324-330

    • [19] WANG H Y,WANG H W,SONG Y S,et al.Overexpres-sion of Foxc1 ameliorates sepsis⁃associated encephalopa⁃thy by inhibiting microglial migration and neuroinflammation through the IκBα/NF⁃κB pathway[J].Mol Med Rep,2022,25(3):107

    • [20] ZHONG L L,REN X S,AI Y H,et al.SS⁃31 improves cognitive function in sepsis-associated encephalopathy by inhibiting the Drp1⁃NLRP3 inflammasome activation[J].Neuromolecular Med,2023,25(2):230-241

    • [21] CHEN Q,LU H J,DUAN C W,et al.PDCD4 simultaneously promotes microglia activation via PDCD4 ⁃ MAPK-NF⁃κB positive loop and facilitates neuron apoptosis during neuroinflammation[J].Inflammation,2022,45(1):234-252

    • [22] HU W Q,ZOU L,YU N X,et al.Catalpol rescues LPS⁃induced cognitive impairment via inhibition of NF⁃κb⁃regulated neuroinflammation and up⁃regulation of TrkB⁃mediated BDNF secretion in mice[J].J Ethnopharmacol,2024,319(Pt 3):117345

    • [23] JIANG J L,ZOU Y,XIE C T,et al.Oxytocin alleviates cognitive and memory impairments by decreasing hippocampal microglial activation and synaptic defects via OXTR/ERK/STAT3 pathway in a mouse model of sepsis-associated encephalopathy[J].Brain Behav Immun,2023,114:195⁃213

    • [24] GATTO D,WOOD K,CAMINSCHI I,et al.The chemotactic receptor EBI2 regulates the homeostasis,localization and immunological function of splenic dendritic cells[J].Nat Immunol,2013,14(5):446-453

    • [25] LI J H,LU E,YI T S,et al.EBI2 augments TFH cell fate by promoting interaction with IL ⁃ 2 ⁃ quenching dendritic cells[J].Nature,2016,533(7601):110-114

    • [26] RUIZ F,WYSS A,ROSSEL J B,et al.A single nucleotide polymorphism in the gene for GPR183 increases its surface expression on blood lymphocytes of patients with inflammatory bowel disease[J].Br J Pharmacol,2021,178(16):3157-3175

    • [27] KLEJBOR I,SHIMSHEK D R,KLIMASZEWSKA⁃ŁATA J,et al.EBI2 is expressed in glial cells in multiple sclerosis lesions,and its knock⁃out modulates remyelination in the cuprizone model[J].Eur J Neurosci,2021,54(3):5173-5188

    • [28] HSIAO C C,SANKOWSKI R,PRINZ M,et al.GPCRo-mics of homeostatic and disease-associated human microglia[J].Front Immunol,2021,12:674189

    • [29] CAO J,GAN H,XIAO H,et al.Key protein⁃coding genes related to microglia in immune regulation and inflammatory response induced by epilepsy[J].Math Biosci Eng,2021,18(6):9563-9578

    • [30] OKA S I,TITUS A S,ZABLOCKI D,et al.Molecular properties and regulation of NAD+ kinase(NADK)[J].Redox Biol,2023,59:102561

    • [31] HOXHAJ G,BEN⁃SAHRA I,LOCKWOOD S E,et al.Direct stimulation of NADP+ synthesis through Akt⁃mediated phosphorylation of NAD kinase[J].Science,2019,363(6431):1088-1092

    • [32] POMERANTZ D J,FERDINANDUSSE S,COGAN J,et al.Clinical heterogeneity of mitochondrial NAD kinase deficiency caused by a NADK2 start loss variant[J].Am J Med Genet A,2018,176(3):692-698

    • [33] SHENG G,CHU H Q,DUAN H J,et al.LRRC25 inhibits IFN ⁃γ secretion by microglia to negatively regulate antituberculosis immunity in mice[J].Microorganisms,2023,11(10):2500

    • [34] NG A C,EISENBERG J M,HEATH R J,et al.Human leucine⁃rich repeat proteins:a genome⁃wide bioinformatic categorization and functional analysis in innate immunity[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2011,108(Suppl 1):4631-4638

    • [35] KOSOY R,FULLARD J F,ZENG B,et al.Genetics of the human microglia regulome refines Alzheimer’s disease risk loci[J].Nat Genet,2022,54(8):1145-1154

    • [36] DEVADOSS D,AKKAOUI J,NAIR M,et al.LRRC25 expression during physiological aging and in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease and iPSC-derived neurons[J].Front Mol Neurosci,2024,17:1365752

    • [37] BRANCOLINI C,GIORGIO E D,FORMISANO L,et al.Quis custodiet ipsos custodes(who controls the controllers)?two decades of studies on HDAC9[J].Life,2021,11(2):90

    • [38] HU S Q,CHO E H,LEE J Y.Histone deacetylase 9:its role in the pathogenesis of diabetes and other chronic diseases[J].Diabetes Metab J,2020,44(2):234-244

    • [39] SUGO N,YAMAMOTO N.Visualization of HDAC9 spatiotemporal subcellular localization in primary neuron cultures[J].Methods Mol Biol,2016,1436:119-127

    • [40] DAS T,KHATUN S,JHA T,et al.HDAC9 as a privileged target:reviewing its role in different diseases and structure-activity relationships(SARs)of its inhibitors[J].Mini Rev Med Chem,2023:767-784

    • [41] YANG L,WU C X,CUI Y,et al.Knockdown of histone deacetylase 9 attenuates sepsis ⁃induced myocardial injury and inflammatory response[J].Exp Anim,2023,72(3):356-366

    • [42] SANGUIGNO L,GUIDA N,ANZILOTTI S,et al.Stroke by inducing HDAC9 ⁃ dependent deacetylation of HIF ⁃ 1 and Sp1,promotes TfR1 transcription and GPX4 reduction,thus determining ferroptotic neuronal death[J].Int J Biol Sci,2023,19(9):2695-2710

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