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通讯作者:

陈道桢,E-mail:chendaozhen@163.com

中图分类号:R737.9

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)07-992-10

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN230626

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目录contents

    摘要

    乳腺癌中存在独特的细菌群落,与正常乳腺组织、乳腺良性疾病以及癌旁组织在数量和多样性上均存在显著差异。乳腺癌不同分子分型、病理分级和分期之间的菌群结构也不同,这表明微生物菌群可能在乳腺癌的发生、发展及治疗中发挥重要的作用。然而,受种族和地域差异、样本量、测序深度等方面的影响,目前的研究结果存在差异,且缺乏系统性的综述。因此,文章通过总结乳腺癌微生物菌群测序的最新研究进展,系统分析了乳腺癌组织与非癌组织、乳腺癌不同分子分型、病理分级和分期之间微生物的组成差异,并对微生物菌群在乳腺癌诊断及治疗中的作用进行展望和讨论,以期为基于微生物菌群的乳腺癌诊断及治疗提供全新视角。

    Abstract

    Breast cancer harbors a distinctive microbial community that significantly differs in quantity and diversity from normal breast tissue,benign breast diseases,and adjacent non-cancerous tissues. Moreover,the microbial composition varies among different molecular subtypes,grades,and stages of breast cancer. This suggests that the breast cancer-associated microbiota play an important role in the initiation,progression,and treatment of breast cancer. Nevertheless,due to factors such as ethnic and geographical disparities,sample sizes,and sequencing depths,there are discrepancies in current research results,and there is a lack of comprehensive reviews. Therefore,this paper summarizes the latest research progress on microbiota sequencing in breast cancer, systematically analyzes the differences in microbial composition between breast cancer tissues and non-cancerous tissues,and between different molecular subtypes,pathological grades and stages of breast cancer,and discusses the roles of microbiota in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer,with the aim of providing a new perspective for the future diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer based on microbiota.

  • 乳腺癌是威胁女性健康及生命的最常见恶性肿瘤,根据2020年全球癌症统计报告公布的结果,乳腺癌已超过肺癌成为女性发病率和死亡率最高的癌种[1]。乳腺癌的早期诊断有助于降低死亡率[2],因此,开发新型乳腺癌诊断标记物及有效的治疗策略具有重要的意义。

  • 随着基因测序技术的革新[3]、微生物组研究方法的进步[4] 以及人类微生物组计划(human microbi⁃ ome project,HMP)的启动[5-6],微生物组领域取得了重大进展。最近,乳腺癌组织被证实存在多种微生物菌群,且与非癌组织(包括正常乳腺组织、乳腺良性疾病组织和癌旁组织)在数量和多样性方面存在显著差异(图1)。此外,不同分子分型、病理分级及分期的乳腺癌微生物菌群之间也存在差异,而临床乳腺癌治疗决策需要综合评估这3个方面的因素。研究表明,细菌可通过诱发DNA损伤或基因突变、影响雌激素代谢、产生代谢物等多种机制在乳腺癌的发生、发展中发挥着复杂的作用[7-8]。因此,探索微生物菌群与乳腺癌之间复杂的作用关系在乳腺癌的诊断和治疗方面具有极大的研究潜力。

  • 近十年来已有较多的研究者对乳腺癌微生物组进行测序分析,最常见的下一代测序(next genera⁃ tion sequencing,NGS)技术包括扩增子测序、鸟枪法宏基因组测序和RNA测序[6],能对乳腺癌微生物组进行深度测序,提供更广泛的分类学覆盖率和更准确的功能图谱[7],使深入探索乳腺癌的微生物组成为可能[9-10]。本文总结了目前诸多乳腺癌相关的微生物组测序研究(表1),但其在研究对象、样本类型、测序方法、扩增区段等方面存在差异,使得研究数据呈现不一致性[11-32]。因此,本文对乳腺癌微生物组的研究进行了综述,系统性地分析乳腺癌组织与非癌组织、乳腺癌不同分子分型、病理分级和分期之间微生物的组成差异,并对微生物菌群在乳腺癌诊断及治疗中的作用进行了展望和讨论,为后续乳腺癌组织微生物组的测序提供参考,也为基于乳腺癌组织的微生物菌群开发新型诊断和治疗策略提供思路。

  • 1 乳腺癌与非癌组织微生物菌群的差异

  • 研究表明,乳腺组织中微生物群在不同生理和病理状态下存在显著差异。乳腺癌组织、正常乳腺组织、乳腺良性疾病组织和癌旁组织的微生物群在数量和多样性上存在显著不同。与正常乳腺组织相比,乳腺癌组织中的细菌数量和多样性明显增加,超过正常组织的水平多达10倍[21],而癌旁组织则介于两者之间[2132]。由于乳腺癌组织与非癌组织中的微生物菌群在门、科、属、种等水平的差异,因此,下文将从不同水平对乳腺癌组织与正常乳腺组织、乳腺良性疾病组织以及癌旁组织间的菌群结构进行分析和总结。

  • 图1 乳腺组织微生物菌群16S rRNA测序流程以及乳腺癌相关乳腺组织的优势菌群

  • Figure1 Breast tissue microbiota16S rRNA sequencing process and dominant microbiota of breast cancer ⁃ associated breast tissue

  • 表1 全球良恶性乳腺病及癌旁、正常乳腺组织的微生物组测序研究情况

  • Table1 Global microbiome sequencing studies of benign and malignant breast disease and paraneoplastic and normal breast tissue

  • Abbreviation:BCT,breast cancer tissue;BDT,benign disease tissue;NAT,normal adjacent tissue;NT,normal breast tissues.

  • 1.1 乳腺癌组织与正常乳腺组织的微生物菌群差异

  • 乳腺组织中的微生物组在门水平上显示出一定程度的一致性,不论在正常还是疾病状态下,都包括一些主要的菌门,如拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes[122024-25]、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria[261328]。这些门水平的共同特征组成了乳腺组织中的微生物组的基本结构。不过,在不同生理或病理状态下,特定的菌门可能会表现出差异,这些差异可能反映了乳腺组织内的微环境变化。Klann 等[19] 研究发现,与肿瘤组织相比,正常组织中蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)、变形菌门、互养菌门(Synergistetes)和软壁菌门(Tenericute)的菌群丰度较高,而疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobi)在正常乳腺组织中的丰度明显低于肿瘤组织。值得注意的是,变形菌门中的γ和ε变形菌纲能够分泌细胞致死性膨胀毒素(cytolethal distending toxin,CDT)[33], CDT 可能通过低剂量诱导单链DNA 断裂和高剂量诱导双链DNA断裂直接对DNA造成损伤[34-35]。如果这些DNA损伤无法得到及时修复,可能导致基因组的不稳定性,从而促进肿瘤的发生。这种门水平与纲水平矛盾的结果提示深度测序的重要性,乳腺癌菌群的变化需要综合考虑不同的水平。

  • 在科水平上,与正常乳腺组织相比,乳腺癌组织内的微生物组表现出显著差异。臭杆菌科(Odorib⁃acteraceae[19]、紫单胞菌科(Porphyromonadaceae[19]、瘤胃球菌科(Ruminococcaceae[1923]、疣微菌科 (Verrucomicrobiaceae[19]、假单胞菌科(Pseudomona⁃daceae[23] 和鞘脂单胞菌科(Sphingomonadaceae[23] 等微生物菌科在肿瘤组织中相对丰度较高,而产碱菌科(Alcaligenaceae)、黄杆菌科(Flavobacteriaceae)、莫拉菌科(Moraxellaceae)、普雷沃氏菌科(Prevotella⁃ceae)和放线菌科(Actinomycetaceae)等[23] 菌科在肿瘤组织中相对丰度较低。

  • 具体到属水平,乳腺癌组织中相对丰度较高的菌属包括不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、黄杆菌属 (Flavobacterium)、普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)和萨特氏菌属(Sutterella[19]。其中,葡萄球菌属中的表皮葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus epidermidis)可通过产生一种大肠杆菌素 Colibactin 诱导肿瘤细胞的DNA双链断裂[36],导致细胞内多种错误修复的积累,从而可能诱导癌症的发生[37]。乳腺癌组织中相对丰度较低的菌属包括阿克曼氏菌属 (Akkermansia)、丁酸单胞菌属(Butyricimonas)和副拟杆菌属(Parabacteroides[19]。Hieken 等[30] 研究表明,恶性肿瘤的发生与梭杆菌属(Fusobacterium)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、奇异菌属(Atopobium)、噬氢菌属(Hydrogenophaga)和葡糖醋杆菌属(Gluconace⁃tobacter)等菌属的富集有关。梭杆菌属,尤其是具核梭杆菌(Fusobacterium nucleatum),已被证实在结肠癌中促进癌变[38-39],最近的研究也表明其可能与乳腺癌的发展相关[40]。此外,一些菌属可在乳腺癌组织中检测到,而在正常乳腺组织中检测不到,其中包括在乳腺癌中丰度较高的普雷沃氏菌属、丰度较低的梭杆菌属,以及其他菌属如放线菌属(Actinomyces)、双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)、棒杆菌属(Corynebacterium)、螺杆菌属(Helicobacter)、罗氏菌属(Rothia)、沙门氏菌属(Salmonella)和密螺旋体属(Treponema[26]。另外,有研究首次在空芯针穿刺乳腺组织中观察到青枯菌属(Ralstonia)的存在[24]。Luo 等[12] 认为青枯菌属是乳腺组织中普遍存在的最优势细菌属, Thyagarajan等[20] 则认为青枯菌属是乳腺癌组织和正常组织中丰度无显著差异的优势菌属。不同研究对青枯菌属的存在与癌症类型之间的关联提出了不同的观点,但都强调了这一细菌属在乳腺组织中存在。此外,青枯菌属的存在与多种癌症类型之间存在相关性,包括乳腺癌[41]。因此,青枯菌属的富集可能是致癌的标志。一项研究发现,乳腺癌组织微生物组与非癌组织存在显著差异,其中甲基杆菌属(Methylobacte⁃rium)的相对丰度在癌症组织中降低[27]。甲基杆菌属被认为是驱动癌症⁃非癌症乳腺组织微生物组分离的主要细菌属[27]

  • 相比于正常乳腺组织,乳腺癌组织中富含的菌群多属于厌氧菌或兼性厌氧菌。这一现象可能是由于乳腺癌肿瘤内部存在缺氧环境,在这种缺氧条件下,一些厌氧菌或兼性厌氧菌(如沙门氏菌属、双歧杆菌属和大肠杆菌)能够通过趋化性选择性聚集在肿瘤的深部乏氧区域[42-43]。鉴定出的细菌可能成为潜在的生物标志物,用于预后和诊断,同时也有助于制定新的乳腺癌治疗策略。健康乳腺组织中的某些高丰度细菌也可能具备抗击乳腺癌的潜力,尽管相关研究相对较少,但这一领域仍有待深入挖掘。

  • 1.2 乳腺癌组织与乳腺良性疾病组织的微生物菌群差异

  • 目前,乳腺良恶性疾病间的微生物组差异的对比研究相对有限,然而这一领域的研究,对于深入了解良性疾病向乳腺癌的发展过程以及未来治疗策略的制定有重要作用。

  • 研究表明,相较于乳腺良性疾病,乳腺癌中存在明显更高丰度的变形菌门微生物[25]。在科水平上,伯克氏菌科(Burkholderiaceae)被发现是乳腺组织中最丰富的菌科之一,无论在乳腺癌组织还是乳腺良性疾病组织中均为高丰度,其次是鞘脂单胞菌科和产碱菌科[12]。此外,通过线性判别分析效应量 (linear discriminant analysis effect size,LEfSe)分析,乳腺癌组织较乳腺良性疾病组织中的微生物菌群更为丰富的包括微球菌科(Micrococcaceae)、柄杆菌科 (Caulobacteraceae)、红杆菌科(Rhodobacteraceae)、甲基杆菌科(Methylobacteriaceae)和球孢杆菌科(Nocar⁃dioidaceae[25]。在属水平上,有关乳腺癌和乳腺良性疾病之间的微生物差异的研究发现,Propionicimonas 属在乳腺癌中的相对丰度明显高于良性疾病,而普雷沃氏菌属和韦荣氏菌属(Veillonella)在良性疾病状态下富集[25]。这些发现表明,特定的细菌属可能在乳腺癌与良性疾病之间的区分中起到关键作用。在种水平上,铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)在激素受体阳性的乳腺癌组织中高度富集,而在癌旁组织和良性组织中几乎检测不到[12]。这表明铜绿假单胞菌可能在某些类型的乳腺癌中具有特殊的生态位,与乳腺癌的发生有关[22]。通过LEfSe分析还发现在良性组织中含量最高的细菌包括青枯雷尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)、华癸中生根瘤菌(Mesorhizobium huakuii)和Sphingobium limneticum[12]

  • 这些研究表明乳腺癌与良性疾病之间存在微生物组的差异,这些差异可能在疾病的发展和转化中发挥着一定作用。这些变化是否可以用作生物标志物,以及是否存在针对乳腺癌预防和治疗的微生物组干预策略,都需要更深入地研究。

  • 1.3 乳腺癌组织与癌旁组织的微生物菌群差异

  • 乳腺癌组织和癌旁组织的主要菌门依次为变形菌门、厚壁菌门和放线菌门[1117]。相较于癌旁组织,乳腺癌组织中变形菌门[161828]、梭杆菌门(Fuso⁃bacteria[1823] 和螺旋体门(Spirochaetes[23] 的相对丰度较高,而放线菌门[232816]、厚壁菌门[18]Thermi[23] 和蛭弧菌门(Bdellovibrionota[11] 的相对丰度较低。放线菌门、丙酸杆菌目(Propionibacteriales)、丙酸杆菌科(Propionibacteriaceae)、丙酸杆菌属(Propioni⁃bacterium)以及丙酸杆菌种(Propionibacterium)的富集培养克隆体MRHull⁃FeSM⁃11R和痤疮丙酸杆菌 (Propionibacterium acnes)在癌旁组织中相对丰度较高[16]。然而,Esposito 等[16] 研究发现厚壁菌门在肿瘤组织中相较于癌旁组织的丰度增加。导致这种差异的具体原因尚不明确,可能与研究者采用的实验程序、测序扩增区域和入组队列等因素有关。

  • 在纲水平上,与癌旁组织相比,乳腺癌组织中芽孢杆菌纲(Bacilli)和放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)的相对丰度较高,而寡弯菌纲(Oligoflexia)和γ⁃变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)的相对丰度较低[11]。另一方面,Smith等[23] 发现梭菌纲(Clostridia)和拟杆菌纲 (Bacteroidia)在肿瘤组织中的丰度较正常组织和癌旁组织高,或许可作为癌症相关生物标志物。此外,在目水平上,肠杆菌目在癌旁组织中较肿瘤组织富集[11]

  • 从科水平的角度来看,相较于肿瘤组织,癌旁组织中假单胞菌科[11] 和以大肠杆菌为成员的肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae[1129] 的相对丰度较高,而葡萄球菌科(Staphylococcaceae[11]、瘤胃球菌科[23]Peptostreptococcales_Tissierella[11]的相对丰度较低。大肠杆菌具有产生Colibactin诱导DNA双链断裂的能力[44],为癌旁组织中微生物组可能的致癌作用提供了证据。此外,变形菌门特有的假单胞菌科、鞘脂单胞菌科和柄杆菌科在乳腺癌癌旁组织中的丰度相较于肿瘤组织及正常组织更高[23]

  • 在属和种的水平上,与癌旁组织相比,乳腺癌组织中罗氏菌属[11]、链球菌属(Streptococcus[11]、甲基杆菌属[32]Finegoldia[11] 的丰度较高,假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas[1116]、丙酸杆菌属[16]、鞘脂单胞菌属(Sphingomonas[32]Escherichia⁃shigella[11] 的丰度较低。特别值得关注的是,矢野口鞘氨醇菌 (Sphingomonasyanoikuyae)在癌旁组织中富集最显著和最普遍,而耐辐射甲基杆菌(Methylobacterium radiotolerans)在肿瘤组织中富集最显[32]

  • 这些发现表明,微生物组或其组分可能在局部免疫微环境中发挥作用,并与乳腺癌之间存在未被充分认识的联系。乳腺癌组织与健康乳腺组织以及癌旁组织之间的微生物差异性揭示了使用肿瘤微生物来区分病变组织和正常组织的潜在可能性。当肿瘤组织和相应的癌旁组织中存在相似的微生物组时,可能表明整个乳房组织都存在癌变的趋势。

  • 2 不同分子分型、病理分级、分期的乳腺癌微生物菌群差异

  • 除了乳腺癌组织、正常组织、乳腺良性疾病组织和癌旁组织之间的微生物群差异,不同的乳腺癌亚型或处于不同状态的肿瘤也可能表现出独特的微生物组。因此,下文对乳腺癌不同分子分型、病理分级和分期的菌群结构进行分析和总结。

  • 2.1 乳腺癌不同分子分型之间的微生物菌群差异

  • 乳腺癌是一种高度异质的疾病[45],研究数据表明,不同亚型乳腺癌与细菌在属水平存在一定关联[26]。内分泌受体阳性,即雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)或孕激素受体(progesterone receptor, PR)阳性乳腺癌与隐秘杆菌属(Arcanobacterium)、双歧杆菌属、心杆菌属(Cardiobacterium)、柠檬酸杆菌属(Citrobacter)和埃希氏菌属(Escherichia)相关;人类表皮生长因子受体 2(human epidermal growth factor receptor 2,HER2)阳性乳腺癌与链球菌属相关;三阳性乳腺癌与博德氏菌属(Bordetella)、弯曲菌属(Campylobacter)、军团菌属(Legionella)和巴斯德氏菌属(Pasteurella)相关;三阴性乳腺癌(triple⁃negative breast cancer,TNBC)与气球菌属(Aerococcus)、弓形杆菌属(Arcobacter)、地芽孢杆菌属(Geobacillus)、罗氏菌属和东方立克次体(Orientia)相关。另外,内分泌受体阳性乳腺癌和三阳性乳腺癌的乳腺癌组织中短波单胞菌属(Brevundimonas)的相对丰度较高,而动弯杆菌属(Mobiluncus)和分枝杆菌属(Myco⁃bacterium)主要在内分泌受体阴性,HER2阳性乳腺癌和TNBC中存在。值得注意的是,短波单胞菌属可能引发菌血症,与免疫抑制或癌症患者有关[46]

  • 在内分泌受体阳性亚型方面,有研究利用 LEfSe分析评估内分泌受体阳性和阴性的乳腺癌组织状态之间的差异分类群,发现内分泌受体阳性乳腺组织中出现了特定物种的相对丰度显著增加,包括假单胞菌目(Pseudomonadales)、莫拉菌科、不动杆菌属、Undibacterium属、Undibacterium pigrumBrady⁃ rhizobium betaeBradyrhizobium rifenseAcinetobacter johnsonii[12]。另一项研究指出,甲基杆菌属在内分泌受体阳性的乳腺癌中显著富集[27]。此外,Li 等[17] 发现,与ER阴性样本相比,ER阳性乳腺癌的癌旁组织中弧菌属(Vibrio)、假交替单胞菌属(Pseudo⁃ alteromonas)、发光杆菌属(Photobacterium)和海细菌属(Marinobacterium)4 个属的丰度更高,而 Prevotel⁃ la_9的丰度更低。对于HER2阳性乳腺癌,Kartti等[11] 研究发现,奇异球菌(Deinococcota)门中的 Thermus 属在HER2阳性亚型中存在较高的丰度,这可能与乳腺癌 HER2 阳性亚型的炎症反应有关。此外, HER2阳性乳腺癌中Thermi门和疣微菌门的丰度最高,其中疣微菌门的阿克曼氏菌属丰度较高[23]。另外,与HER2阴性乳腺癌组织相比,HER2阳性乳腺癌的癌旁组织中,不动杆菌属、假单胞菌属、寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)和丙酸菌属(Cutibacterium) 这4个细菌属的丰度更高,而弧菌属、发光杆菌属和 Glaciecola属这3个菌属的丰度显著降低[17]

  • 研究发现,TNBC 的肿瘤微环境中存在高丰度的蓝藻门和厚壁菌门[23]。此外,与非TNBC 样本相比,TNBC的癌旁组织中丙酸菌属、假交替单胞菌属和发光杆菌属这3个菌属的相对丰度呈下降趋势[17]。 Smith等[23] 研究指出,相比于其他乳腺癌亚型,TNBC 中的厚壁菌门更丰富,其中链球菌科(Streptococcaceae) 和瘤胃球菌属的丰度较高。此外,TNBC中鞘脂单胞菌科更为丰富。该科细菌具有分解与乳腺癌相关的芳烃和多环芳烃的能力[47]。然而,另一项研究也指出,鞘脂单胞菌科对人体免疫系统可能有益[48]。因此,鞘脂单胞菌科对乳腺癌的确切影响仍需深入研究。

  • 上述研究结果揭示了各种乳腺癌亚型之间的差异,这些差异可能与它们的发病机制和生物学特性相关。例如,全身雌激素水平已被广泛认为与乳腺癌风险增加有关[49],因此,不同的激素状态可能会影响乳腺癌的发生及其微生物组。因此,对乳腺癌亚型之间微生物组成的深入研究可能有助于更好地理解乳腺癌的异质性,这使我们有望迈向更加精准和个体化的乳腺癌治疗时代。

  • 2.2 乳腺癌不同病理分级和分期的微生物菌群差异

  • 在乳腺癌病理分级方面,Meng等[25] 研究发现,相较于Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级乳腺癌,Ⅲ级乳腺癌组织表现出更丰富的物种多样性。虽然不同组织学分级的微生物组成总体相似,但随着癌症的恶化,拟杆菌科的相对丰度降低,而 Agrococcus 属的相对丰度增加。气单胞菌科(Aeromonadaceae)和 S24_7 科在Ⅲ 级乳腺癌组织中富集,而 RF39 目在Ⅰ级乳腺癌中富集,这些细菌可能作为不同分级的生物标志物。此外,Li等[17] 研究首次表明,弧菌属、假交替单胞菌属、发光杆菌属和 RB41 属与乳腺癌的组织学分级呈负相关。

  • 在乳腺癌临床分期方面,Smith等[23] 研究发现,不同分期的乳腺癌具有各自独特的微生物组。在门水平上,1期乳腺癌中变形菌门较多,2期乳腺癌富含厚壁菌门和螺旋体门,而第 3/4 阶段的乳腺癌中 Thermi门、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)和柔膜菌门(Tenericutes)的相对丰度升高。具体到科属水平,1期乳腺癌中富含瘤胃球菌科和生丝微菌属 (Hyphomicrobium),2期乳腺癌含有较多的Sporosar⁃cina属,3 期和 4 期乳腺癌则显示 Bosea属的相对丰度升高。另外,Xuan等[32] 的研究显示微生物载量与乳腺癌分期呈负相关。1期乳腺癌中的细菌DNA拷贝数较高,3期肿瘤中逐渐减少,而在配对的正常组织中则没有这种趋势。

  • 微生物组与乳腺癌的病理分级或分期之间的关联强调了在乳腺癌疾病进展的监测中可能利用乳腺组织中的微生物组的潜力。此外,不同分级或分期的乳腺癌中存在其独特的细菌群落,这为针对这些细菌进行研究提供了新的方向,可能有助于实现乳腺癌的个体化治疗策略的发展。因此,乳腺癌的微生物组研究有望为癌症的早期诊断和治疗提供新的机会和洞察力。

  • 3 微生物菌群对乳腺癌治疗新策略开发的启迪

  • 细菌在乳腺癌的发生发展中发挥着复杂的作用,研究表明,细菌可以通过多种机制影响肿瘤的治疗,包括介导肿瘤细胞对化疗的耐药性,以及直接影响与肿瘤相关的免疫信号通路。此外,某些特定的细菌也是良好的肿瘤生物治疗制剂,包括调节肿瘤免疫微环境[50] 以及作为抗癌药物的载体[51]。因此,微生物菌群在乳腺癌治疗中具有巨大的研究潜力。

  • 耐药性是乳腺癌治疗的重大挑战之一[52],越来越多的证据表明,肿瘤内的微生物菌群可能通过多种机制介导肿瘤对化疗的耐药性[53]。某些细菌会降低化疗药物的活性进而影响化疗效果[54]。因此,辅助使用适当的抗生素抑制这类细菌,有望逆转肿瘤耐药,提高治疗效果。研究表明,结肠癌肿瘤组织中的γ⁃变形菌能分泌胞苷脱氨酶,将吉西他滨降解为无活性形式,辅以抗生素环丙沙星,可显著提高吉西他滨的抗肿瘤效果[55]。有研究发现,免疫治疗的疗效与肿瘤微环境中微生物的变化有关[56-57]。例如,脆弱拟杆菌(Burkholderiacepacia)有助于乳腺癌转移和免疫逃逸[58],因此杀灭这类肿瘤相关微生物组可能会提高肿瘤治疗效果。然而,目前特定菌群对乳腺癌治疗效果的关系研究较少,未来基于特定细菌治疗乳腺癌的策略的开发需要对二者间的关系进行深入研究。此外,还需考虑广谱抗生素的使用可能破坏肠道微生物平衡,导致患者预后恶化[55]。随着生物工程技术的不断进步,一些具有选择性定植于实体肿瘤乏氧区域的厌氧菌或兼性厌氧菌[5942](如沙门氏菌属、大肠杆菌、李斯特氏菌属和双歧杆菌属等)已被设计为工程细菌[60] 或药物载体[61-63],应用于乳腺癌主动靶向治疗。这种结合微生物治疗和生物工程技术的策略不仅可以降低药物毒副作用,还可联合多种治疗手段,如化疗、光动力学治疗和免疫治疗等高效治疗肿瘤,在乳腺癌治疗中有着巨大的潜力,但特定菌群对乳腺癌的疗效需要进一步的研究,以制定基于细菌治疗乳腺癌的策略,并进行全面的有效性和安全性测试,有望为乳腺癌患者提供更有效的治疗选择。

  • 4 小结与展望

  • 近年来,研究人员对微生物组在乳腺癌中的分布特征以及其在乳腺癌发生发展中的作用进行了深入研究。除了上文提到的不同状态的乳腺癌组织之间的菌群存在差异,地理位置和人种因素也可以影响乳腺中的微生物组[2023]。不同种族的饮食习惯、生活环境和代谢水平都可能对肠道和口腔微生物组的特性产生影响,从而影响乳腺组织中微生物组的丰度,使其呈现出特异性[64-65]。因此,乳腺微生物组的生态失调,也就是微生物失衡,一直与乳腺肿瘤的发展密切相关。上述微生物菌群的差异可能有助于实现不同的乳腺癌患者的个体化、精准化治疗。

  • 但是,微生物组的检测方法及技术等方面的差异,会导致结果出现显著异质性。虽然有研究表明,选择V3区进行16S rRNA 测序能够相对全面地描述乳腺组织的微生物组,并且证实了V3区域是乳腺组织微生物组中信息最多的区域[24],但目前尚无统一的标准来规范乳腺癌微生物组的研究。此外,微生物组测序可能会因使用引物和测序平台等因素存在差异而呈现不同的结果[66-67],因此,上述对乳腺组织微生物菌群的研究可能会呈现不同的结果,结论的可靠性有待商榷,这也是这类研究的潜在限制。未来发展的目标应包括制定用于分析乳腺相关微生物组的标准研究方案,这将有助于确保研究的可重复性和可比性,从而更好地理解微生物群与乳腺癌之间的关系。

  • 本文总结了乳腺癌微生物群测序的最新研究进展,系统性地分析了乳腺癌组织与非癌组织、乳腺癌不同分子分型、不同病理分级和分期之间微生物的组成差异,并对微生物群在乳腺癌治疗策略的建立进行了讨论。由于微生物组与乳腺癌之间的相互作用是复杂的,可能涉及多种因素,未来需要进一步的研究来充分阐明微生物组与乳腺癌之间的复杂关系,并探索基于微生物组的治疗方法,为未来乳腺癌的诊断和治疗奠定基础。

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