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通讯作者:

王丽君,E-mail:dr_wanglj@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R739.41

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)07-1018-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN231114

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目录contents

    摘要

    胶质母细胞瘤(glioblastoma,GBM)是成人最常见、恶性程度最高的脑肿瘤。室管膜下区(subventricular zone,SVZ) 作为成人神经干细胞最集中的部位,可能是GBM干细胞的潜在来源。研究表明SVZ在该疾病的发生发展及复发转移中扮演重要角色,且SVZ受累可以作为GBM患者预后不良的标志物之一。因此,SVZ可能成为GBM患者放射治疗的靶点。另外, SVZ放疗可以改善GBM患者的预后,但是近年来始终存在相互矛盾的研究结果。为了探索SVZ的临床价值,了解SVZ与放疗相关的最新研究进展,文章通过综述相关理论基础研究,列举和评估现有临床证据,探讨SVZ放疗的价值。

    Abstract

    Glioblastoma(GBM)is the most common and malignant brain tumor in adults. The subventricular zone(SVZ),as the most concentrated site of adult neural stem cells,may be the potential source of glioblastoma stem cells. Studies have shown that SVZ plays an important role in the occurrence,development,recurrence and metastasis of the disease,and SVZ involvement can be used as a adverse prognostic marker in GBM patients. Therefore,SVZ may be a target for radiotherapy in patients with GBM. Moreover,SVZ radiotherapy can improve the prognosis of GBM,but there have been many contradictory research results in recent years. In order to explore the clinical value of SVZ,it is necessary to discuss the latest research progress between SVZ and radiotherapy. This review summarizes the relevant theoretical basis research,lists and evaluates the existing clinical evidence,and explores the value of SVZ radiotherapy.

  • 神经胶质瘤分为星形细胞瘤、少突胶质细胞瘤和胶质母细胞瘤(glioblastoma,GBM)[1]。GBM 是最常见的中枢神经系统原发肿瘤,被 WHO 归类为Ⅳ 级[2],约占恶性脑肿瘤的 45.2%和原发性脑肿瘤的 15.6%,是成人中最常见和最具侵袭性的原发脑肿瘤[3]。对于 GBM 患者,通常采用外科手术切除肿瘤,并结合放疗和同步使用替莫唑胺化疗,随后进行6个周期的替莫唑胺维持治疗[4]。尽管GBM患者接受了标准治疗,但患者预后仍然较差,中位生存期 (median survival time,MS)仅约为15个月,5年生存率不到5%[5]。该现象主要是由于GBM中的肿瘤干细胞具有可塑性和增殖能力,促进了GBM的发展进程,而放化疗无法有效消除这些肿瘤干细胞[6]

  • 室管膜下区(subventricular zone,SVZ)是指位于侧脑室、胼胝体和纹状体之间的薄层条带状脑区,其中含有较多数量的神经干细胞(neural stem cell, NSC)[7]。研究表明,SVZ中的神经干细胞与GBM中的胶质瘤干细胞(glioma stem cell,GSC)在蛋白表达、活性和分化多样性等方面具有许多相似性[8]。这些发现引起了研究人员对SVZ和GBM发生发展的广泛关注。因此,本文对GBM患者中SVZ放疗的相关研究进展进行综述,旨在为优化GBM的标准治疗方案提供理论依据。

  • 1 NSC与肿瘤干细胞

  • 具有分化为新神经细胞和神经胶质细胞能力的NSC和能够产生异质性肿瘤细胞并存在于血液肿瘤及各种实体肿瘤中的肿瘤干细胞具有相似性和关联性[9-10]。GBM 含有 GSC,其表现出自我更新、增殖、多向分化潜力和迁移特性[11-12]。GSC可能起源于转化的 NSC[13]。在 GBM 中已经发现了一些 NSC 标志物,如胶质纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP)、CD44、CD133和Sox2等[14-15]。NSC和 GSC 有相似的信号转导途径,包括STAT3 [16] 和Notch 途径[17]。它们还表现出类似的蛋白质调节途径[18],涉及增殖、分化和Wnt/β⁃catenin调节[19]。NSC可通过基因突变转变为GSC,干细胞标志物CD133与肿瘤转移和复发有关[20]。NSC相关因子如表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)在GBM中经常过度表达,并导致肿瘤发生和对治疗的抵抗[21]。许多转录因子都与NSC和GSC有关,包括c⁃Myc,它在NSC的增殖和更新中起作用[22]。此外,GSC与NSC 均在大脑中表现出迁移能力,可能与复发转移有关[23]。胶质瘤细胞可以吸引附近的NSC,并诱导它们转化为恶性GSC,促进GBM肿瘤的异质性[24]。胶质瘤细胞可以在肿瘤微环境的作用下获得干细胞表型,进一步促进肿瘤的发展[25]。该发现使得学者普遍认为GBM肿瘤复发都源于GSC的高侵袭性。因此,重视GSC和肿瘤微环境作用对肿瘤疗效的影响,推断介导GSC存活的调节通路,同时靶向GBM中的GSC 可能为治疗GBM提供新疗法。

  • 2 SVZ在GBM发展中的治疗潜力与风险

  • 脑室下区是成人大脑中 NSC 数量最多的区域[26]。成人SVZ中含有的干细胞比神经细胞更容易转化为 GSC。此外,在 SVZ 的 NSC 中,细胞骨架蛋白、端粒酶、肿瘤抑制蛋白、转录因子和生长因子等多种分子会促进GBM的发展,而编码这些分子的基因也容易发生突变。Daniel等[27] 发现NSC中PI3K 分子激活可以促进肿瘤的生成;Yang等[28] 发现逆转录因子 Capicu 的缺失可以通过 NSC 增殖分化异常促进胶质瘤生成。虽然对于该部位的放疗有望阻止原发性和复发性GBM的发展,但更大体积的大脑照射并非没有风险,并且已经观察到明显的不良反应[29]

  • 2.1 SVZ与GBM发生的关系

  • SVZ位于成年哺乳动物的大脑侧脑室内侧并包含丰富的NSC[30],可能是GBM的发生地。小鼠模型研究显示,SVZ的NSC基因组不稳定或血小板衍生生长因子(platelet⁃derived growth factor,PDGF)信号的过度表达可以促进其增殖和迁移,诱导胶质瘤的形成[31]。在 p53/NF1 失活的小鼠模型中,SVZ 最早发生可识别的肿瘤[32]。SVZ内NSC的抑癌基因缺失对诱发神经胶质瘤至关重要[33]。在肿瘤进化系统的发育重建中,研究者通过获取GBM侵袭的SVZ脑组织来研究其致癌潜力,发现人类SVZ是GSC的重要来源,这是SVZ在人类胶质瘤形成中发挥作用的第一个直接证据[34]。Lee等[35] 通过对胶质瘤患者不同部位的脑组织进行单细胞测序发现在异柠檬酸脱氢酶野生型(isocitrate dehydrogenase wild type, IDH⁃WT)的GBM患者中,有56.3%的患者在未受肿瘤直接累及的 SVZ 区内测得与肿瘤原发灶同样高水平表达的致癌突变基因(如EGFR)以及端粒酶逆转录酶(telomerase reverse transcriptase,TERT)启动子突变等。进一步使用基因编辑技术使小鼠 SVZ 区 NSC 的磷酸酯和张力蛋白同源物(phosphate and tensin homolog,PTEN)、EGFR、p53 等基因突变后, 90%的小鼠形成了脑肿瘤,该研究证实了携带驱动突变的 NCS 可以使得 SVZ 向外放射状迁移并可引起远处脑肿瘤的发生。这提示携带驱动突变的NSC 可以转化为远离SVZ的肿瘤。最近,Wang等[36] 通过体内外研究证实GBM分泌的胞外囊泡可以使体外神经干细胞球发生恶性转化,可以在体内形成GBM 肿瘤。然而,也有研究表明远离SVZ的少突胶质前体细胞可能会诱导胶质瘤生成,成熟胶质细胞去分化也可以获得干细胞样特征[37]。因此,GBM可能主要来源于SVZ的NSC,SVZ来源的GBM可能是GBM 的某种亚型。

  • 2.2 SVZ的放疗抵抗

  • 目前研究认为,GSC逃避辐射杀伤的机制主要包括DNA损伤修复增强、活性氧清除、肿瘤微环境调节、抗凋亡途径的激活以及肿瘤细胞处于细胞周期静止期等几个方面[38-39]。GSC特别耐受放化疗[40],表现出天然的耐药性,成为胶质瘤化疗耐药研究的新工具,成为解决化疗耐药和肿瘤复发的关键。

  • ①胶质瘤细胞可以逃离原发部位,侵入周围组织,并潜入 SVZ 等远隔部位逃避手术及放射线照射。Qin等[33] 研究发现激活Rho/ROCK 通路可以促进 GBM 细胞向 SVZ 迁移,而抑制 ROCK 信号,可以显著抑制这种迁移。同时,SVZ分泌的部分趋化物质诱导趋化作用,如 CXCL12、CXCL1、CXCL10、 CCL5等[41]。②肿瘤微环境是导致和维持GSC的关键[42]。肿瘤坏死核心的缺氧环境,使得肿瘤细胞抗辐射、抗化疗效应增强。同时,SVZ可以提供维持干细胞生物功能状态所需的氧、营养素等。研究发现 SVZ 内较低的生理氧气水平,有助于NSC 以及SVZ 中GSC维持于静止和未分化状态[43],进而支持顽固性的肿瘤行为。SVZ分泌的细胞因子可以促进GSC 的存活,如CXCL12可以调节细胞增殖,调节GSC的标志物表达,促进GBM细胞静止并增强其抵抗放化疗的能力[44]。CXCL1在GBM肿瘤中过度表达,不仅增强其辐射抗性,还与患者不良预后相关[45]。③DNA 修复增强。CD133+ 的GSC可通过促进L1CAM胞内结构域从细胞质到细胞核的移位,从而优先激活 DNA修复机制[38],而放射线照射后肿瘤细胞CD133 表达会进一步增强。CXCL12可以调节MKP1酶的募集磷酸化,促进DNA双链断裂修复过程,从而增强辐射抵御力并促进肿瘤生长[46]。GSC的辐射抗性还可能与抗凋亡蛋白如 Bcl⁃2 和 Mcl⁃1 的高表达有关[45]。④电离辐射能更有效地清除快速分裂、增殖的肿瘤细胞,但静止期细胞对电离辐射不敏感,无法达到快速清除目的[39]。原发灶内的 GSC 和 SVZ 内的 NSC 大多都处于细胞周期的静止期[47],这是它们治疗抵抗的另一重要原因。

  • 2.3 GBM复发转移与SVZ的关系

  • 研究证实,无论是单纯放疗还是联合化疗,GBM 治疗失败主要是由于局部复发和远处脑内复发[48]

  • 神经损伤的发生(如肿瘤、缺氧、变性、癫痫、皮质损伤等)可以触发神经源性区域的 NSC 激活、向损伤位置迁移、并分化为功能性神经元[49]。研究表明,GBM的扩散模式重现了正常NSC的迁移行为,即皮质肿瘤遵循“脑室定向迁移”模式[50];而累及 SVZ的肿瘤遵循切向、放射状或多极模式迁移[51],这也导致肿瘤可以扩散到同侧皮质和对侧SVZ。Kro⁃ nen等[52] 提出GSC能够离开SVZ,并且通过吻端迁移流迁移到嗅球,分化成熟并整合至神经元网络,这一迁移路径在后续研究中获得了验证[53]。在海马齿状回的颗粒下区(subgranular zone,SGZ)中,干细胞仅沿放射状纤维从颗粒下层向颗粒层迁移数微米,同时不会离开海马体结构[50]。所以,与SGZ相比,SVZ 在GBM的局部复发和远处脑转移中更为重要。

  • 研究表明,SVZ受侵的GBM会显示出干细胞相关基因表型和高侵袭性的临床特征,在初诊时即可表现为多中心病灶[54]。该类患者局部复发率极高且可表现为远处脑内复发[55],显示出更差的预后[48]。故 SVZ 受侵被认为是 GBM 患者的不良预后因子之一。当前在临床上采用影像学检查来判断患者是否存在SVZ受侵,而缺乏特异性分子标志物来精准判断是否存在SVZ受侵。此外,皮质浅层肿瘤更容易大体全切除,而深部肿瘤的手术切除多为部分或次全切除,导致SVZ受侵的GBM患者预后更差。另有学者支持脑脊液假说,即肿瘤位置靠近脑脊液路径或手术侵犯脑室系统导致GBM经脑脊液播散,从而引起脑内复发转移[5 6]

  • 2.4 SVZ放疗与神经认知损伤

  • SVZ 含有相当大比例转化的 NSC,可以迁移到胶质瘤中,促进顽固性的肿瘤行为,并对标准的抗胶质瘤治疗表现出明显抵抗。标准的外科手术和局部放射治疗方案遗漏了这一关键的微观疾病部位,从而使 SVZ 成为 GBM 细胞再增殖和复发的来源。但是放疗照射GBM患者的SVZ区是否有生存获益仍存在较大争议,因为将 SVZ 的放疗剂量与 GBM 患者的无进展生存(progression ⁃free survival, PFS)率和总生存(overall survival,OS)率进行相关分析的临床研究得出的结论并不一致,统计分析也未能得出较为一致的最佳照射剂量。脑部放射治疗期间NSC的损伤可能导致一些长期后遗症,其中影响最显著的是神经认知功能损伤。已有研究表明,神经认知缺陷与全脑照射有关[57],尤其是海马部位,如果将 SVZ 纳入放疗靶区,则患者的神经认知功能预计会下降[58]。此外,GSC对放射治疗不敏感,可能需要更高的辐射剂量才能达到一定的治疗效果。因此,迫切需要临床从业人员积极展开相关前瞻性研究,以获得可靠的数据。另外,需要在与SVZ 相关肿瘤的细胞和遗传水平上进行更多研究,以确定哪些GBM患者可以从SVZ放射治疗中获益。

  • 3 SVZ放疗在GBM中的研究进展

  • 放疗可以阻止GBM的进展和复发,鉴于SVZ放疗的潜在临床意义,研究者们开展了很多回顾性研究,术后常规辅助放射治疗计划(放疗剂量一般为 60 Gy,2 Gy/30 F,联合替莫唑胺辅助化疗),SVZ 的偶然照射剂量与患者生存结果相关联。通过比较不同研究的差异,纳入有关放化疗对肿瘤的影响,结果如表1所示。这些研究的方法基本相似,即将患者分为高SVZ剂量组和低SVZ剂量组,并将生存情况进行比较,进而得出研究结论。第一项研究是 Evers等[59] 发起的,回顾性分析了55例高级别胶质瘤 (WHO Ⅲ~Ⅳ)患者接受 SVZ 高剂量与低剂量照射后的 PFS,结果显示SVZ高剂量组PFS显著改善,且较高辐射剂量与患者的进展风险降低相关。因此作者认为,放疗照射干细胞池可以改善患者生存。在后续研究中,有多个学者(Gupta 等[60]、Lee 等[61]、Chen 等[62])与Evers等[59] 的观点相一致,即认为SVZ的放疗剂量与GBM患者生存期有关。相反,Valiyaveettil 等[63] 的研究结果显示 SVZ 的放疗剂量并不影响 GBM 患者的生存。根据表1 所述的研究结果,对 GBM患者进行SVZ放疗的效果仍存在争议,需要进一步研究确定哪些患者可以通过该疗法最终获益。

  • 4 总结与展望

  • 综合以往研究成果,SVZ受累成为GBM患者重要的预后因素,这也意味着针对SVZ的治疗确实具有潜在的临床价值,对SVZ进行放疗在动物试验中被证实可行,但众多的临床研究并没有得出一致结论,证明SVZ放疗可以改善GBM患者预后,部分研究结果甚至存在矛盾。

  • 得出 SVZ 剂量与生存呈正相关的研究基本都是回顾性研究,在这些研究中,SVZ区域的照射剂量都是GBM患者在接受术后标准放射治疗时覆盖到SVZ的偶然剂量。此外,患者之间较明显的异质性、治疗方式的差异性等都限制了回顾性研究所得出结论的准确性。并且近年来的研究结果表明SVZ放疗不一定能使患者获益,高剂量的放射性照射反而可能会对患者带来更明显的放射相关不良反应[45]

  • 表1 SVZ照射提高成人GBM患者总体生存的优势比较

  • Table1 Comparison of the benefits of SVZ irradiation to improve overall survival in adult GBM patients

  • In the table,R indicates retrospective study and P indicates prospective study;biSVZ,iSVZ,and cSVZ represent bilateral SVZ,ipsilateral SVZ, and contralateral SVZ,respectively.

  • 目前有两项正在进行的关于 GBM 患者术后放疗照射 SVZ 的前瞻性研究(NCT02177578、 NCT06092255),希望他们能够提供确切结果,以指导SVZ放疗的价值与剂量。综上所述,为了更好地指导GBM患者的治疗决策,需要进行更多的基础研究和临床研究,而这些研究将有助于深入了解SVZ 在GBM中的作用,并为未来的治疗策略制定提供科学依据。

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