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通讯作者:

刘存明,E-mail: cunmingliv@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R735.37

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)08-1100-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN240142

参考文献 1
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参考文献 3
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参考文献 6
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参考文献 7
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参考文献 8
GANASON N,SIVANASER V,LIU C Y,et al.Post⁃oper⁃ative sore throat:comparing the monitored endotracheal tube cuff pressure and pilot balloon palpation methods[J].Malays J Med Sci,2019,26(5):132-138
参考文献 9
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参考文献 10
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参考文献 11
LAKSONO B H,ISNGADI I,WICAKSONO S J.Passive release technique produces the most accurate endotracheal tube cuff pressure than manual palpation and minimum occlusive volume technique in the absence of manometer[J].Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim,2021,49(2):114-117
参考文献 12
MAHOORI A,KHANAHMADI S,KHANAHMADI S,et al.Evaluation of the endotracheal tube cuff pressure changes during cardiac operations under cardiopulmonary bypass[J].J Cardiovasc Thorac Res,2023,15(1):51-56
参考文献 13
刘瑶,吴赞情,董补怀.不同气管导管套囊压力对腹腔镜胆囊切除术全身麻醉患者拔管时心血管反应的影响[J].陕西医学杂志,2019,48(8):987-989
参考文献 14
WANG C,YAN X,GAO C,et al.Effect of continuous measurement and adjustment of endotracheal tube cuff pressure on postoperative sore throat in patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopic surgery:study protocol for a randomized controlled trial[J].Trials,2023,24(1):358
参考文献 15
SONY S,KRISHNAMURTHY J,REDDY K N,et al.Comparison of normal saline and alkalinized 2% lignocaine to reduce emergence phenomenon and post ⁃intubation morbidities:a prospective,double ⁃blind,randomized study[J].Cureus,2023,15(1):e33910
参考文献 16
赵桂华,翟晶雯,徐江叶,等.全麻患者气管插管套囊压力和术后气道并发症的现况调查及影响因素分析[J].临床麻醉学杂志,2018,34(8):733-738
参考文献 17
WON D,CHANG J E,KIM H,et al.Effect of intraoperative neuromuscular blockade on postoperative sore throat and hoarseness in patients undergoing spinal surgery:a prospective observational study[J].Sci Rep,2020,10(1):14810
参考文献 18
LI J,MA S,CHANG X,et al.Effect of pressure⁃controlled ventilation ⁃volume guaranteed mode combined with individualized positive end⁃expiratory pressure on respiratory mechanics,oxygenation and lung injury in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery in Trendelenburg position[J].J Clin Monit Comput,2022,36(4):1155-1164
参考文献 19
NETHRA S S,NAGARAJA S,SUDHEESH K,et al.Comparison of effects of volume⁃controlled and pressure⁃controlled mode of ventilation on endotracheal cuff pressure and respiratory mechanics in laparoscopic cholecystectomies:a randomised controlled trial[J].Indian J Anaesth,2020,64(10):842-848
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨腹腔镜结直肠手术中气管导管套囊压力控制对术中血流动力学及术后咽喉痛的影响。方法:选择行腹腔镜结直肠癌根治手术的患者94例。采用随机数字表将患者随机分为H组(导管套囊压力控制组,n=48)和L组(指感法组, n=46)。H组患者套囊压力控制在25~30 cmH2O,L组患者仅监测套囊压力。所有患者监测并记录麻醉诱导前(T0)、气管插管后(T1)、建立气腹前(T2)、建立气腹后(T3)、头低足高位后(T4)、气管拔管前(T5)、气管拔管后(T6)时间点的心率(heart rate, HR)、平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure,MAP),以及T1~T5时间点的套囊压力和气道压力。同时调查患者术后2 h、12 h及24 h的咽痛、声嘶情况。结果:L组的HR、MAP、套囊压力在T1~T5均明显高于H组(P < 0.05)。两组患者T3时的气道压力均明显上升(P < 0.05),T4 时均进一步升高(P < 0.05),但两组间差异无统计学意义。H 组术后 2 h、12 h 咽痛发生率低于 L 组(P < 0.05)。两组患者术后声嘶发生率及严重程度差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。结论:腹腔镜手术中,控制气管导管套囊压力可以降低术后咽痛的发生率,并保持术中血流动力学的相对稳定。

    Abstract

    Objective:To investigate the effects of tracheal tube cuff pressure control on intraoperative hemodynamics and postoperative sore throat during laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Methods:Ninety -four patients who underwent laparoscopic radical surgery for colorectal cancer were selected. Patients were randomly divided into Group H(tracheal tube cuff pressure control group,n= 48)and Group L(finger sensation method group,n=46). The pressure of the tracheal tube cuff in Group H was controlled at 25-30 cmH2O,while patients in Group L were only be monitored for cuff pressure. Heart rate(HR),mean arterial pressure(MAP),cuff pressure,and airway pressure were continuously monitored and recorded at seven time points including pre -induction of anesthesia (T0),after intubation(T1),before establishment of pneumoperitoneum(T2),after establishment of pneumoperitoneum(T3),after Trendelenburg position(T4),before tracheal extubation(T5),and after tracheal extubation(T6). Additionally,the incidence and severity of sore throat and hoarseness were investigated in patients at 2 h,12 h and 24 h after surgery. Results:The HR,MAP,and cuff pressure in Group L were significantly higher than that in Group H at time points T1- T5(P < 0.05). The airway pressure in both groups significantly increased at T3(P < 0.05)and further increased at T4(P < 0.05),but without significant difference between the two groups. The incidence of postoperative sore throat at 2 h and 12 h was lower in group H than that in group L(P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference in the incidence and severity of postoperative hoarseness between the two groups(P > 0.05). Conclusion:In patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery,tracheal tube cuff pressure control can reduce the incidence of postoperative sore throat and maintain the relative stability of intraoperative hemodynamics.

  • 结直肠癌每年新发病例数约占全球所有肿瘤相关疾病患者和癌症死亡患者人数的10%,是女性人群第二高发病率的癌症,在男性中发病率位居第三。随着发展中国家经济和生活水平的提高,至 2035年预计全球结直肠癌发病患者将增加到250万例。手术切除是目前治疗结直肠肿瘤的主要方法。自 20 世纪 70 年代以来,腹腔镜已经逐渐取代传统开腹手术,成为此类手术的主流方法。与开腹手术相比,腹腔镜手术的优势在于术后疼痛较轻,切口相关并发症发生率、术后粘连发生率较低,患者术后恢复快,住院时长缩短等[1]。实施腹腔镜手术过程中,构建气腹是不可避免的操作,通过填充气体使腹部形成方便操作和器械移动的空间。然而,气腹会改变腹腔内原本的解剖状态,并对机体呼吸及循环系统等产生不良影响[2]。气腹的构建也会引起与气管套囊相关的一系列并发症,如咽喉痛、声音嘶哑、刺激性咳嗽等[3]。有研究报道,腹腔镜手术气管插管患者术后咽痛发生率高达68.4%~84.0%,对患者术后恢复造成不利影响[4]。这些并发症往往与气管导管套囊压力过高有一定关系[5]。此外,气管导管套囊压力升高对咽喉部刺激加大,有可能诱发较强烈的心血管反应,主要表现为心率 (heart rate,HR)增快、血压升高等[6]。避免或减轻患者气管插管相关并发症,是麻醉管理的重要环节。本研究将通过术中持续控制套囊内压力,观察能否降低患者术中血流动力学的变化幅度和术后咽痛的发生率,为术中的麻醉管理提供参考依据。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 筛选2022年1月—2023年1月盐城市第三人民医院拟择期行腹腔镜结直肠手术的患者,年龄50~80岁,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ~Ⅲ级,术前肝肾功能正常,无神经肌肉疾病和精神疾病。排除标准;术前已有咽痛、呼吸道感染、咳嗽等症状的患者,评估为困难气管插管的患者,嗜铬细胞瘤、原发性醛固酮增多症等影响血压的内分泌疾病患者,高血压控制不佳的患者。本研究为单中心、前瞻性、随机对照试验。经盐城市第三人民医院伦理委员会批准(伦审号:伦理⁃2022⁃25),取得患者及家属同意并签署知情同意书。

  • 采用随机数字表将参与研究的患者以随机、单盲的方式分为两组。H组为气管导管套囊压力控制组,L组为指感法组。在整个研究期间,患者和外科医生均不知晓分组情况。在麻醉后监护病房和病房中提供术后护理和评估结果的医护人员也均不知晓患者的分组情况。

  • 共有104例患者接受了资格筛查。1例因术前发生肠梗阻需要急诊手术而排除。在103例随机患者中,4例术中中转开腹手术,5例麻醉诱导后二次插管而退出。最终有94例患者完成了此项研究(H 组48例;L组46例)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 麻醉前常规准备术前禁食8 h,禁饮4 h以上。入室后立即行HR、有创血压(IBP)、血氧饱和度(SpO2) 监测。开放外周静脉通道,手术室温度维持在22~25℃。麻醉诱导:静脉注射舒芬太尼0.3 μg/kg、罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg、丙泊酚2 mg/kg。待患者肌肉松弛后,由同一名资深麻醉医生选择合适内径的气管导管,行可视喉镜下经口气管插管,本研究均采用气管导管套囊上缘置于声带下方2 cm的方法作为气管插管时的导管深度[7]。术中机械通气由负责该病例的麻醉医师决定,设定潮气量为6~8 mL/kg,吸呼比为1∶2,调整呼吸频率将呼气末二氧化碳分压(PET⁃ CO2)值维持在 40 mmHg 左右。H 组患者的气管导管套囊经套囊压力表检测,充气后压力维持在25~30 cmH2O,L组患者由麻醉医生根据经验,通过指腹触压感受套囊压力判断套囊充气程度,也通过气管导管套囊压力表监测套囊内压力,压力数值对麻醉医生设盲,不进行干预。H组的套囊压力除在设定的监测时间点外,由研究者在术中每 30 min 关注 1 次,并及时告知麻醉医生进行调节,将套囊压力维持在 25~30 cmH2O,直至手术结束。如果诱导过程中出现2次及以上插管则终止试验。麻醉维持:持续静脉泵注右美托咪定0.5 μg/(kg·h)(术毕前30 min停止泵注)、丙泊酚 2~4 mg/(kg·h)、瑞芬太尼 0.05~0.20 μg/(kg·min),持续吸入1%~2%七氟醚,间断静脉推注罗库溴铵维持肌松,切皮前静脉注射舒芬太尼0.3 μg/kg,脑电双频指数(bispectral index,BIS)控制在40~60之间,应用血管活性药物保持HR和平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure,MAP)在基础值的± 20%内波动。两组患者在手术结束前30 min静脉追加舒芬太尼0.1 μg/kg。手术结束符合气管导管拔管指标时,拔除气管导管,并在麻醉后监护病房观察 15 min以上送回病房。

  • 观察并记录患者麻醉诱导前(T0)、插管后 (T1)、建立气腹前(T2)、建立气腹后(T3)、头低足高位后(T4)、气管拔管前(T5)、气管拔管后(T6)的 HR、MAP 及 T1~T5 时间点套囊内压力和气道压力。观察患者术后 2 h、12 h、24 h 咽痛、声嘶的发生情况和严重程度。咽痛程度可分4级:0,术后无任何咽痛感;1,询问时患者自诉轻微咽痛;2,询问时患者自诉明显咽痛;3,患者表现明显咽痛并伴痛苦面容。声嘶程度可分 4 级:0,无声嘶;1,询问时患者自诉语音质量稍有改变;2,询问时患者自诉语音质量明显改变;3,患者及家属发现语音质量明显改变。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 本研究采用 PASS 2021 软件进行样本量计算,以术后咽痛发生率为主要观察指标。已有研究发现压力检测控制下和不检测压力下,患者术后咽痛的发生率分别为 39.0%和 75.3%,相对危险度为 0.518[8],设定统计α值为 0.05,1-β值为 0.9,通过 PASS 软件分析得到两组样本量分别为 35 例,假设有20%的脱落率,两组样本量至少需要42例。采用 SPSS27.0 进行分析,计数资料使用卡方检验比较。 HR、血压等连续型变量以均数和标准差(x-±s)表示,采用重复测量方差分析,不满足球形假设则采用格林豪斯盖斯勒进行校正,Student⁃t检验比较组间差异性。术后咽痛、声嘶严重程度比较采用秩和检验。P <0.05 为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 一般资料比较

  • 两组患者年龄、身高、体重、性别、ASA分级、术前合并症、HR、血压、手术时间、麻醉时间、失血量和补液量等比较,两组间差异均无统计学意义(P >0.05,表1)。

  • 2.2 套囊压力和气道压力

  • 两组患者导管套囊压力和气道压力均采用重复测量方差分析的方法进行统计分析。结果显示,在T1~T5时间点H组套囊内压力显著低于L组,两组间差异有统计学意义(P <0.05),且各组内不同时间点套囊内压力随气腹压力变化及体位改变发生显著变化(P <0.05,表2)。两组患者相同时间点气道压力间差异无统计学意义(P >0.05)。与气腹前相比,气腹后两组患者气道压力均上升,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05),头低足高位后,两组患者气道压力进一步升高(P <0.05)。随着人工气腹及头低足高位的解除,H、L两组患者气道压力显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05,表2)。

  • 2.3 HR和MAP

  • 采用重复测量方差分析的方法对两组患者HR 和MAP进行统计分析。结果显示,在T1~T5时间点 H 组患者的 HR 和 MAP 均低于 L 组,两组间差异具有统计学意义(P <0.05,表3)。

  • 2.4 咽喉部并发症情况

  • H 组患者拔管后 2 h 咽喉痛分级情况 0~3 级分别为28、12、6、2例,12 h为33、11、3、1例,24 h为38、 9、1、0例。L组患者拔管后2 h咽喉痛分级情况0~3 级分别为15、18、8、5例,12 h为22、16、5、3例,24 h 为30、13、3、0例。拔管后2 h和12 h,L组咽喉痛严重程度明显高于H组(P <0.05),拔管后24 h术后咽喉痛严重程度两组间差异无统计学意义。

  • 两组患者拔管后声音嘶哑分级均无3级。H组患者拔管后2 h声音嘶哑分级情况0~2级分别为39、 7、2例,12 h为42、5、1例,24 h为45、3、0例。L组患者拔管后2 h声音嘶哑分级情况0~2级分别为35、8、 3例,12 h为38、7、1例,24 h为42、4、0例。两组患者拔管后2 h、12 h及24 h内声音嘶哑严重程度差异均无统计学意义。

  • 3 讨论

  • 气管插管全身麻醉过程中,气管套囊起着封闭气道、稳定气管导管、防止胃内容物反流等重要作用。在临床工作中,操作者假如凭临床经验为气管导管套囊充气,会产生过大的套囊压力。有研究报道,凭经验对套囊进行充气,最高可达 120 cmH2O[9]。在一项院前插管的研究中,其平均套囊压力约为 63 cmH2O[10]。有研究者发现利用手动触诊技术对套囊充气,平均套囊压力也可达到 60 cmH2O[11]。而随着套囊压力升高,往往会对气管黏膜的血供产生影响。研究人员发现当气管导管套囊压力超过 30 cmH2O时,气管黏膜的毛细血管受压,毛细血管血流量减少,从而造成黏膜损伤,出现气管壁缺血、溃疡、术后发音困难、咳嗽、气管坏死、气管破裂、喉气管狭窄和神经麻痹、气管食管瘘等并发症[12]。高压套囊在损伤气管黏膜的同时,还可以刺激患者气管局部,引起躯体应激反应,导致交感⁃肾上腺髓质系统兴奋性升高,表现出HR增快、血压升高等生命体征的变化[13]

  • 表1 两组患者术前基本情况及手术相关信息

  • Table1 Preoperative characteristics and surgical information of patients in the two groups

  • 表2 两组患者不同时间点套囊压力和气道压力比较

  • Table2 Comparisons of cuff pressure and airway pressure at different time points of patients in the two groups

  • Compared with T1,a P <0.05;compared with T3,b P <0.05;compared with T4,c P <0.05;compared with the group H at the same time point,* P <0.05.

  • 本研究显示,在套囊压力控制下,H组患者术后咽痛发生率及严重程度显著低于L组,说明在腹腔镜结直肠癌手术中可以通过控制气管导管套囊压力减少患者术后咽部并发症。在一项妇科腹腔镜手术的随机对照试验中也有与本研究类似的结果[14],控制套囊压力在25~30 cmH2O时,患者术后咽痛并发症的发生率显著降低。但本研究结果表明,控制套囊内压力并没有显著降低术后声嘶的发生率和严重程度。声嘶的发生情况与术中套囊内压力并不相关,可能与插管或拔管过程中对声带产生的损伤有关[15]

  • 表3 不同时间点HR和MAP比较

  • Table3 Comparisons of HR and MAP at different time points

  • Compared with the group H at the same point,* P <0.05.

  • 研究显示,气管插管后的T1、T2时间点、建立气腹后的T3、T4时间点以及拔管前的T5时间点,在套囊压力监测并调控下,H组术中HR、MAP明显低于 L组。提示控制气囊压力可以减少术中血流动力学的波动。分析其原因,如前文所述,由于L组患者气管导管的高压套囊,刺激患者气管局部,引起躯体应激反应,导致交感⁃肾上腺髓质系统兴奋性异常升高,从而表现出HR增快、血压升高等生命体征的变化。已有研究表明通过压力表控制套囊内压力可以有效减轻气管内壁刺激,而在没有控制套囊内压力时,套囊对气管内壁压强较高,刺激局部气管,引起显著的血流动力学变化[16]

  • 研究结果还显示,建立气腹后(T3)及头低足高位后(T4),随着气道压力的升高,套囊压力也显著升高;而T5时间点随着气腹及头低足高位的解除,套囊压力也显著降低,说明受气腹及体位的影响,套囊压力在整个麻醉过程中不是一直不变的[17]。腔镜结直肠手术需要长时间CO2气腹及Trendelenburg体位,从而引起膈肌上移,导致肺部顺应性降低[18],此时机械通气量没有明显降低,使得呼吸阻力增加,所以气道压力增加。在正压通气过程中,气道和气管导管是同一封闭式气动系统的一部分,气道压力的变化必然会影响套囊压力[19]。所以麻醉医生在手术过程中应该根据手术进程的变化,及时动态地调整套囊内压力水平。

  • 本研究有一定局限性。首先,受限于伦理学原因,本研究没有对患者气管黏膜进行取样及病理学研究;其次,咽喉部并发症大多都来自患者的主观感受,其结果可能存在偏差;最后,本研究没有进一步研究人工气腹及体位对血流动力学的影响。

  • 综上所述,在行腹腔镜结、直肠癌根治术患者中,气管导管套囊压力控制可以显著降低术后咽痛的发生率,并能保持术中血流动力学的相对稳定,从而降低患者围麻醉期不良反应的发生率。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] LUO W,WU M,CHEN Y.Laparoscopic versus open surgery for elderly patients with colorectal cancer:a systematic review and meta-analysis of matched studies[J].ANZ J Surg,2022,92(9):2003-2017

    • [2] GROENE P,GÜNDOGAR U,HOFMANN⁃KIEFER K,et al.Influence of insufflated carbon dioxide on abdominal temperature compared to oesophageal temperature during laparoscopic surgery[J].Surg Endosc,2021,35(12):6892-6896

    • [3] BRODSKY M B,AKST L M,JEDLANEK E,et al.Laryngeal injury and upper airway symptoms after endotracheal intubation during surgery:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Anesth Analg,2021,132(4):1023-1032

    • [4] CHO H Y,YOON H K.Postoperative sore throat after laparoscopic surgery:a reply[J].Anaesthesia,2022,77(8):935

    • [5] LAKHE G,SHARMA S M.Evaluation of endotracheal tube cuff pressure in laparoscopic cholecystectomy and postoperative sore throat[J].J Nepal Health Res Counc,2018,15(3):282-285

    • [6] 施洁,杨歆璐,杨成伟,等.气管导管套囊充气前后气管横径变化值与套囊压的相关性[J].临床麻醉学杂志,2021,37(11):1177-1181

    • [7] 李晴晴,高梅,张元,等.关于气管内插管导管深度的观察性研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2022,42(1):93-95

    • [8] GANASON N,SIVANASER V,LIU C Y,et al.Post⁃oper⁃ative sore throat:comparing the monitored endotracheal tube cuff pressure and pilot balloon palpation methods[J].Malays J Med Sci,2019,26(5):132-138

    • [9] ILCZAK T,ĆWIERTNIA M,BIAŁOŃ P,et al.Endotracheal tube cuff pressure-comparison of the two filling methods-simulated test[J].Prehosp Disaster Med,2021,36(4):421-425

    • [10] CHEN R S,O’CONNOR L,REBESCO M R,et al.Prehos-pital intubations are associated with elevated endotracheal tube cuff pressures:across-sectional study characterizing ETT cuff pressures at a tertiary care emergency department[J].Prehosp Disaster Med,2021,36(3):283-286

    • [11] LAKSONO B H,ISNGADI I,WICAKSONO S J.Passive release technique produces the most accurate endotracheal tube cuff pressure than manual palpation and minimum occlusive volume technique in the absence of manometer[J].Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim,2021,49(2):114-117

    • [12] MAHOORI A,KHANAHMADI S,KHANAHMADI S,et al.Evaluation of the endotracheal tube cuff pressure changes during cardiac operations under cardiopulmonary bypass[J].J Cardiovasc Thorac Res,2023,15(1):51-56

    • [13] 刘瑶,吴赞情,董补怀.不同气管导管套囊压力对腹腔镜胆囊切除术全身麻醉患者拔管时心血管反应的影响[J].陕西医学杂志,2019,48(8):987-989

    • [14] WANG C,YAN X,GAO C,et al.Effect of continuous measurement and adjustment of endotracheal tube cuff pressure on postoperative sore throat in patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopic surgery:study protocol for a randomized controlled trial[J].Trials,2023,24(1):358

    • [15] SONY S,KRISHNAMURTHY J,REDDY K N,et al.Comparison of normal saline and alkalinized 2% lignocaine to reduce emergence phenomenon and post ⁃intubation morbidities:a prospective,double ⁃blind,randomized study[J].Cureus,2023,15(1):e33910

    • [16] 赵桂华,翟晶雯,徐江叶,等.全麻患者气管插管套囊压力和术后气道并发症的现况调查及影响因素分析[J].临床麻醉学杂志,2018,34(8):733-738

    • [17] WON D,CHANG J E,KIM H,et al.Effect of intraoperative neuromuscular blockade on postoperative sore throat and hoarseness in patients undergoing spinal surgery:a prospective observational study[J].Sci Rep,2020,10(1):14810

    • [18] LI J,MA S,CHANG X,et al.Effect of pressure⁃controlled ventilation ⁃volume guaranteed mode combined with individualized positive end⁃expiratory pressure on respiratory mechanics,oxygenation and lung injury in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery in Trendelenburg position[J].J Clin Monit Comput,2022,36(4):1155-1164

    • [19] NETHRA S S,NAGARAJA S,SUDHEESH K,et al.Comparison of effects of volume⁃controlled and pressure⁃controlled mode of ventilation on endotracheal cuff pressure and respiratory mechanics in laparoscopic cholecystectomies:a randomised controlled trial[J].Indian J Anaesth,2020,64(10):842-848

  • 参考文献

    • [1] LUO W,WU M,CHEN Y.Laparoscopic versus open surgery for elderly patients with colorectal cancer:a systematic review and meta-analysis of matched studies[J].ANZ J Surg,2022,92(9):2003-2017

    • [2] GROENE P,GÜNDOGAR U,HOFMANN⁃KIEFER K,et al.Influence of insufflated carbon dioxide on abdominal temperature compared to oesophageal temperature during laparoscopic surgery[J].Surg Endosc,2021,35(12):6892-6896

    • [3] BRODSKY M B,AKST L M,JEDLANEK E,et al.Laryngeal injury and upper airway symptoms after endotracheal intubation during surgery:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Anesth Analg,2021,132(4):1023-1032

    • [4] CHO H Y,YOON H K.Postoperative sore throat after laparoscopic surgery:a reply[J].Anaesthesia,2022,77(8):935

    • [5] LAKHE G,SHARMA S M.Evaluation of endotracheal tube cuff pressure in laparoscopic cholecystectomy and postoperative sore throat[J].J Nepal Health Res Counc,2018,15(3):282-285

    • [6] 施洁,杨歆璐,杨成伟,等.气管导管套囊充气前后气管横径变化值与套囊压的相关性[J].临床麻醉学杂志,2021,37(11):1177-1181

    • [7] 李晴晴,高梅,张元,等.关于气管内插管导管深度的观察性研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2022,42(1):93-95

    • [8] GANASON N,SIVANASER V,LIU C Y,et al.Post⁃oper⁃ative sore throat:comparing the monitored endotracheal tube cuff pressure and pilot balloon palpation methods[J].Malays J Med Sci,2019,26(5):132-138

    • [9] ILCZAK T,ĆWIERTNIA M,BIAŁOŃ P,et al.Endotracheal tube cuff pressure-comparison of the two filling methods-simulated test[J].Prehosp Disaster Med,2021,36(4):421-425

    • [10] CHEN R S,O’CONNOR L,REBESCO M R,et al.Prehos-pital intubations are associated with elevated endotracheal tube cuff pressures:across-sectional study characterizing ETT cuff pressures at a tertiary care emergency department[J].Prehosp Disaster Med,2021,36(3):283-286

    • [11] LAKSONO B H,ISNGADI I,WICAKSONO S J.Passive release technique produces the most accurate endotracheal tube cuff pressure than manual palpation and minimum occlusive volume technique in the absence of manometer[J].Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim,2021,49(2):114-117

    • [12] MAHOORI A,KHANAHMADI S,KHANAHMADI S,et al.Evaluation of the endotracheal tube cuff pressure changes during cardiac operations under cardiopulmonary bypass[J].J Cardiovasc Thorac Res,2023,15(1):51-56

    • [13] 刘瑶,吴赞情,董补怀.不同气管导管套囊压力对腹腔镜胆囊切除术全身麻醉患者拔管时心血管反应的影响[J].陕西医学杂志,2019,48(8):987-989

    • [14] WANG C,YAN X,GAO C,et al.Effect of continuous measurement and adjustment of endotracheal tube cuff pressure on postoperative sore throat in patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopic surgery:study protocol for a randomized controlled trial[J].Trials,2023,24(1):358

    • [15] SONY S,KRISHNAMURTHY J,REDDY K N,et al.Comparison of normal saline and alkalinized 2% lignocaine to reduce emergence phenomenon and post ⁃intubation morbidities:a prospective,double ⁃blind,randomized study[J].Cureus,2023,15(1):e33910

    • [16] 赵桂华,翟晶雯,徐江叶,等.全麻患者气管插管套囊压力和术后气道并发症的现况调查及影响因素分析[J].临床麻醉学杂志,2018,34(8):733-738

    • [17] WON D,CHANG J E,KIM H,et al.Effect of intraoperative neuromuscular blockade on postoperative sore throat and hoarseness in patients undergoing spinal surgery:a prospective observational study[J].Sci Rep,2020,10(1):14810

    • [18] LI J,MA S,CHANG X,et al.Effect of pressure⁃controlled ventilation ⁃volume guaranteed mode combined with individualized positive end⁃expiratory pressure on respiratory mechanics,oxygenation and lung injury in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery in Trendelenburg position[J].J Clin Monit Comput,2022,36(4):1155-1164

    • [19] NETHRA S S,NAGARAJA S,SUDHEESH K,et al.Comparison of effects of volume⁃controlled and pressure⁃controlled mode of ventilation on endotracheal cuff pressure and respiratory mechanics in laparoscopic cholecystectomies:a randomised controlled trial[J].Indian J Anaesth,2020,64(10):842-848

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