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胎儿生长受限(fetal growth restriction,FGR)是指母体、胎儿及胎盘等在多种病理因素下受到影响,而造成的胎儿应有生长潜力受限[1]。目前我国 FGR发病率为6.39%,不仅影响胎儿正常生长发育,还可影响远期神经系统和行为系统发育,明显增加代谢综合征发生风险[2-3]。目前研究认为,FGR发病机制与孕妇高凝状态有关,妊娠是一个动态变化的生理过程,其生理情况随孕周、激素水平变化而变化,凝血功能和纤溶功能也可受到影响[4]。血栓弹力图通过动态、完整地监测整个血凝过程,动态分析凝血因子、血小板等的功能,是目前评估凝血功能较为理想的方法[5]。超声检查是评估胎儿生长发育、筛查畸形儿、识别和诊断 FGR 的首选方法,尤其对胎儿脐动脉、大脑中动脉等血流参数进行检查,可反映胎儿生长发育情况[6]。目前已有研究从不同维度探究超声血流参数与FGR关联性[7],但有关血栓弹力图联合超声定量参数对 FGR 诊断的研究少见。故本研究主要分析血栓弹力图联合超声定量参数对胎儿生长受限的诊断效能,旨在为临床便捷性诊断FGR提供参考。
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1 对象和方法
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1.1 对象
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收集2021年7月—2023年5月郑州市妇幼保健院收治的50例FGR孕妇(FGR组),并选取同期同年龄段胎儿发育正常的50例孕妇作为对照组。纳入标准:符合《胎儿生长受限专家共识(2019 版)》[8] FGR诊断标准;均为自然受孕,无遗传或传染病史; 均为单胎妊娠;既往无血栓病史;超声图像质量佳,无伪影。排除标准:胚胎染色体异常;孕妇智力或精神异常,不具备交流沟通能力;合并自身免疫学疾病;严重心肝肾等功能障碍;新冠感染;恶性肿瘤;未能定期接受孕检;胎儿在妊娠期死亡。患者知情同意,本研究已获得郑州市妇幼保健院伦理委员会审批(批号ZZFY⁃LL⁃2021015)。
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1.2 方法
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1.2.1 血栓弹力图检测
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取两组患者孕中期(孕25周)、孕晚期(孕30周)、分娩前静脉血,与适量血栓弹力图试剂混合,并加入 20 μL 氯化钙,完成预热后,用西芬斯 CFMS LEPU⁃8800血栓弹力图仪检测凝血反应时间(coagu⁃ lation reaction time,R)、凝血形成时间(coagulation time,K)、α角(Angle)、最大振幅(maximum amplitude, MA)。
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1.2.2 超声定量检测
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在两组患者孕中期、孕晚期、分娩前采用 GE Voluson E10彩色多普勒超声诊断仪检查,C1⁃5⁃D探头,3.5~5.0 MHz。孕妇取仰卧位,先行常规二维超声测量胎儿生长参数,包括头围、体重、腹围等。将探头置于脐带游离部,多普勒声束与脐带血管夹角<30°,测定脐动脉阻力指数(resistance index,RI)、血流收缩末期/舒张末期峰值(end ⁃ systolic/end ⁃ diastolic peak value,S/D)、搏动指数(plusatility index,PI)。脐动脉血流参数测定结束后,找到胎儿大脑中动脉,取样点为大脑中动脉中部,调整取样溶剂,并校正取样线与大脑中动脉夹角,保证<30°,测定大脑中动脉 RI、S/D、PI。计算脑胎盘率(cerebroplacental ratio,CPR)=大脑中动脉PI/脐动脉PI[9]。
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1.3 统计学方法
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使用软件SPSS 25.0进行统计学分析,计数资料用例数(百分率)[n(%)]表示、组间比较采用χ2 检验;计量资料行 Shapiro⁃Wilk 正态性检验和 Bartlett 方差齐性检验,确认呈方差齐性且近似服从正态分布,以均数±标准差()表示,两组比较采用独立样本 t 检验;不同组间、时间、组间⁃时间比较采用重复测量方差分析;二元相关和偏回归分析血栓弹力图、超声定量参数与体重、腹围的关系;受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic, ROC)曲线及曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)评估血栓弹力图、超声定量参数及联合诊断的FGR价值。P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。
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2 结果
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2.1 两组一般资料比较
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两组年龄、分娩方式、分娩孕周、体重指数、产妇类型比较,差异无统计学意义(P >0.05);两组妊娠合并症、流产次数比较,差异有统计学意义 (P <0.05,表1)。
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2.2 两组血栓弹力图指标比较
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两组孕晚期、分娩前 R、K 值均呈降低趋势,Angle、MA 值均呈升高趋势(P <0.05); FGR 组孕中期、孕晚期、分娩前 R、K 值低于对照组,Angle、MA 值高于对照组(P <0.05,表2)。
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Compared to the control grup,***P <0.001.
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2.3 两组超声定量参数比较
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FGR 组孕中期、孕晚期、分娩前脐动脉 S/D、脐动脉 PI、脐动脉 RI 值均高于对照组,大脑中动脉 S/D、大脑中动脉 PI、大脑中动脉 RI、CRP 值均低于对照组(P <0.05,表3、图1)。
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2.4 两组体重、腹围比较
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FGR组孕中期、孕晚期、分娩前体重、腹围低于对照组(P <0.05,表4)。
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2.5 血栓弹力图、超声定量参数与体重、腹围的二元相关分析
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二元相关分析显示,孕中期、孕晚期、分娩前 R、K 值、大脑中动脉 RI、CRP 值与体重、腹围呈正相关,Angle、MA 值、脐动脉 S/D、脐动脉 PI、脐动脉 RI 与体重、腹围呈负相关(P <0.05);分娩前大脑中动脉 S/D、大脑中动脉 PI 与体重、腹围呈正相关(P <0.05);孕中期、孕晚期大脑中动脉 S/D、大脑中动脉 PI 与体重、腹围无相关性 (P >0.05);可见分娩前各血栓弹力图、超声定量参数与体重、腹围相关性更强,r值更大(表5)。
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2.6 血栓弹力图、超声定量参数与体重、腹围的偏相关分析
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为验证排除其他混杂因素后,分娩前血栓弹力图、超声定量参数与体重、腹围的相关性是否仍然存在,进一步进行偏相关分析,结果显示分娩前R、K值、大脑中动脉RI、CRP值仍与体重、腹围呈正相关,Angle、MA 值、脐动脉 S/D、脐动脉 PI、脐动脉 RI 仍与体重、腹围呈负相关(P <0.05,表6)。
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图1 正常孕妇(A)和FGR孕妇(B)分娩前脐动脉PI值超声图像
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Figure1 Ultrasound images of umbilical artery PI value before delivery in normal pregnant women(A)and FGR pregnant women(B)
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Compared to the control grup,***P <0.001.
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a:P <0.05.
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2.7 血栓弹力图联合超声定量参数对FGR诊断效能
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绘制分娩前血栓弹力图、超声定量参数诊断 FGR的ROC曲线显示,CRP在各单一指标中的AUC 最大,K在各单一指标中灵敏度最高,MA、CRP在各单一指标中特异度最高;联合ROC分析显示,血栓弹力图联合超声定量参数诊断FGR的AUC高于各单一指标(均P <0.05),其灵敏度为84.00%,特异度为88.00%(图2、表7)。
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3 讨论
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FGR 病因复杂,有文献指出,胎盘功能不全是引起FGR重要诱因,如胎盘早剥等可引起胎盘功能异常,加快胎盘中绒毛滋养层细胞生物学行为异常,造成血管动脉压力不足,血管阻力升高,此时胎儿处于缺血、缺氧状态,胎儿不能正常发育[10-11]。FGR可增加胎儿低氧血症、高碳酸血症等发生风险[12]。
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妊娠期女性血液处于生理高凝状态,已有研究表明,FGR发生与胎盘实质梗死和血管血栓形成密切相关[13]。相关文献指出,正常非妊娠期女性的凝血功能较为稳定,而妊娠期女性的凝血功能相对不稳定,凝血因子不断降低,妊娠期女性多处于高凝状态,多种凝血因子被激活,纤溶系统正常功能受阻碍[14];但从生理功能来讲,高凝状态是妊娠期女性生理系统自我保护的体现,可减少产后大出血、胎盘正常剥离等的发生[15]。若高凝状态加重,可诱发病理性纤溶亢进、血管凝血、静脉血栓等,影响胎儿生长发育[16]。目前临床主要通过凝血四项评估凝血功能,但研究发现,其灵敏度不高,易受其他因素影响,不能充分反映机体凝血和纤溶状态,无法整体评估凝血全过程[17]。而血栓弹力图通过模拟体温和内部环境,动态、完整地监测凝血开始至血凝块形成、纤维蛋白溶解过程,可在短时间内记录机体凝血功能和纤溶功能[18]。本研究发现,FGR组孕中期、孕晚期、分娩前R、K 值低于对照组,An⁃ gle、MA值高于对照组,其中R、K值呈降低趋势,An⁃ gle、MA 值呈升高趋势,这与黄小慧[19] 研究观点相似。R 值反映凝血过程中多类凝血因子活性,K 值反映血凝快速形成速率,Angle 值反映纤维蛋白和血小板在血凝块开始形成时的速度,MA 值可评估血凝块最大强度或稳定性,与血栓形成有关[20-21],随着妊娠周期推移,孕妇凝血功能处在高凝状态,血液中多种凝血因子被激活,纤溶功能不能正常运转,可引起产妇血栓疾病发生,影响胎儿正常发育。
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图2 血栓弹力图联合超声定量参数对FGR诊断效能的ROC曲线
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Figure2 ROC cunves of diagnostic efficacy of thrombelastography combined with ultrasonic quantitative parameters for FGR
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超声是临床诊断FGR首选方法,能呈现靶组织在一定范围内血流灌注和血管情况,可及时反映特定组织血流[22]。脐动脉、大脑中动脉可参与胎儿外周血循环,是较为重要的动脉血管,脐动脉是母体与胎儿血液系统间连接的重要枢纽,是营养交换主要通道[23];而大脑中动脉反映胎儿大脑发育情况[24]。本研究发现,FGR组孕中期、孕晚期、分娩前脐动脉S/D、脐动脉PI、脐动脉RI高于对照组,大脑中动脉 S/D、大脑中动脉 PI、大脑中动脉 RI、CRP 低于对照组,这与符建等[25] 观点相似。分析原因:脐动脉是母体与胎儿连接的重要血管,当FGR发生后引起胎盘循环障碍,导致脐动脉S/D、PI、RI升高[26]。大脑中动脉是胎儿大脑重要血管,其血流动力学状态可用于评估胎儿贫血、宫内窘迫等情况,FGR 发生后,大脑中动脉血管和脐动脉最先受影响,导致胎儿体内血流动力学异常,大脑最先发挥“脑保护作用”,导致脑部血管阻力降低,体循环处于收缩状态,脑血管舒张功能代偿性降低,血流量减少,即 RI、PI、S/D降低[27]。
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本研究发现,FGR组孕中期、孕晚期、分娩前体重、腹围低于对照组,二元相关和偏回归分析显示,分娩前R、K值、大脑中动脉RI、CRP值仍与体重、腹围呈正相关,Angle、MA 值、脐动脉 S/D、脐动脉 PI、脐动脉RI与体重、腹围呈负相关。本研究通过绘制分娩前ROC曲线,血栓弹力图联合超声定量参数诊断FGR的AUC高于各单一指标,灵敏度、特异度分别为84.00%、88.00%,表明血栓弹力图联合超声定量参数诊断FGR具有较高价值。
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综上所述,血栓弹力图反映孕妇凝血功能,超声定量参数可反映胎儿血流动力学情况,与FGR的发生密切相关,血栓弹力图与超声定量参数联合诊断FGR具有一定价值参考,为临床诊断FGR提供参考,临床可提前预防、干预,从而降低 FGR 发生风险。但本研究也存在不足之处:①样本量较少,下一步将扩大样本量,并进行多中心研究;②孕妇高凝状态与胎儿生长受限有关,未分析母体凝血七项、血小板聚集度等血清指标,下一步将考虑添加母体血清凝血指标。
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摘要
目的:研究血栓弹力图联合超声定量参数对胎儿生长受限(fetal growth restriction,FGR)的诊断效能。方法:收集 2021年7月—2023年5月郑州市妇幼保健院收治的50例FGR孕妇(FGR组),并选取同期同年龄段胎儿发育正常的50例孕妇作为对照(对照组)。比较两组血栓弹力图指标[最大振幅(maximum amplitude,MA)、α角(Angle)、凝血时间(coagulation time, K)、凝血反应时间(coagulation response time,R)]、脐动脉与大脑中动脉阻力指数(resistance index,RI)、搏动指数(pulsation index,PI)、血流收缩末期/舒张末期峰值(end-systolic/end-diastolic peak value,S/D)、脑胎盘率(cerebroplacental rate,CPR)、体重、腹围,二元相关分析、偏相关分析研究血栓弹力图、超声定量参数与体重、腹围的关系,受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic, ROC)曲线分析血栓弹力图、超声定量参数及联合诊断FGR价值。结果:FGR组孕中期、孕晚期、分娩前R、K均低于对照组, Angle、MA高于对照组(P < 0.05);FGR组孕中期、孕晚期、分娩前脐动脉S/D、脐动脉PI、脐动脉RI高于对照组,大脑中动脉 S/D、大脑中动脉PI、大脑中动脉RI、CRP低于对照组(P < 0.05);FGR组孕中期、孕晚期、分娩前体重、腹围低于对照组(P < 0.05); 二元相关分析显示,分娩前各血栓弹力图、超声定量参数与体重、腹围相关性更强(P < 0.05);偏相关分析显示,分娩前R、K、大脑中动脉RI、CRP与体重、腹围呈正相关,Angle、MA、脐动脉S/D、脐动脉PI、脐动脉RI仍与体重、腹围呈负相关(P < 0.05);分娩前血栓弹力图、超声定量参数联合诊断FGR的ROC曲线下面积高于各单一指标(P < 0.05)。结论:FGR孕妇接受血栓弹力图联合超声定量检测,可有效监测孕产妇在不同时期凝血功能变化和胎儿血流动力学变化,其联合诊断FGR具有较高价值。
Abstract
Objective:To study the diagnostic efficacy of thromboelastography combined with ultrasound quantitative parameters on fetal growth restriction(FGR). Methods:A total of 50 cases of pregnant women with FGR admitted to Zhengzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital from July 2021 to May 2023 were collected as the FGR group,and 50 pregnant women with normal fetal development in the same period and age group were selected as controls(the control group). The thromboelastogram indicators[maximum amplitude (MA),Angle,coagulation time(K),coagulation response time(R)],umbilical and middle cerebral artery resistance index(RI), pulsation index(PI),end-systolic/end-diastolic peak value(S/D),cerebroplacental rate(CPR),weight,and abdominal circumference were compared between the two groups. Binary correlation and partial correlation analyses were performed to explore the correlation of thromboelastogram and ultrasound quantitative parameters with weight or abdominal circumference. The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was performed to analyze the diagnostic value of thromboelastogram,ultrasound quantitative parameters, and the combined diagnosis of FGR. Results:Second-trimester,late-pregnancy,and before delivery the value of R and K were lower in the FGR group than in the control group,while the value of Angle and MA were higher(P < 0.05). The value of Umbilical artery S/D, umbilical artery PI,and umbilical artery RI in the FGR group were higher than those in the control group during the second-trimester, late-pregnancy,and before delivery,while the value of middle cerebral artery S/D,middle cerebral artery PI,middle cerebral artery RI,and CRP were lower than those in the control group(P < 0.05). The weight and abdominal circumference of the FGR group were lower than those of the control group in the second-trimester,late-pregnancy,and before delivery(P < 0.05). The binary correlation analysis showed that the thromboelastography and ultrasound quantitative parameters before delivery were more strongly correlated with both body weight and abdominal circumference(P < 0.05). Partial correlation analysis indicated that the value of R,K,middle cerebral artery RI,and CRP were positively correlated with body weight and abdominal circumference before delivery,while the value of Angle, MA,umbilical artery S/D,umbilical artery PI and umbilical artery RI remained negatively correlated with body weight and abdominal circumference(P < 0.05). The combined diagnosis of FGR by using thromboelastography and ultrasound quantitative parameters before delivery had a higher area under curve(AUC)than each single index(P < 0.05). Conclusion:The quantitative detection of thromboelastography combined with ultrasound in pregnant women with FGR can effectively monitor changes in coagulation function and fetal hemodynamics at different stages of pregnancy,which has a high value in the diagnosis of FGR.