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通讯作者:

刘晨晨,E-mail: staff6610@yxph.com

中图分类号:R445.1

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)09-1268-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN240386

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参考文献 12
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探究股直肌剪切波弹性成像(shear wave elastography,SWE)与胸腔镜术后肺部并发症(postoperative pulmo- nary complication,PPC)的相关性及预测价值。方法:收集择期行胸腔镜手术的292例患者的临床资料。根据术后是否发生 PPC,分为非PPC组和PPC组。两组患者术前股直肌检查均采用常规超声联合SWE,测量股直肌厚度(rectus femoris thickness, RFthick)、横截面积(cross-sectional area,RFcsa)及剪切波弹性速度平均值(mean shear wave velocity,CSmean)。比较两组间临床资料与股直肌超声各参数的差异,并分析与PPC发生的相关性,采用二元Logistic回归分析得出联合诊断公式,绘制受试者工作特征曲线进一步分析单一指标和联合指标对PPC的预测价值。结果:PPC的发生与年龄呈正相关,与股直肌CSmean呈负相关(P < 0.001);年龄与股直肌CSmean单独预测PPC的效能较低,两指标联合预测效能更高,曲线下面积为0.714。结论:股直肌CSmean分析预测PPC的发生具有可行性,结合年龄指标预测价值更高,可无创、快速评估胸腔镜手术患者发生PPC的风险。

    Abstract

    Objective:To explore the correlation and predictive value of shear wave elastography(SWE)of the rectus femoris with postoperative pulmonary complication(PPC)following thoracoscopic surgery. Methods:Clinical data from 292 patients scheduled for elective thoracoscopic surgery were collected. Patients were divided into the PPC group and the non-PPC group,based on the ocurrence of PPC postoperatively. Preoperative assessments of the rectus femoris included conventional ultrasound combined with SWE, measuring rectus femoris thickness(RFthick),cross-sectional area(RFcsa),and mean share wave velocity(CSmean). Differences in clinical data and the rectus femoris ultrasound parameters between the two groups were compared. The correlation with PPC occurrence was analyzed,and a combined diagnostic formula was derived using binary logistic regression analysis. ROC curves were plotted to further analyze the predictive value of single and combined indicators for PPC. Results:The occurrence of PPCs was positively correlated with age and negatively correlated with the rectus femoris CSmeanP < 0.001). Age and CSmean alone had lower predictive efficacy for PPCs, while their combination showed higher efficacy,with the area under cure of 0.714. Conclusion:Analysis of the rectus femoris CSmean is feasible for predicting the occurrence of PPCs,and its predictive value is enhanced when combined with age. This non -invasive and rapid assessment can evaluate the risk of PPC in patients undergoing thoracoscopic surgery.

  • 术后肺部并发症(postoperative pulmonary com⁃ plication,PPC)是手术后常见的并发症,胸腔镜手术的PPC发生率高达18%~25%,是导致术后发病率、病死率增加和住院时间延长的主要原因[1]。因此,术前需准确预测和评估PPC的发生情况,为合理干预提供依据,是促进患者胸腔镜术后快速康复的第一步。

  • 现阶段,术前预测与评估PPC发生的方法均存在一定的局限性[2-4]:术前肺活量测定值并不能有效预测PPC;通过临床评估识别出的PPC高风险患者,其风险分层的证据并不可靠;术前胸部X线检查对 PPC的预测可靠性也存在争议;肺功能检测是胸腔镜手术患者术前较为常用和客观的检查,已有多个研究分析了肺功能检测对胸腔镜手术风险的评估价值。然而,单一的肺功能指标监测并不能有效预测PPC的发生。

  • 随着肌骨超声技术的迅速发展,骨骼肌常规超声可识别肌肉结构和形态的变化,剪切波弹性成像 (shear wave elastography,SWE)可以实时量化肌肉质量的信息[5-6]。其中,股直肌超声评价可用来定量评估骨骼肌减少,且与肺功能下降存在相关性[7-9]。但股直肌状态在预测胸腔镜 PPC 方面的价值尚不清楚。因此,本研究拟通过超声成像技术,分析患者胸腔镜 PPC 的发生情况与股直肌状态之间的内在联系,以阐明股直肌超声弹性成像在预测PPC中的作用,为术前筛查与判断高危患者提供多元的理论支持。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 收集2023—2024年于宜兴市人民医院心胸外科择期行胸腔镜手术的患者292例,术前均行股直肌超声检查。根据是否发生PPC,分为非PPC组和 PPC组。纳入标准:①年龄 50~85 岁;②美国麻醉师协会(American Society of Anesthesiologists)评分 Ⅱ~Ⅲ级;③行胸腔镜手术;④术后随访7 d;⑤有完整的临床资料。排除标准:①凝血功能障碍及有麻醉药物过敏史;②拟行全肺切除;③术前肺功能异常或并存肺炎、胸腔积液等并发症;④下肢瘫痪或偏瘫;⑤临床资料不全或失访。

  • 本研究为前瞻性观察性研究,经医院研究伦理委员会批准(编号:伦审 2022 技 018 新),并签署知情同意书,中国临床试验注册中心注册(注册号: ChiCTR2300076028)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 超声检查仪器与辅助设备

  • 所有患者均采用深圳迈瑞公司提供的 Resona9 彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,L14⁃6WU 探头,使用肌骨模式,进行二维灰阶、彩色多普勒超声和实时SWE 检查。所有操作均由2位高年资超声医师进行。辅助设备:1只条型测力器、1杆可升降输液架。

  • 1.2.2 二维超声检查

  • 所有患者术前检查48 h内不进行剧烈运动,休息15 min,取仰卧位平躺于操作床,放松全身肌肉,膝关节完全伸展。采用肌骨模式,扫描深度设置为可以检测股骨的定位。在二维超声模式下识别优势腿股直肌解剖结构,确定其走行路径及上下缘附着点的体表投影位置,用记号笔标记。数据采集点选取上下缘体表投影位置标记连线 3/5 处,垂直于股直肌长轴方向,在横切面上测量股直肌厚度 (thickness of the rectus femoris,RFthick)与股直肌横截面积(cross⁃sectional area of the rectus femoris,RFcsa),测3次取平均值。

  • 1.2.3 SWE检查

  • 检查前先用测力器固定探头并垂直悬挂,记录测力器显示的刻度(N1),根据患者体型调整输液架高度,将探头涂抹适量耦合剂,纵切垂直放置于患者皮肤标记处,并记录此时测力器显示的刻度(N2), N2≈N1即避免探头施压。然后,在二维超声检查基础上先用彩色多普勒观察肌肉血流的分布情况,尽量避免选取血流丰富区。接着,切换SWE模式,采取双成像形式,剪切波速度量程设置为0~10 m/s。打开质控图,图像稳定持续时间5 s且质控提示质量高时冻结图像。在感兴趣区(region of interest,ROI)内,设置直径为6 mm的圆形区域置于股直肌内部,从左到右依次测量取得5个剪切波速度平均值(CSmean)。每个股直肌连续进行3次SWE采集,每个患者在每个测量时间点共取得 15 个 CSmean,取其平均值。具体操作见图1。

  • 1.2.4 术中麻醉管理策略

  • 患者麻醉诱导均采用 0.05~0.10 mg/kg 咪达唑仑+1.0~2.0 mg/kg 丙泊酚+0.3~0.5 μg/kg 舒芬太尼+ 0.15~0.30 mg/kg 苯磺顺阿曲库铵,通过面罩充分给氧去氮后,用可视喉镜行双腔气管导管插管术,摆放体位后再次定位双腔管位置。通气策略:在双肺通气时,设置潮气量为6~8 mL/kg;在单肺通气时,潮气量为 4~6 mL/kg,同时应用 5 cmH2O 的呼气末正压;在胸腔开放前进行单肺通气;在胸腔关闭前使用手动控制呼吸囊进行肺复张。同时监测呼气末二氧化碳值(PetCO2),维持 PetCO2在 35~45 mmHg。连接脑电双频指数(bispectral index,BIS)检测仪,监测BIS值。术中持续吸入七氟醚(最低肺泡气有效浓度 0.5%~1.0%)+ 0.1~0.2 μg/(kg·min)瑞芬太尼泵注,维持BIS值在40~55,从而保持足够的肌松和麻醉深度。术毕患者停止输注药物,更换单腔气管导管并在简易呼吸机辅助下通气,带气管导管送回心胸外科监护室,连续监测生命体征和出入量。由相同组监护室医护判断停药及拔管时机,并严格执行转入普通病房的标准。

  • 图1 股直肌超声检查操作图

  • Figure1 Ultrasound examination of the rectus femoris

  • 1.2.5 术后PPC的诊断

  • 依据 PERISCOPE 研究[10],术后7 d内发生的呼吸道感染、呼吸衰竭、胸腔积液、肺部不张、气胸、支气管痉挛及吸入性肺炎等定义为PPC。PPC的诊断基于体格检查、实验室检查及影像学结果,特别是在术后第2天进行的床旁胸片检查和常规实验室检查。诊断PPC的过程中,均由2位副主任医师进行独立确认(包括至少1位重症医学科专家)。所有参与该评估的人员对术前超声检查结果不知情,任何在诊断过程中出现的差异都由1位经验丰富的胸外科副主任医师裁定。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用 SPSS 27.0 统计学软件进行数据分析。定量资料用均值±标准差(x-±s)表示,组间差异比较采用独立样本 t 检验;定性资料用例数和百分率[n(%)]表示,比较采用卡方检验或Fisher确切概率法;所有单因素分析显著的变量均纳入多因素二元 Logistic 回归分析,霍斯默⁃莱梅肖检验 P >0.05 为拟合状态良好。预测价值采用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线,并计算曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)。P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 临床资料与股直肌超声参数结果

  • 本研究共纳入292例行胸腔镜手术的患者,75例 (25.7%)发生PPC。非PPC组与PPC组性别、ASA分级、体重指数(BMI)、吸烟、饮酒、高血压、糖尿病、 COPD、哮喘、冠心病、股直肌超声参数(RFthick、RFcsa)、手术切除范围、麻醉时长、手术时长、输入量、尿量及出血量的比较,差异无统计学意义(P >0.05);年龄及股直肌 CSmean 比较,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05,表1)。

  • 2.2 年龄、股直肌CSmean与PPC的相关性分析

  • 以PPC的发生情况为因变量(发生=1,不发生= 0),以年龄、股直肌CSmean作为自变量(连续变量)进行二元Logistic 回归分析。结果显示,PPC 与年龄、股直肌CSmean相关,且与年龄呈正相关(P=0.046),与 CSmean呈负相关(P <0.001)。同时,计算出联合诊断公式:ln(p/1-p)=0.451-1.64×CSmean+0.038×年龄,其中0.451为截距,p代表并发症调整为1的概率,1-p 代表并发症调整为0的概率,结果见表2。

  • 表1 非PPC组与PPC组临床资料与股直肌超声参数结果比较

  • Table1 Comparisons of clinical data and the rectus femoris ultrasound parameter results between the non⁃PPC group and the PPC group

  • ASA:American Society of Anesthesiologists grading;BMI:body mass index;COPD:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease;a:Fisher’s exact proba⁃ bility method.

  • 2.3 年龄、股直肌 CSmean与联合诊断预测 PPC 的效能比较

  • 年龄、股直肌CSmean单独作为预测指标,具有一定的预测价值,但预测 PPC 的效能均偏低(AUC<0.7);年龄与CSmean联合预测PPC的效能提高(AUC= 0.714,图2,表3)。

  • 表2 年龄、CSmean与PPC的Logistic回归分析

  • Table2 Logistic regression analysis of age,CSmean,and PPC

  • Hosmer⁃Lemeshow test,P=0.878.

  • 3 讨论

  • 近年来,随着胸腔镜手术的发展,单肺通气技术(one⁃lung ventilation,OLV)已广泛应用于胸腔镜手术中。然而,在OLV 期间,患侧肺血流未经氧合流经左心,导致动静脉血混合,易引发低氧血症,尤其在老年或肺功能较差的患者中更为明显。临床上常使用较高吸入氧浓度条件下进行OLV,但较高的氧浓度吸入会增加肺部感染的发生率[11]。在肺复张后,大量氧分子重新进入患侧肺,解除急性缺氧肺血管收缩,但也引发氧化应激损伤,加重肺组织损伤,进而增加 PPC 的发生风险[12]。因此,术前快速、有效预测PPC的发生风险至关重要。

  • 图2 年龄、CSmean及联合诊断预测PPC的ROC曲线

  • Figure2 ROC curve for age,CSmean,and combined diagnosis in predicting PPC

  • 表3 年龄、CSmean及联合预测PPC的ROC曲线分析

  • Table3 ROC curve analysis for age,CSmean,and combined diagnosis in predicting PPC

  • 多项研究发现,下肢肌量异常是患者骨骼肌功能障碍的一种表现,术前超声定量评估肌肉状态可以用来识别衰弱患者并预测手术预后,对患者的心肺储备有指导意义[13-15]。结合股直肌的解剖结构特点,其位置浅表,适于高频超声检查,更易于临床操作与评估。因此,本研究患者术前均通过超声检查对股直肌状态进行多参数定量评估。鉴于肌骨组织弹性检查的特殊性,探头加压可能会产生非线性组织响应,导致测值高估[16],在进行SWE检查时,探头应尽可能施加最小的压力。本研究设计了一套简易装置(图1A),在研究过程中既能固定探头又能准确控制探头压力,以避免人为操作引起的测量误差。

  • 本研究共纳入 292 例行胸腔镜手术的患者, PPC的发生率为25.7%,略高于既往研究[1],这可能与本研究的纳入人群是>50岁的中老年患者有关。按是否发生 PPC 分为两组进行比较,结果表明: ①年龄是PPC的独立危险因素之一,年龄预测PPC 的 AUC 为 0.663(95%CI:0.585~0.740),PPC 组较非 PPC组年龄增高(呈正相关),年龄增加1个单位时, PPC的变化(增加)幅度为1.039倍,这与相关研究相仿[17]。②股直肌CSmean与术后PPC具有相关性(呈负相关),CSmean 预测 PPC 的 AUC 为 0.699(95% CI: 0.635~0.764),有较好的预测价值。分析原因:弹性指数降低意味着肌肉刚度降低,反映存在肌肉水肿炎症、脂质堆积或肌纤维萎缩等[18-19];肌肉刚度降低是一种与高龄相关的综合征,其特征为肌肉量减少、肌肉力量下降,可伴随躯体功能减退,同时也会增加术后并发症的发生率,如感染、谵妄和肺部感染等,影响患者术后恢复[20];相关研究已证实[21],肿瘤坏死因子⁃α、白介素⁃6、白介素⁃8和C⁃反应蛋白等炎性介质与患者的骨骼肌刚度降低相关。炎性介质的释放导致肌肉释放的氨基酸减少,这可能影响肺部的免疫功能和组织修复能力,增加了术后肺部感染等并发症的风险。然而,本研究发现股直肌RFthick和RFcsa 与术后 PPC 之间没有显著相关性,而股直肌 CSmeans 与术后PPC之间存在显著相关性,这再次表明通过测量弹性数值能更早地显示出全身肌肉质量的变化[22]。③由于分组中年龄分布广泛,预测结果可能存在偏倚。为此,采用多因素Logistic回归模型进行校正,并计算出联合诊断公式,以评估分析联合预测 PPC 的价值。分析发现:年龄与 CSmean联合诊断后,AUC达0.714(95%CI:0.647~0.781),显著高于单个指标的预测效能。因此,本研究认为股直肌CSmean 联合年龄对胸腔镜手术患者术后 PPC 的发生情况具有较好的临床预测价值。通过超声检查评估股直肌状态,从而识别 PPC 高危患者,并以此为导向优化围术期 PPC的预防策略,对于术前评估为重度肌肉功能减退的患者,可采用阻抗运动和平衡运动等预康复策略,以减少PPC的发生[23]

  • 本研究为单中心观察性研究,可能存在混杂偏倚,且样本量较小及缺乏外部验证,存在一定的局限性。另本研究未将超声测量结果和CT扫描评估或力量强度进行比较,在未来的研究中,计划持续增加样本量,结合其他影像学资料,进一步验证改良模型的预测效力,并通过多中心队列研究进行外部验证。

  • 综上,基于 SWE 对术前股直肌状态的定量评估,结合年龄指标,有利于提高胸腔镜手术患者术前PPC风险评估的客观性及可靠性,为临床决策提供有效参考。

  • 参考文献

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    • [2] ÜLGER G,SAZAK H,BALDEMIR R,et al.The effectiveness of ARISCAT risk index,other scoring systems,and parameters in predicting pulmonary complications after thoracic surgery[J].Medicine(Baltimore),2022,101(30):e29723

    • [3] MISKOVIC A,LUMB A B.Postoperative pulmonary complications[J].Br J Anaesth,2017,118(3):317-334

    • [4] SAWABATA N,NAGAYASU T,KADOTA Y,et al.Risk assessment of lung resection for lung cancer according to pulmonary function:republication of systematic review and proposals by guideline committee of the Japanese association for chest surgery 2014[J].Gen Thorac Cardio-vasc Surg,2015,63(1):14-21

    • [5] ZARDI E M,FRANCESCHRTTI E,GIORGI C,et al.Reliability of quantitative point shear ⁃wave ultrasound elas-tography on vastus medialis muscle and quadriceps and patellar tendons[J].Med Ultrason,2019,21(1):50-55

    • [6] 刘博姬,徐辉雄.剪切波弹性成像在肌肉、肌腱、周围神经病变生物力学定量评估中的应用进展[J].肿瘤影像学,2022,31(1):11-15

    • [7] DENG M,ZHOU X,LI Y,et al.Ultrasonic elastography of the rectus femoris,a potential tool to predict sarcopenia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J].Front Physiol,2022,12:783421.

    • [8] RAMSOOK A H,MOLGAT⁃SEON Y,SCHAEFFER M R,et al.Effects of inspiratory muscle training on respiratory muscle electromyography and dyspnea during exercise in healthy men[J].J Appl Physiol(1985),2017,122(5):1267-1275

    • [9] YI J,SHIN Y,HAHN S,et al.Deep learning based sarco⁃penia prediction from shear-wave ultrasonographic elas-tography and gray scale ultrasonography of rectus femoris muscle[J].Sci Rep,2022,12(1):3596

    • [10] LANGERON O,CARREIRA S,lE SACGÉ F,et al.Postoperative pulmonary complications updating[J].Ann Fr Anesth Reanim,2014,33(7⁃8):480-483

    • [11] 宋田皓,王丽君,李彭依,等.不同水平呼气末正压通气联合60%吸入氧浓度对单肺通气患者氧合及术后肺部并发症的影响[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(4):528-533

    • [12] UHLIG C,NETO A S,VANDER WOUDE M,et al.Intraoperative mechanical ventilation practice in thoracic surgery patients and its association with postoperative pulmonary complications:results of a multicenter prospective observational study[J].BMC Anesthesiol,2020,20(1):179

    • [13] CANALES C,MAZOR E,COY H,et al.Preoperative point ⁃of⁃care ultrasound to identify frailty and predict postoperative outcomes:a diagnostic accuracy study[J].Anesthesiology,2022,136(2):268-278

    • [14] LATRES A,AARAB Y,NOUGARET S,et al.Real ⁃time shear wave ultrasound elastography:a new tool for the evaluation of diaphragm and limb muscle stiffness in critically ill patients[J].Crit Care,2020,24(1):34

    • [15] PHAN A,LEE J,GAO J.Ultrasound shear wave elastography in assessment of skeletal muscle stiffness in senior volunteers[J].Clin Imaging,2019,58:22-26

    • [16] MACKINTOSH S,YOUNG A,LEE A,et al.Considerations in the application of two dimensional shear wave elastography in muscle[J].Sonography,2020,7:13-21

    • [17] LV C,CHEN S,SHI T,et al.Risk factors associated with postoperative pulmonary infection in elderly patients with hip fracture:a longitudinal study[J].Clin Nurs Res,2022,31(8):1454-1461

    • [18] WEN J,WANG Y,JIANG W,et al.Quantitative evaluation of denervated muscle atrophy with shear wave ultrasound elastography and a comparison with the histopathologic parameters in an animal model[J].Ultrasound Med Biol,2018,44(2):458-466

    • [19] ALFURAIH A M,O’CONNOR P,TAN A L,et al.Muscle shear wave elastography in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies:a case⁃control study with MRI correlation[J].Skeletal Radiol,2019,48(8):1209-1219

    • [20] GUO K,WANG X,LU X,et al.Effects of sarcopenia and frailty on postoperative recovery in elderly patients:a prospective cohort study[J].J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle,2023,14(6):2642-2652

    • [21] WALLBRIDGE P,PARRY S M,DAS S,et al.Parasternal intercostal muscle ultrasound in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease correlates with spirometric severity[J].Sci Rep,2018,8(1):15274

    • [22] CREZE M,NORDEZ A,SOUBEYRAND M,et al.Shear wave sonoelastography of skeletal muscle:basic principles,biomechanical concepts,clinical applications,and future perspectives[J].Skeletal Radiol,2018,47(4):457-471

    • [23] SUZUKI Y,TEI M,OHTSUKA M,et al.Effectiveness of frailty screening and perioperative team management of colectomy patients aged 80 years or more[J].Am J Surg,2022,223(2):346-352

  • 参考文献

    • [1] LAPAR D J,BHAMIDIPATI C M,LAU C L,et al.The society of thoracic surgeons general thoracic surgery database:establishing generalizability to national lung cancer resection outcomes[J].Ann Thorac Surg,2012,94(1):216-221

    • [2] ÜLGER G,SAZAK H,BALDEMIR R,et al.The effectiveness of ARISCAT risk index,other scoring systems,and parameters in predicting pulmonary complications after thoracic surgery[J].Medicine(Baltimore),2022,101(30):e29723

    • [3] MISKOVIC A,LUMB A B.Postoperative pulmonary complications[J].Br J Anaesth,2017,118(3):317-334

    • [4] SAWABATA N,NAGAYASU T,KADOTA Y,et al.Risk assessment of lung resection for lung cancer according to pulmonary function:republication of systematic review and proposals by guideline committee of the Japanese association for chest surgery 2014[J].Gen Thorac Cardio-vasc Surg,2015,63(1):14-21

    • [5] ZARDI E M,FRANCESCHRTTI E,GIORGI C,et al.Reliability of quantitative point shear ⁃wave ultrasound elas-tography on vastus medialis muscle and quadriceps and patellar tendons[J].Med Ultrason,2019,21(1):50-55

    • [6] 刘博姬,徐辉雄.剪切波弹性成像在肌肉、肌腱、周围神经病变生物力学定量评估中的应用进展[J].肿瘤影像学,2022,31(1):11-15

    • [7] DENG M,ZHOU X,LI Y,et al.Ultrasonic elastography of the rectus femoris,a potential tool to predict sarcopenia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J].Front Physiol,2022,12:783421.

    • [8] RAMSOOK A H,MOLGAT⁃SEON Y,SCHAEFFER M R,et al.Effects of inspiratory muscle training on respiratory muscle electromyography and dyspnea during exercise in healthy men[J].J Appl Physiol(1985),2017,122(5):1267-1275

    • [9] YI J,SHIN Y,HAHN S,et al.Deep learning based sarco⁃penia prediction from shear-wave ultrasonographic elas-tography and gray scale ultrasonography of rectus femoris muscle[J].Sci Rep,2022,12(1):3596

    • [10] LANGERON O,CARREIRA S,lE SACGÉ F,et al.Postoperative pulmonary complications updating[J].Ann Fr Anesth Reanim,2014,33(7⁃8):480-483

    • [11] 宋田皓,王丽君,李彭依,等.不同水平呼气末正压通气联合60%吸入氧浓度对单肺通气患者氧合及术后肺部并发症的影响[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(4):528-533

    • [12] UHLIG C,NETO A S,VANDER WOUDE M,et al.Intraoperative mechanical ventilation practice in thoracic surgery patients and its association with postoperative pulmonary complications:results of a multicenter prospective observational study[J].BMC Anesthesiol,2020,20(1):179

    • [13] CANALES C,MAZOR E,COY H,et al.Preoperative point ⁃of⁃care ultrasound to identify frailty and predict postoperative outcomes:a diagnostic accuracy study[J].Anesthesiology,2022,136(2):268-278

    • [14] LATRES A,AARAB Y,NOUGARET S,et al.Real ⁃time shear wave ultrasound elastography:a new tool for the evaluation of diaphragm and limb muscle stiffness in critically ill patients[J].Crit Care,2020,24(1):34

    • [15] PHAN A,LEE J,GAO J.Ultrasound shear wave elastography in assessment of skeletal muscle stiffness in senior volunteers[J].Clin Imaging,2019,58:22-26

    • [16] MACKINTOSH S,YOUNG A,LEE A,et al.Considerations in the application of two dimensional shear wave elastography in muscle[J].Sonography,2020,7:13-21

    • [17] LV C,CHEN S,SHI T,et al.Risk factors associated with postoperative pulmonary infection in elderly patients with hip fracture:a longitudinal study[J].Clin Nurs Res,2022,31(8):1454-1461

    • [18] WEN J,WANG Y,JIANG W,et al.Quantitative evaluation of denervated muscle atrophy with shear wave ultrasound elastography and a comparison with the histopathologic parameters in an animal model[J].Ultrasound Med Biol,2018,44(2):458-466

    • [19] ALFURAIH A M,O’CONNOR P,TAN A L,et al.Muscle shear wave elastography in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies:a case⁃control study with MRI correlation[J].Skeletal Radiol,2019,48(8):1209-1219

    • [20] GUO K,WANG X,LU X,et al.Effects of sarcopenia and frailty on postoperative recovery in elderly patients:a prospective cohort study[J].J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle,2023,14(6):2642-2652

    • [21] WALLBRIDGE P,PARRY S M,DAS S,et al.Parasternal intercostal muscle ultrasound in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease correlates with spirometric severity[J].Sci Rep,2018,8(1):15274

    • [22] CREZE M,NORDEZ A,SOUBEYRAND M,et al.Shear wave sonoelastography of skeletal muscle:basic principles,biomechanical concepts,clinical applications,and future perspectives[J].Skeletal Radiol,2018,47(4):457-471

    • [23] SUZUKI Y,TEI M,OHTSUKA M,et al.Effectiveness of frailty screening and perioperative team management of colectomy patients aged 80 years or more[J].Am J Surg,2022,223(2):346-352

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