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通讯作者:

陆卫平,E-mail: hayylwp@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R575.5

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)10-1344-09

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN240343

参考文献 1
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参考文献 9
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参考文献 10
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参考文献 11
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参考文献 12
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参考文献 13
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参考文献 14
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参考文献 15
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参考文献 16
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参考文献 17
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参考文献 18
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参考文献 19
PETRONI M L,BRODOSI L,BUGIANESI E,et al.Management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease[J].BMJ,2021,372:m4747
参考文献 20
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参考文献 21
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参考文献 23
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参考文献 24
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参考文献 25
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:比较替西帕肽(Tirzepatide)与利拉鲁肽(Liraglutide)改善db/db小鼠代谢相关脂肪性肝病(metabolic associated fatty liver disease,MAFLD)的效果。方法:以 db/ db 小鼠作为 MAFLD 模型,21 只 db/db 小鼠分为 Model 组、Liraglutide 组和 Tirzepatide 组,7只db/m小鼠为Control组。Liraglutide 组和Tirzepatide 组小鼠每天分别腹腔注射 10 nmol/kg 的利拉鲁肽或替西帕肽10 周。其余两组腹腔注射等量生理盐水。10周后,比较小鼠空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose,FBG)、糖化血红蛋白(glycated haemoglobin A1c,HbA1c)、体重、血清总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol,LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol,HDL-C)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶 (alanine aminotransferase,ALT)及天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)的含量。HE及油红O染色比较小鼠肝脏病理学改变以及脂质沉积情况。Western blot及 RT-PCR法检测各组小鼠肝脏炎症因子及纤维化介质表达差异,同时检测胰岛素信号通路及糖代谢相关蛋白表达差异。结果:与Model组小鼠相比,Liraglutide 组小鼠FBG、HbA1c、体重及TC、TG、LDL-C、 ALT、AST分别下降56%、32%、20%、19%、22%、39%、26%及28%,HDL-C升高25%。而Tirzepatide 组小鼠FBG、HbA1c、体重及 TC、TG、LDL-C、ALT、AST分别下降69%、40%、30%、31%、35%、57%、46%和38%,HDL-C升高了61%。Model组小鼠肝脏表现出明显的肝细胞脂肪变性,呈气球样变及空泡化,肝细胞内聚集大量脂滴,两组干预组小鼠肝细胞脂肪变性以及肝脏脂肪沉积得到改善,替西帕肽的效果最优。Western blot 及RT-PCR结果显示,两组药物干预组小鼠炎症因子及纤维化介质表达明显下降,同时,两种药物治疗使胰岛素相关代谢通路蛋白表达增加,并且下调糖代谢相关蛋白表达,替西帕肽改善上述指标的效果优于利拉鲁肽。结论:替西帕肽可通过激活胰岛素相关信号通路,减少糖异生来改善MAFLD小鼠的糖脂代谢紊乱,降低体重,改善肝损伤及肝脏脂肪沉积,延缓肝脏炎症及纤维化,其综合疗效优于利拉鲁肽,可能为MAFLD提供新的治疗方案。

    Abstract

    Objective:To compare the therapeutic of Tirzepatide and Liraglutide in improving metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD)in db/db mice. Methods:Db/db mice were used as the MAFLD model. Total 21 db/db mice were divided into the model group,Liraglutide group and Tirzepatide group,and 7 db/m mice were used as the control group. Mice in Liraglutide and Tirzepatide groups received intraperitoneal injections of 10 nmol/kg of Liraglutide and Tirzepatide daily for 10 consecutive weeks. The other two groups were intraperitoneally injected with the same volume of normal saline. After 10 weeks,the fasting blood glucose(FBG),glycated haemoglobin A1c(HbA1c)and body weight of mice in each group were compared. The levels of serum total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG),low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-C),high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL-C),alanine aminotransferase (ALT)and aspartate aminotransferase(AST)in each group were compared. HE staining and oil red O staining were used to compare the liver pathological changes and lipid deposition in each group. Western blot and RT -PCR were used to detect the expressions of inflammatory factors and fibrosis mediators in the liver tissues of mice in each group. Western blot was used to detect the insulin signaling pathway and glucose metabolism related protein expression differences. Results:Compared with the model group,the levels of FBG,HbA1c,body weight,TC,TG,LDL-C,ALT and AST in the Liraglutide group decreased by 56%,32%,20%,19%,22%,39%, 26% and 28%,respectively,while HDL-C increased by 25%. In Tirzepatide group,FBG,HbA1c,body weight,TC,TG,LDL-C,ALT, and AST decreased by 69%,40%,30%,31%,35%,57%,46% and 38%,respectively,while HDL-C increased by 61%. HE staining and oil red O staining showed that the liver of the model group showed obvious hepatocyte steatosis,balloon -like degeneration and vacuolization,and a large number of lipid droplets were accumulated in hepatocytes. The hepatocyte steatosis and liver fat deposition of the two intervention groups were improved,and the effect of Tirzepatide was better than that of Liraglutide. Western blot and RT-PCR results showed that two drug intervention groups markedly reduced the expressions of inflammatory factors and fibrosis mediators,at the same time,the two drugs increased insulin metabolic pathways related protein expression and decreased the glucose metabolism related protein expression,and Tirzepatide was more effective than Liraglutide in improving the above indicators. Conclusion: Tirzepatide can improve glucose and lipid metabolism disorders,reduce body weight,improve liver injury,reduce liver fat deposition, and delay liver inflammation and fibrosis in MAFLD mice by activating insulin-related signaling pathway and reducing gluconogenemia,and its comprehensive efficacy is better than that of Liraglutide,which may provide a new treatment for MAFLD.

  • 代谢相关性脂肪性肝病(metabolic associated fatty liver disease,MAFLD),又称非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non⁃alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD),影响了全球1/3以上的人口[1]。MAFLD的特征是肝脂肪变性、胰岛素抵抗、氧化应激和慢性炎症[2]。它的病理进展始于肝脂肪变性,并可经历不同阶段,如非酒精性脂肪性肝炎、肝纤维化、肝硬化,严重时可发展为肝细胞癌[3]。它的发病与胰岛素抵抗和代谢综合征等多种疾病密切相关,包括 2 型糖尿病(type2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)、肥胖、高脂血症和高血压[4]。迄今为止,美国食品和药物管理局尚未批准能够治疗MAFLD的药物。由于MAFLD的致病因素之一是胰岛素抵抗,因此正在MAFLD患者中评估T2DM药物的疗效。

  • 胰高血糖素样肽⁃ 1(glucagon ⁃like peptide ⁃ 1, GLP⁃1)受体激动剂利拉鲁肽(Liraglutide)目前已经广泛应用于 T2DM 的临床治疗,它已被证明具有降低血糖、血压、血脂,减重,改善胰岛素抵抗等作用[5-8]。最近研究表明,利拉鲁肽对MAFLD患者,尤其对合并 T2DM 的 MAFLD 患者有益[9-13]。在这些研究中,利拉鲁肽可改善血清转氨酶、减轻体重、降低血糖血脂、减少肝脂肪变性和改善MAFLD炎症反应,在有些研究中甚至有减少肝纤维化的能力。新型葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素多肽(glucose⁃dependent insulino⁃ tropic polypeptide,GIP)和GLP⁃1双受体激动剂替西帕肽(Tirzepatide)相比GLP⁃1受体激动剂,能更好地改善血糖和降低体重,并且其安全性与GLP⁃1受体激动剂一致[14]。2022 年 5 月替西帕肽已被美国食品和药物管理局批准为治疗 T2DM 的药物,但其对 MAFLD的改善作用是否优于利拉鲁肽仍未可知。

  • 本研究选择 db/db 小鼠作为研究对象,该类小鼠因瘦素受体缺乏而导致肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、高血糖、脂质代谢紊乱和肝脂肪变性,可用作MAFLD研究的模型[15],比较替西帕肽及利拉鲁肽对db/db小鼠 MAFLD的影响,以期为MAFLD提供新的治疗方法。

  • 1 材料和方法

  • 1.1 材料

  • 1.1.1 动物

  • 7周龄SPF级雄性 BKS db/db 小鼠和同窝对照 db/m 小鼠购自江苏省集萃药康生物科技股份有限公司。将所有小鼠饲养在南京医科大学附属淮安第一人民医院实验动物中心,环境温度为(21±2)℃,湿度为(45±10)%,每天进行12 h的光照/黑暗循环,实验期间各组小鼠可以自由获取灭菌的食物(含 20%蛋白质、12%脂肪、68%碳水化合物)和水。所有动物实验流程均按照3R原则进行。本研究获得南京医科大学附属淮安第一人民医院实验动物伦理委员会批准(实验伦理号:DW⁃P⁃2020⁃002⁃01)。

  • 1.1.2 试剂

  • 替西帕肽、利拉鲁肽(MedChemExpress公司,美国);油红 O 染色试剂盒(杭州碧云天公司); TRIzolTM、RT ⁃PCR 引物(Invitrogen 公司,美国); HiScript Ⅲ RT SuperMix for qPCR(+gDNA wiper)、 ChamQ SYBR qPCR Master Mix(High ROX Premixed) (南京诺唯赞公司);RNA 保护液、DNase/RNase⁃Free Distilled Water、PMSF 溶液、5 × DualColor Protein Loading Buffer(徐州 VicMed 公司);RIPA 裂解液、肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)⁃α抗体、白介素(interleukin,IL)⁃1β抗体、IL⁃6 抗体、纤连蛋白 (Fibronectin)抗体、α⁃平滑肌肌动蛋白(α⁃ smooth muscle actin,α⁃SMA)抗体、胶原蛋白Ⅰ(collagen Ⅰ, Col⁃Ⅰ)抗体、α⁃微管蛋白(α⁃Tubulin)抗体、丝氨酸/ 苏氨酸蛋白激酶B(serine/threonine kinase protein B, PKB,又称 Akt)、磷酸化(phosphorylated,p)⁃Akt、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸激酶(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxyki⁃ nase,PEPCK)、葡萄糖⁃6⁃磷酸酶(glucose⁃6⁃phospha⁃ tase,G6Pase)、山羊抗兔二抗、山羊抗鼠二抗(武汉 Proteintech 公司);磷脂酰肌醇 3 激酶(phosphati⁃ dylinositol3⁃kinase,PI3K)抗体及p⁃PI3K抗体(武汉 Abclonal Biotechnology 公司);PVDF 膜(MiLipore 公司,美国);10%ExpressCast PAGE 彩色凝胶快速试剂盒、超敏ECL发光试剂盒(苏州新赛美公司)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 动物分组及干预方法

  • 实验开始前,小鼠适应性培养 1 周。8 周龄时小鼠被随机分为 4 组(每组7只):db/m小鼠组(Control 组),db/db小鼠组(Model组),db/db小鼠+利拉鲁肽组(Liraglutide 组),db/db 小鼠+替西帕肽组(Tirz⁃ epatide 组)。每个治疗组分为2笼,每笼饲养 3~4 只小鼠。4 组均在同样环境下饲养。Liraglutide 组和 Tirzepatide 组小鼠每天分别接受腹腔注射 10 nmol/ kg 的利拉鲁肽或替西帕肽持续 10 周。Control组和 Model 组小鼠在同一时间内腹腔注射等量生理盐水。在整个研究期间,每周通过体重秤测量小鼠体重,随后根据小鼠的体重变化调整药物剂量。

  • 1.2.2 血糖及糖化血红蛋白(glycated haemoglobin A1c,HbA1c)检测

  • 实验结束后,所有动物禁食不禁水12 h,尾静脉采血,使用血糖仪及配套血糖试纸进行空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose,FBG)测定,使用 HbA1c 检测仪测定小鼠HbA1c值。

  • 1.2.3 血清生化指标检测

  • 实验结束后,使用戊巴比妥钠(150 mg/kg)麻醉小鼠,摘眼取血,离心机离心获取血清,随后立即将血清送至南京医科大学附属淮安第一人民医院检验科,使用 Roche Cobas c702 自动生化分析仪检测每只小鼠血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine amino⁃ transferase,ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low⁃density lipoprotein⁃cholesterol,LDL⁃C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high⁃density lipoprotein⁃cholesterol, HDL⁃C)含量。

  • 1.2.4 肝脏苏木素⁃伊红(HE)染色

  • 小鼠取血结束后,固定小鼠于鼠板上,迅速打开腹腔,分离小鼠肝脏组织,放入冰 PBS 缓冲液中漂洗后,滤纸吸干水分,随后在同一肝叶上剪取横截面约0.5 cm×0.5 cm大小的组织块,加入 4%多聚甲醛固定24 h,经乙醇梯度脱水,石蜡包埋后,使用石蜡切片机切取厚度为 3 μm 的切片。制备好的切片经脱蜡、水洗后并用苏木精和伊红进行染色。光学显微镜观察各组小鼠肝脏组织的病理形态。根据 Kleiner 等[16] 描述的 MAFLD 活性评分(non⁃alco⁃ holic steatohepatitis activity score,NAS)对肝损伤进行半定量评估,包括脂肪变性、小叶炎症以及肝气球样变。脂肪变性的分级:0,≤5%;1,>5%~33%; 2,>33%~66%;3,>66%。小叶炎症的分级(200倍视野下):0,无坏死灶;1,≤2 个坏死灶;2,>2~4 个坏死灶;3,>4 个坏死灶。肝细胞气球样变的分级:0,无; 1,肝细胞少量气球样变;2,肝细胞许多或显著气球样变。

  • 1.2.5 肝脏油红O染色

  • 使用20%的蔗糖溶液处理保存在 4%多聚甲醛的肝组织以除去水分,TissueTek OCT 化合物包埋组织。随后使用冷冻切片机制备 6 μm 冰冻切片,根据油红O染色试剂盒说明书对切片进行染色,同时用苏木素作为复染剂对细胞核进行染色,显微镜观察。

  • 1.2.6 Western blot检测

  • 50 mg肝组织样品加入RIPA裂解液及PMSF进行匀浆,匀浆后提取总蛋白,使用BCA测定法测量样品中的蛋白质浓度,蛋白样品与上样缓冲液按照1∶5 的比例充分混匀,100℃煮沸变性10 min。采用十二烷基硫酸钠⁃聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS ⁃PAGE),150 V 低温电转移 40 min 将分离的蛋白质转移到 PVDF膜上,将PVDF膜浸入5%脱脂牛奶中封闭1 h,分别加入相应一抗,所有抗体均按照说明书稀释, 4℃过夜,随后分别加入二抗室温孵育 1 h,采用超敏ECL发光试剂盒曝光显影,应用Image J软件分析各条带灰度值。

  • 1.2.7 肾脏免疫组织化学(immunohistochemistry, IHC)检测

  • 石蜡切片放入60℃烤箱中烘烤过夜,随后在二甲苯中浸泡2次,每次 15 min,然后将切片依次放入不同浓度乙醇(95%、85%、75%),每次浸泡 2 min, PBS 溶液洗涤。抗原修复仪进行抗原修复,再次洗涤,随后滴加 3% H2O2,室温孵育 10 min,油性笔在组织周围画圈,分别滴加 Fibronectin、IL⁃6 一抗,湿盒内 4℃孵育过夜,洗涤后滴加二抗,湿盒内 37℃ 孵育1 h,再次洗涤后加入适量 DAB 显色液显色,显色效果满意时蒸馏水洗涤终止显色。将切片放入苏木素中 1 min后使用流水冲洗 2 min,随后浸入自来水中返蓝 2 s,再次流水冲洗。返蓝后的切片依次放入不同浓度的乙醇中(分别为 75%、85%、95%),每次 30 s。晾干,滴加中性树胶,盖玻片封片,显微镜观察。

  • 1.2.8 RT⁃PCR检测

  • 使用TRIzolTM试剂从肝组织中提取总RNA。然后,依据逆转录试剂HiScript Ⅲ RT SuperMix for qPCR 说明书将组织RNA 逆转录为 cDNA。以 cDNA 为模板按下列条件进行RT⁃PCR反应,引物序列见表1。循环条件:95℃预变性30 s;95℃ 10 s,60℃ 30 s 共 40 个循环;熔解曲线:95℃ 15 s,60℃ 60 s,95℃ 15 s。以GAPDH作为内参基因,采用2-ΔΔCT相对定量法对各组IL⁃1β、IL⁃6、TNF⁃α、含有半胱天冬酶募集结构域的炎性体衔接子凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(apop⁃ tosis⁃associated speck⁃like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain,ASC)、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶 1(cysteine containing aspartate specific protease1, Caspase⁃1),以及Fibronectin、α⁃SMA、Col⁃Ⅰ、胶原蛋白 Ⅳ(collagen Ⅳ,Col ⁃Ⅳ)、转化生长因子(transforming growth factor,TGF)⁃β基因表达差异进行定量分析。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 所有数据采用 GraphPad Prism 9.5.1 软件进行分析。数据均为计量资料,用均数±标准差(x-±s)表示。通过 t 检验分析两组之间的差异,两组以上比较采用方差分析。P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 表1 引物序列

  • Table1 Primer sequences

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 各组小鼠糖代谢指标及体重比较

  • MAFLD的发生发展与糖代谢异常和肥胖密切相关,因此评估了利拉鲁肽与替西帕肽对小鼠 FBG、HbA1c及体重的影响。与Control组小鼠对比, Model 组小鼠 FBG 及 HbA1c 升高(P <0.05,图1A、 B),而经过药物干预后两组小鼠的FBG及HbA1c均出现下降(P <0.05),证实了利拉鲁肽与替西帕肽均能改善 db/db 小鼠 FBG 及 HbA1c,调节糖代谢。与 Model 组小鼠相比,Liraglutide 组小鼠 FBG 下降了 56%,HbA1c下降了32%,而Tirzepatide 组小鼠FBG 下降了69%,HbA1c下降了40%。在体重方面,Model 组小鼠体重明显高于 Control 组小鼠(P <0.05,图1C),与Model组相比,Liraglutide 组及Tirzepatide 组小鼠体重分别下降20%、30%。上述结果表明,替西帕肽在调节糖代谢及控制体重方面优于利拉鲁肽。

  • 2.2 各组小鼠血脂代谢指标比较

  • 脂质代谢紊乱是 MAFLD 最重要的特征之一,因此检测了各组小鼠的血脂水平。结果显示,与 Control组相比,Model组小鼠的TC、TG、LDL⁃C升高 (P <0.05,图2),HDL⁃C下降(P <0.05),表明Model 组小鼠发生脂代谢紊乱。经过两种药物治疗后,两组小鼠TC、TG、LDL⁃C、HDL⁃C都得到不同程度改善 (P <0.05)。与Model组小鼠相比,利拉鲁肽及替西帕肽分别使 TC 降低了 19%、31%,TG 降低了 22%、 35%,LDL⁃C降低了39%、57%,HDL⁃C升高了25%、 61%,可以发现,替西帕肽在调节脂代谢方面优于利拉鲁肽。

  • 2.3 各组小鼠肝脏病理组织学及肝功能比较

  • 为了研究替西帕肽及利拉鲁肽对db/db 小鼠肝损伤的影响,对各组小鼠进行肝脏组织病理学分析。HE 染色结果表明,Control 组小鼠肝细胞大小均匀,肝小叶结构整齐,围绕中央静脉呈放射状排列。与Control组比较,Model组小鼠肝脏表现出明显的肝细胞脂肪变性,形态明显肿胀且呈气球样变及空泡化,而替西帕肽及利拉鲁肽处理减轻了肝细胞脂肪变性及气球样变。Tirzepatide 组小鼠肝脂肪变性改善更加明显(图3A、C)。除此之外,油红O染色显示, Control 组小鼠未见明显脂质沉积。与Control 组相比,Model 组小鼠肝组织脂质沉积明显增加,肝细胞内聚集大量脂滴,而 Liraglutide 组及 Tirzepatide 组小鼠肝细胞脂质沉积减少,并且Tirzepatide 组小鼠脂质沉积程度低于 Liraglutide 组(图3B、D)。 ALT 和 AST 是肝损伤的标志物,因此检测了血清 ALT 及 AST 水平来评价各组小鼠肝损伤程度。与Control 组比较,Model 组小鼠 ALT 和 AST 水平显著升高(P <0.05,图3E、F),表明Model 组小鼠出现肝损伤。利拉鲁肽及替西帕肽治疗有效抑制了 ALT 和 AST 水平的增加(P <0.05)。与Model组小鼠相比,Liraglu⁃ tide 组小鼠 ALT 及 AST 下降了 26%和 28%,而 Tirz⁃ epatide 组小鼠 ALT 及 AST 下降了 46%和 38%。这些数据表明利拉鲁肽及替西帕肽可改善MAFLD模型小鼠的肝脂肪沉积并减少肝损伤,并且替西帕肽显示出更强的延缓肝损伤及脂质沉积的作用。

  • 图1 各组小鼠糖代谢指标及体重比较

  • Figure1 Comparison of glucose metabolism indexes and body weight of mice in each group

  • 图2 各组小鼠血脂代谢指标比较

  • Figure2 Comparison of lipid metabolism indexes of mice in each group

  • 2.4 各组小鼠肝脏炎症及纤维化指标比较

  • 肝脏炎症和纤维化是 MAFLD 的重要病理特征,为了评估替西帕肽和利拉鲁肽对 MAFLD 肝脏炎症和纤维化的影响,采用IHC、Western blot及RT⁃ PCR检测相关蛋白和基因的表达水平。IHC结果显示,对比 Model 组小鼠,Liraglutide 组和 Tirzepatide 组小鼠肝脏中 Fibronectin、IL ⁃6 表达降低(图4A、 B)。Western blot 结果显示,在 Model 小鼠肝脏中,Fibronectin、Col⁃Ⅰ、α⁃SMA的表达上调(图4C、 D,P <0.05),而替西帕肽和利拉鲁肽干预显著抑制了这些纤维化介质表达(P <0.05)。与纤维化介质激活相似,Model 小鼠肝脏炎症反应明显,IL⁃1β、 IL⁃6、TNF⁃α过表达(P <0.05),与 Model 组小鼠相比,Liraglutide 组和Tirzepatide 组小鼠上述炎症因子的表达降低(P <0.05),表明这两种药物有效抑制了 MAFLD中的炎症反应。RT⁃PCR结果进一步验证了替西帕肽及利拉鲁肽通过降低IL⁃1β、IL⁃6、TNF⁃α、 ASC、Caspase⁃1以及Fibronectin、α⁃SMA、Col⁃Ⅰ、Col⁃ Ⅳ、TGF⁃β的mRNA 水平来改善肝脏炎症和纤维化 (图4E、F,P <0.05)。另外,在两组药物干预组中,替西帕肽比利拉鲁肽更有效地降低了肝组织炎症因子及纤维化介质的表达(P <0.05),表明替西帕肽在改善肝脏炎症及纤维化方面优于利拉鲁肽。

  • 图3 各组小鼠肝脏病理组织学及肝功能比较

  • Figure3 Comparison of liver histopathology and liver function of mice in each group

  • 2.5 各组小鼠胰岛素信号通路及糖代谢相关蛋白表达的比较

  • Western blot 结果显示,Model 组小鼠胰岛素信号通路相关 PI3K、p⁃PI3K、Akt 和 p⁃Akt 蛋白表达水平下调,而糖异生关键酶PEPCK、G6pase 蛋白表达上升(图5A、B,P <0.05)。两种药物治疗后,与 Model 组小鼠相比,Liraglutide 组和Tirzepatide 组小鼠PI3K、p⁃PI3K、Akt和p⁃Akt蛋白表达水平上调,而 PEPCK、G6pase 蛋白表达下降(P <0.05),Tirzepa⁃ tide 组小鼠对上述指标的改善优于Liraglutide 组小鼠(P <0.05),提示替西帕肽及利拉鲁肽能改善受损胰岛素信号通路,增加胰岛素的敏感性,降低糖异生,而替西帕肽效果更佳。

  • 图4 各组小鼠肝组织炎症及纤维化指标比较

  • Figure4 Comparison of liver tissue inflammatory and fibrosis indexes of mice in each group

  • 3 讨论

  • MAFLD是一种常见、复杂的疾病,对公共卫生有重大影响,影响着世界上超过 25%的发达国家[17]。 MAFLD的发病机制尚不清楚。目前被广泛接受的 “多重打击”假说包括胰岛素抵抗、脂毒性、线粒体功能障碍、内质网应激以及由此引起的炎症及纤维化反应激活[18]。最终可能导致肝硬化和肝细胞癌的形成。MAFLD对患者的健康构成严重威胁,改变生活方式,如健康均衡饮食、体重管理和增加体力活动,是全球唯一获批的治疗方法[18-21]。然而,由于身体、社会和其他因素,一部分患者无法通过改变生活方式来进行治疗。MAFLD疾病负担的日益加重需要迅速开发安全有效的药物。由于胰岛素抵抗和肥胖是MAFLD的重要致病因素,因此,理论上有减肥效果的 T2DM 药物应该对 MAFLD 有良好的治疗效果。近年来,联合GLP⁃1及GIP活性的双受体激动剂替西帕肽取得了令人瞩目的研究成果。与GLP⁃1单受体激动剂相比,它在控制血糖及体重方面更胜一筹[14],但替西帕肽在治疗 MAFLD 方面的研究甚少。

  • 图5 各组小鼠胰岛素信号通路及糖代谢相关蛋白表达的比较

  • Figure5 Comparison of protein expression related to insulin signaling pathway and glucose metabolism of mice in each group

  • 本研究结果表明,Model 组小鼠出现糖脂代谢异常,体重明显增加,肝组织发生脂肪变性和气球样变,肝细胞内聚集大量脂滴并伴有肝组织炎症及纤维化,表明 MAFLD 模型建立成功。在经过利拉鲁肽及替西帕肽干预后,上述指标均得到改善。与利拉鲁肽相比,替西帕肽能更有效地降低 MAFLD 小鼠FBG、HbA1c、血脂及控制体重,纠正糖脂代谢紊乱。并且,它在改善肝脏损伤及减少肝细胞脂肪沉积方面也明显优于利拉鲁肽。此外,与利拉鲁肽相比,替西帕肽降低了 db/db 小鼠肝脏炎症因子(IL⁃1β、IL⁃6、TNF⁃α、ASC、Caspase⁃1)及纤维化介质(Fibronectin、α⁃SMA、Col⁃Ⅰ、Col⁃Ⅳ、TGF⁃β)的表达,在改善肝脏炎症及纤维化方面也显示出更显著的效果。这些结果提示替西帕肽对MAFLD的治疗效果优于利拉鲁肽。

  • 此外,推测替西帕肽可能通过激活肝脏 PI3K/ Akt 信号通路以及减少糖异生途径来实现上述效应。PI3K/Akt是胰岛素的主要下游信号通路,在细胞存活、分化和糖代谢等多种生理和病理过程中起关键作用[22-23]。胰岛素主要与肝脏、骨骼肌和脂肪组织中胰岛素受体的α亚基结合,从而激活胰岛素受体底物1(insulin receptor substrate⁃1,IRS)的酪氨酸磷酸化。随后,磷酸化的 IRS⁃1 与 PI3K 的p85调节亚基结合,进而导致 Akt 磷酸化,从而通过调节糖原合成、糖异生和葡萄糖转运来影响葡萄糖代谢[24]。 PEPCK 和 G6Pase 是肝脏糖异生过程中的关键酶。大量研究表明,胰岛素可通过激活PI3K/Akt信号转导通路,使叉头状转录因子 O1(Forkhead box O1, FoxO1)磷酸化,FoxO1 出核失去转录活性,抑制 PEPCK 和 G6Pase 的表达[25]。本研究发现,替西帕肽上调小鼠肝脏中 PI3K、p⁃PI3K、Akt 及 p⁃Akt 蛋白表达水平,下调PEPCK、G6Pase蛋白水平,疗效优于利拉鲁肽。这些结果表明,替西帕肽可能通过上调 PI3K/Akt 信号通路减少糖异生来发挥改善 MAFLD 作用。

  • 综上所述,替西帕肽能够改善 MAFLD 的糖脂代谢异常,降低体重,改善肝脏损伤及减少肝细胞脂肪沉积,延缓肝脏炎症及纤维化,并且其改善上述指标可能是通过激活 PI3K/Akt 信号通路减少糖异生实现的。与利拉鲁肽相比,替西帕肽在治疗 MAFLD方面具有综合优势。本研究为MAFLD提供了新的可能治疗方法,但仍需要进一步研究替西帕肽治疗 MAFLD 的具体作用机制,并探索其成为 MAFLD治疗药物的可能性。

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