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通讯作者:

周蕾,E-mail: zhoulei@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R543.2

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)11-1599-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN240758

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目录contents

    摘要

    动脉性肺动脉高压(pulmonary arterial hypertension,PAH)是一种进展性疾病,其特征为运动耐力下降、右心功能不全,最终可能发展为右心衰竭。心肺运动试验(cardiopulmonary exercise test,CPET)是一种无创评估工具,能够全面测量静息和运动状态下的循环、呼吸、代谢及肌肉功能,在PAH的诊断、病情评估及预后预测中显示出重要价值。文章综述了CPET在 PAH中的应用与最新研究进展。

    Abstract

    Pulmonary arterial hypertension(PAH)is a chronic progressive disease characterized by reduced exercise tolerance and right heart dysfunction,which can eventually lead to right heart failure. Cardiopulmonary exercise test(CPET)is a non-invasive assessment tool that comprehensively evaluates circulatory,respiratory,metabolic,and muscular functions under resting and exercise conditions. This article reviews the application and research progress of CEPT in PAH.

  • 肺动脉高压(pulmonary hypertension,PH)是一种以进行性肺血管阻塞和右心功能不全为主要特征的慢性疾病,静息状态下平均肺动脉压(mean pulmonary arterial pressure,mPAP)>20 mmHg 被定义为 PH。PH 主要分为 5 种类型:动脉性肺动脉高压(pulmonary arterial hypertension,PAH)、左心疾病相关的 PH、与肺疾病和低氧相关的PH、肺动脉阻塞性PH以及原因不明的 PH[1]。近年来,PAH 的发病率呈现增长趋势,成人PAH 的年发病率约为2.4/百万人,患病率约为15/百万人[2]。PAH主要病理特征包括肺动脉内皮细胞功能障碍、炎症细胞浸润、小动脉狭窄,导致运动耐量下降、右心功能障碍、右心衰竭,最终导致死亡[3]。PAH临床症状多为乏力、胸闷、晕厥等非特异性症状,诊断依赖有创的右心导管检查(right heart catheterization,RHC)[4]

  • 心肺运动试验(cardiopulmonary exercise test, CPET)是一种无创检测方法,通过测定运动时O2摄取量、CO2排出量、心率和通气量等数据及其相互关系,全面评估静息及运动负荷下的循环、呼吸、代谢、肌肉等功能[5],目前CPET被认为是评估心肺整体功能的金标准。2022年欧洲心脏病学会(Europe-an Society of Cardiology,ESC)/欧洲呼吸病学会(Eu-ropean Respiratory Society,ERS)指南强调了CPET在PAH 诊断和预后评估中的重要性。本文综述了 CPET在PAH中的应用及研究进展。

  • 1 PAH患者CPET临床特征

  • 1.1 通气功能异常

  • 在PAH患者中,通气/血流比失衡是CPET中最常见的病理生理改变之一。由于肺小血管狭窄或阻塞,通气良好的肺泡无法获得充分灌注,导致通气与血流之间不匹配。在运动过程中,这种失衡现象加剧,促使患者在呼吸时增加无效腔体积。研究显示,PAH 患者的无效腔体积/潮气量比值(dead space volume/tidal volume,VD/VT)在运动过程中显著增加,反映出无效气体交换的比例提升[6]。此外, CO2通气当量(minute ventilation/minute carbon dioxide output,VE/VCO2)的增加也是 PAH 的关键特征。 PAH 患者在运动时通过增加通气量以弥补无效气体交换的不足,导致VE/VCO2斜率显著升高。Farina 等[7] 研究进一步证实,正常人在运动过程中,VD/VT 的比值通常低于静息状态,而PAH患者则相反,表现为运动时VD/VT升高,提示肺泡-血管失配加剧。此类患者的VE/VCO2亦显著增加,反映出更高的通气需求以排出 CO2,表明患者呼吸效率降低。在根据 VE/VCO2关系作图时,拟合直线的斜率和 y 轴截距具有重要的临床意义。斜率反映了无效腔体积在运动过程中受影响的程度,而截距则受到斜率和无效腔体积基础值的共同影响。Apostolo等[8] 研究比较了5组人群[健康对照、慢性阻塞性肺病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)合并左心衰、单纯 COPD、单纯左心衰和 PAH]的 VE/VCO2斜率和 y 轴截距。结果显示,PAH 组的 VE/VCO2斜率最大,而健康对照组最低,其余3组之间差异无统计学意义。y轴截距在COPD及COPD合并左心衰组最高, PAH 组最低。这一结果表明,血管原因引起的 VD 升高在运动中的影响更显著,相比肺本身受到运动影响的程度更大,这与PAH的病理改变相符。

  • 1.2 换气功能异常

  • PAH 患者的换气功能异常通常与通气与血流不匹配及 VD/VT 增高密切相关。由于部分肺泡灌注不足,肺泡内CO2无法充分排出,导致呼气末CO2 分压(partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide, PETCO2)下降[9]。此外,运动时呼吸中枢受到交感神经激活的刺激,增加了呼吸频率,从而保持动脉 CO2 分压(arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide, PaCO2)相对稳定[10]。研究表明,PAH 患者的 PET-CO2 在运动后显著下降,这反映了通气与血流的显著不匹配[11]

  • 1.3 右心功能异常

  • 右心功能受损是 PAH 临床状态恶化及预后不良的主要因素,通常表现为心输出量(cardiac out-put,CO)及每搏输出量(stroke volume,SV)下降。在 CPET 中,反映每搏输出量的氧脉搏(oxygen pulse, OP)常显著下降,这意味着患者在运动时的氧气输送能力下降。此外,CO的下降增加了无氧代谢的比重,导致峰值摄氧量(VO2)及无氧阈(anaerobic threshold,AT)下降。此外,无氧呼吸供能增加,使得 VO2/工作率(work rate,WR)斜率下降[12]。多项研究表明,CPET 参数中的右心功能指标,特别是峰值 VO2,对PAH患者的预后具有提示意义[13-14]。2022年 ESC/ERS指南将右心功能参数纳入危险分层,但这些参数特异度较低,限制了其在PAH诊断中的应用[1]

  • 1.4 PAH伴有右向左分流

  • 卵圆孔是胚胎时期心脏房间隔的一种生理性通道,通常在出生后闭合[15]。未闭合的卵圆孔(pat-ent foramen ovale,PFO)可导致右向左分流,在 PAH 患者中尤为显著。运动时,右房压力升高导致静脉血通过卵圆孔进入体循环,造成动脉血氧饱和度下降。 CPET 中的每分钟静息通气量(minute ventilation, VE)和呼气末氧分压(PETO2)均会升高,而 PETCO2 则显著下降,这些特征性变化在 PAH 合并右向左分流的患者中尤为明显[16]。而随着肺泡 CO2分压下降,未分流的肺血流量增加导致CO2释放增多,但根据血红蛋白的氧解离曲线,O2吸收则受限制而增加较少。这导致VO2相对于CO2产出量(minute carbon dioxide output,VCO2)的增加平缓,而VE/VO2的增加比 VE/VCO2 更加显著,呼吸交换率(respiratory exchange ratio,RER)也明显增加。王冬等[17] 研究了 73例PAH患者的CPET特征,将患者分为分流阳性组、分流可疑组、无分流组和分流延迟开放组,发现肺动脉高压合并右向左分流患者在静息通气效率受限更剧,且运动初始时出现 PETO2、VE/VCO2、 RER明显的不降反升与VO2/VE和PETCO2明显的不升反降改变,还有 VE 更大幅度上升和动脉血氧饱和度显著下降。而在延迟开放组中,上述特征性变化发生在运动接近峰值的 1~3 min 而非运动初始,且运动停止后迅速恢复,这一改变提示右向左分流消失,卵圆孔重新关闭。Wang 等[18] 的研究纳入了 86例特发性PAH(IPAH)患者和75例慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压(chronic thrombo-embolic pulmonary hypertension,CTEPH)患者,研究者根据有无 EIS 再将每组分为两类。研究发现,伴有EIS的IPAH患者心脏指数(cardiac index,CI)较不伴有EIS的IPAH患者显著降低,PVR则显著升高。在CPET参数中,伴有EIS的IPAH患者PETO2显著升高,而VO2/VE则显著降低。但CTEPH则无上述血流动力学及CPET特点,提示EIS在不同种类的PH患者中表现并不相同。

  • 2 CPET在PAH诊断中的应用

  • 2022年ESC/ERS指南强调了CPET在PAH诊断中的重要性。根据 2022 年 ESC/ERS 指南,CPET 参数,尤其是VE/VCO2斜率和峰值VO2,在PAH的诊断中具有高灵敏度和特异度。研究表明,VE/VCO2斜率超过 39 时,其预测 PAH 的准确性高达 87.5%,特异度为 99.1%。这一参数可以有效减少患者接受 RHC 的数量,同时维持较高的诊断准确性[19]。在具有其他危险因素的患者中,CPET 参数也显示出预测 PAH 的潜力。Bellan 等[20] 对 131 例接受 CPET 的患者进行分析发现,峰值 VO2、VE/VCO2斜率和 PETCO2是诊断 PAH 效果最好的 CPET 参数。通过这 3 个参数构建的综合评分系统,评分包括:峰值 VO2≤14.1(1 分)、VE/VCO2斜率>33.96(1 分)、PET-CO2≤27.2(1 分)。当总分为 3 分时,诊断 PAH 的灵敏度为87.5%,特异度为99.1%。Correale 等[21] 对47 例门诊疑似PAH患者的研究发现,患者峰值收缩压除以 VE/VCO2 斜率与 mPAP(P=0.003)、PVR(P= 0.001)负相关。以此构建对PAH的预测模型,其曲线下面积为0.712(P <0.05)。

  • 除了静息 PAH,CPET 还在诊断运动介导的 PAH(exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension,EIPH) 中发挥作用。Qutrio等[22] 研究了27例EIPH患者,发现在 EIPH 患者中存在 3 种特殊的 Wasserman 曲线。第一种曲线特点为心率随着运动而增加,而每搏输出量曲线仍保持平坦;第二种曲线特点为心率并未随着运动而适当增加;而在第三种曲线中,心率和每搏输出量曲线都是平坦的。然而,这些征象也可出现在其他疾病中[23-24]。因此对于CPET在EIPH中的诊断价值仍有待进一步探索。

  • 对于已明确诊断 PAH 患者,CPET 能够有效区分PAH的不同病因,并有助于揭示其潜在的病理生理机制。Righini 等[25] 对 57 例 PH 合并成人先天性心脏病(adult congenital heart disease,ACHD)患者与 110 例非 ACHD 的 PH 患者进行了比较,结果显示, PH合并ACHD患者mPAP和VE/VCO2斜率显著高于非ACHD的PH患者,而肺血流量和峰值VO2则显著低于非ACHD患者。这一发现提示,不同病因的PAH 患者在CPET中的表现存在显著差异,CPET结果能够为PAH的病因诊断提供有力依据。

  • 值得一提的是,运动右心漂浮导管是评估运动时肺血流动力学的金标准,也是诊断运动诱发的 PAH的金标准。根据2022年ESC/ERS指南推荐,适用于运动右心漂浮导管的临床情况包括两种,一种是原因不明的呼吸困难和正常静息血流动力学的患者,用于检测早期肺血管疾病或左心功能障碍; 另一种则是诊断为 PAH 或 CTEPH 的患者,用于预后和功能指导。目前并没有证据证明CPET联合右心漂浮导管与静息右心导管、超声心动图及 CPET 相比,存在额外的风险[26]。CPET 联合右心漂浮导管则被认为可能可以更大程度地提供患者的临床信息[27-28]。李卓霖等[29] 研究了144例经过常规检查及RHC后不能明确诊断的患者,47例成功行CPET 联合RHC 检查,其中27例诊断为前负荷不足、9例诊断为运动诱发的射血分数保留型心力衰竭、8例诊断为运动诱发的肺动脉高压、3例诊断为氧化性心肌病。这一研究证明CPET联合RHC对于不明原因呼吸困难诊断的价值。然而,CPET 联合RHC 是否能使确诊PAH患者从中获益,能否提供比各自检查更多的临床信息,获取的联合参数如何判读, CPET联合RHC是否存在潜在的风险等问题目前均有待进一步探索。

  • 3 CPET在PH分类中的应用

  • CPET 不仅可以预测 PAH 的存在,还在鉴别不同类型的 PH 中发挥着重要作用。PETCO2下降及 VE/VCO2 斜率增加常提示 PAH 或 CTEPH[1930]。 Apostolo 等[8] 研究表明,通过分析VE/VCO2斜率及其与 y 轴的截距,也能帮助区分 PH 的类型。若 VE/ VCO2截距≤0,通常提示可能为 PAH。对于左心相关的PH,心输出量下降会导致VO2/WR斜率增加和 OP下降,而肺灌注不足则导致VE/VCO2上升[31]

  • 4 CPET在PAH患者预后评估的作用

  • 在 PAH 的管理中,预后评估和风险分层至关重要,直接影响治疗决策。2022 年 ESC/ERS 指南将 CPET 中的峰值 VO2和 VE/VCO2斜率列为重要的预后指标。研究显示,峰值 VO2 >15 mL/(min·kg)和 VE/VCO2 <36 表示低风险,患者1年内的病死率低于 5%;而峰值 VO2 <11 mL/(min·kg)和 VE/VCO2 >44 则提示高风险,患者 1 年内的病死率可能超过 20%[132-33]。此外,Tang 等[34] 研究表明,摄氧效率斜率(oxygen uptake efficiency slope index,OUESI)和CI 也是预测临床恶化的独立因素。

  • 2022 年 ESC/ERS 指南推荐四分法危险分层作为风险评估工具,以指导临床决策,其参数包括N末端脑利钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)、心功能分级及6 min 步行距离。然而,6 min 步行试验存在“天花板效应”[35],导致难以区分轻症患者的运动功能。 Martínez-Meñaca 等[36] 对180例PAH患者使用以VO2 代替6 min步行距离的四分法危险分层评估预后发现,较之四分法危险分层,新模型可以正确地将更多患者划分为高危层(阳性净重新分类指数为 0.06),同时将更多无事件的患者划分为低危层(阴性净重新分类指数为0.04),预后能力也更好(一致性指数 0.717 vs. 0.709)。这体现了 CPET 可以更加精确地评估患者的运动功能,由此进行危险分层也更加准确。

  • 5 CPET在PAH治疗中的指导作用

  • 5.1 CPET用于药物疗效的预测

  • 2022年ESC/ERS指南将IPAH患者根据行右心导管时血管反应性试验(acute vasoreactivity testing, AVT)的结果,分为无血管反应性IPAH和急性血管反应性IPAH。急性血管反应性IPAH被认为能从钙离子通道拮抗剂(calcium channel blocker,CCB)治疗中获益。然而,血管反应性试验仅能通过有创的右心导管检查时进行,且考虑到部分初始AVT阳性患者用药后对CCB治疗失去反应[37],指南目前推荐密切随访患者,并建议在初始治疗3~6个月后行完整的评估,包括右心导管检查及AVT。Luo 等[38] 对 132例IPAH患者的研究发现,通过AVT将患者分为无血管反应性 IPAH(vasodilator-nonresponsive IPAH,VNR-IPAH)组和急性血管反应性IPAH(vaso-dilator-responsive IPAH,VR-IPAH)组。与 VNR-IPAH 患者相比,VR-IPAH 患者的血流动力学改变较轻,主要表现在右心房压力更低(P <0.001)、 mPAP更低(P <0.001)、肺动脉楔压更低(P=0.04)和肺血管阻力(pulmonary vascular resistance,PVR)更低(P=0.005),且 VR-IPAH 组的 NT-proBNP 值更低 (P=0.02)。而较高的FEV1/FVC、PETO2与AVT阳性有关,以FEV1/FVC与PETO2构建预测模型,其最佳截断值的灵敏度为67%,特异度为91%,而曲线下面积为0.8。然而,关于CPET及肺功能参数能否取代RHC及AVT用于评估患者CCB治疗反应仍需要更多证据。

  • 5.2 CPET用于药物疗效的评估

  • CPET在评估PAH患者药物治疗效果方面同样具有重要价值。靶向药物治疗后,患者的 PVR 下降,肺动脉压降低,右心功能得到改善,这些变化都可通过 CPET 参数如 AT、峰值 VO2及 VE/VCO2斜率来评估。Tang 等[39] 对53例接受钙通道阻滞剂或西地那非治疗的 PAH 患者的研究显示,治疗后患者的无氧阈、峰值 VO2和 PETCO2显著上升,而 VE/VCO2 斜率则明显下降,表明患者的运动能力和通气功能得到改善。

  • 5.3 CPET用于心肺功能锻炼指导

  • 2022年ESC/ERS指南建议,在不引起症状的情况下鼓励 PAH 患者进行适度活动。Waller 等[40] 对 32 项相关研究进行了系统综述,发现功能锻炼对 PAH患者的生理和心理健康均有积极影响。同时,个体化的运动处方和临床监测能够有效降低不良事件的风险。作为评估患者活动能力的金标准, CPET 在制定运动处方方面具有不可替代的作用。 Chan 等[41] 将25例PAH患者随机分为运动教育联合组和单独教育组,分别在干预前后进行 CPET 测试。结果显示,联合组的6 min步行距离、峰值功率和峰值VO2显著增加,且未发生不良事件。这些发现表明,CPET 在指导运动处方制定和评估功能锻炼疗效方面具有重要价值。

  • 综上所述,CPET作为一种集成心肺功能、代谢状态与运动能力评估的无创性方法,已成为PAH诊断与管理的重要工具。通过精准评估 VE/VCO2斜率、峰值VO2等核心参数,CPET不仅可以帮助早期诊断和分层,还能有效评估患者的预后及治疗反应。未来,CPET与其他评估手段的联合应用,将为 PAH的精准医疗提供更多临床信息和决策支持。

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  • 参考文献

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