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通讯作者:

冯振卿,E-mail: fengzhenqing@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R392.11

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)12-1763-10

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN240399

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目录contents

    摘要

    呼吸道合胞病毒(respiratory syncytial virus,RSV)主要引起儿童急性下呼吸道感染(acute lower respiratory tract infection,ALRTI),而ALRTI是导致全球儿童死亡的主要原因。目前临床上针对RSV主要还是以对症治疗为主,特异性治疗药物相对较少。因此,RSV疫苗或抗体药物的研发迫切而重要。现阶段,仅有两款RSV疫苗(Abrysvo和Arexvy)和两款RSV单克隆抗体[帕丽珠单抗(Palivizumab)和尼斯维单抗(Nirsevimab)]上市,在特定的人群中均展示出了较好的临床疗效。文章针对近年来RSV主要疫苗类型及中和抗体的研究进展进行综述,希望可为RSV的预防和治疗提供参考。

    Abstract

    Respiratory syncytial virus(RSV)mainly causes acute lower respiratory tract infections(ALRTI)in children,which is the main cause of death among children worldwide. At present,symptomatic treatment is the main treatment for RSV in clinical practice,while specific therapeutic drugs are relatively few. Therefore,the research and development of RSV vaccine or antibody drug is urgent and important. At the present stage,two RSV vaccines(Abrysvo and Arexvy)and two RSV monoclonal antibodies (Palivizumab and Nirsevimab)have been released to market,all of which showed good clinical efficacy in specific populations. In this review,the research progress of main vaccine types and neutralizing antibodies of RSV in recent years was reviewed,hoping to provide reference for the prevention and treatment of RSV.

  • 呼吸道合胞病毒(respiratory syncytial virus, RSV)于1955年首次从患有呼吸道疾病的黑猩猩中分离出来[1]。1957年又在患有严重急性下呼吸道感染(acute lower respiratory tract infection,ALRTI)婴幼儿中被发现[2]。此后,RSV被证实是一种广泛存在的病原体,对儿童、老年人以及高危成人如慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD)患者等造成严重疾病负担,同时也给社会的医疗卫生系统带来了巨大的经济压力。

  • RSV可以引发各年龄段的呼吸道感染,但婴幼儿感染RSV后症状最为严重,由RSV引起的细支气管炎是导致2岁以内儿童住院的主要原因之一,也是导致婴幼儿病死率较高的主要因素之一[3]。RSV 感染在整个生命过程中都有可能存在,但是健康成人感染后一般只会引起普通感冒,症状也比较轻微。然而老年人和高危人群感染RSV后,症状可能会加重。一项前瞻性研究表明,RSV 感染占 COPD 患者的 11.4%,所引发的 ALRTI 是老年人和高危成人的重要疾病[4]。相比正常人,COPD、冠状动脉疾病和充血性心力衰竭患者的RSV发病率更高[5]

  • 为了减轻RSV的疾病和经济负担,世界卫生组织已将 RSV 疫苗和中和抗体的研发列为全球公共卫生优先事项,组织了多项多学科综合研究,以促进RSV相关产品的研发和上市[6]。我国5岁以下儿童RSV发病状况较严峻,目前临床上针对RSV的疫苗和特异性治疗药物较少,主要还是以对症治疗为主[7-8]。因此,面对错综复杂的RSV疫情,研发RSV 疫苗和中和抗体就显得迫切而重要。文章对RSV疫苗和单克隆抗体药物的研发进展进行综述,希望可以对RSV的预防和临床治疗药物的研发提供参考。

  • 1 RSV的流行病学研究

  • 研究显示,2019年全球5岁以下儿童中与RSV 相关ALRTI病例达3 330万例,住院病例260万例, RSV相关ALRTI住院死亡病例26 300例。另外,在 6 个月以下婴幼儿中,估计有 660 万例与 RSV 感染相关,其中 140 万例需要住院治疗,13 300 例死于 RSV感染。在所有5岁以下儿童和6个月以下的婴幼儿死亡病例中,与RSV感染相关的死亡病例占比分别达到了2.4%和3.6%[9]。从收入和发展状况看, 5岁以下儿童RSV发病率最高的为中高收入国家,为55.2%,其次为发展中国家,为51.6%。另外,研究显示,受到新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情的影响,RSV 在 2020—2021 年没有发生典型流行,而在后疫情时代,从 2022 年 6 月开始,RSV 的流行开始并逐渐增加,这预示着 RSV 可能重新开始流行,并恢复到 2020年之前的大流行模式[10]

  • 在我国,RSV 主要流行于我国西南部、西北部和华东地区等,北方主要在初春和冬季流行,南方地区主要在夏季流行。流行病学统计,我国每 1 000例儿童中就有约40例发生ALRTI[9]。一项针对 2012—2021 年海南省 59 312 例 ALRTI 患儿资料的回顾性分析研究表明,RSV-IgM 阳性患儿占比 2.07%,且婴儿期感染率最高[11]。在2018—2022年对广州 2 家医院 ALRTI 患者的鼻咽拭子样本检测发现,RSV阳性检出率为6.11%,3岁以下儿童是高发人群[12]。2015—2019年,北京地区急性呼吸道感染人群中,RSV阳性检出率为2.1%,其中2岁以下儿童占比 52.1%,60 岁以上老年人为 25.8%[13]。因此, RSV的主要易感人群是儿童和老年人。

  • 除此之外,RSV 已经越来越被认为是 COPD 患者病情恶化的原因之一。一项自2017年开始的针对377例COPD患者的RSV相关研究显示,在310例发生病情恶化的患者中,RSV相关比例为27例,占 8.7%[14]。在另一项研究中,研究人员连续4个冬季检测了高危成人(患COPD或心脏疾病)的呼吸系统疾病病毒感染情况,共纳入高危成人540例,结果发现RSV感染占11.4%[4]。因此,RSV感染也是COPD 患者等高危成人病情恶化的重要诱因之一。Liu等[15] 针对我国2009—2020年社区获得性肺炎(community-acquired pneumonia,CAP)进行病原学分析,共纳入 18 807 例 CAP 患者,其中 3 771 例(20.05%)为重症社区获得性肺炎(severe community-acquired pneu-monia,SCAP),发现 RSV 是 SCAP 患者的最常见病原,RSV检出率为21.30%,居病原学第1位,并且与其他大部分病毒相比,RSV感染比例从2019—2020年呈现上升趋势。黄晓文等[16] 针对2018—2023年杭州地区儿童RSV感染进行了统计,共纳入21 453例儿童患者,发现 2020—2023 年 RSV 感染率均高于 2019 年,RSV 阳性率上升明显,特别是 2021 年达到了高峰,为26.30%。面对严峻的RSV疫情,全世界都迫切需要针对 RSV 病毒感染的安全有效且价格低廉的预防治疗方法。

  • 2 RSV的分子生物学特征

  • RSV为单股负链RNA病毒,属于副黏病毒科,肺病毒属[17]。RSV基因组全长约15.6 Kb,编码11个蛋白,包括8种结构蛋白和3种非结构蛋白(NS1、NS2、 M2-2),结构蛋白分别是3种跨膜蛋白(融合蛋白F、黏附蛋白G、疏水蛋白SH),2种基质蛋白(M和M2-1), 3种核衣壳蛋白(N、P、L)[18]。在RSV基因组编码的蛋白中,G蛋白介导宿主细胞和病毒粒子的结合,F 蛋白介导病毒和宿主细胞的融合,帮助病毒进入宿主细胞内部,并且G和F蛋白都可以刺激机体产生特异性抗体,是重要的病毒抗原蛋白[18]。另外,G蛋白编码区变异大,据此可将病毒分为A型和B型,诱导机体产生特异性抗体亚型。经检测,目前一共有 14 种 RSV-A 亚型(包括 GA1-7、SAA1-2、NA1-4 和 ON1)和 22 种 RSV-B 亚型(包括 GB1-5、SAB1-4、 URU1-2、BA1-10和THB[19-20])。其中NA1是RSV-A 的主要流行亚型,占76.30%;而BA则是RSV-B中最常见的流行亚型,占70.65%。F蛋白序列保守,刺激机体产生的抗体大多为广谱抗体[1821]。因此,目前市面上绝大部分中和抗体或疫苗研发机构关注的抗原靶点主要集中在F蛋白。

  • 研究表明,在病毒攻击宿主细胞的过程中,发挥关键作用的F蛋白还伴随着蛋白构象的变化,即融合前F蛋白(prefusion protein,preF)构象和融合后 F 蛋白(postfusion protein,postF)构象的转变[22]。 RSV首先在宿主细胞中合成一个无活性的F0前体,经过弗林蛋白酶等一系列加工修饰,最终成为成熟的三聚体功能性 preF。而当病毒感染细胞时,F 蛋白会发生变构,由preF转变为postF蛋白构象,使病毒和宿主细胞融合,从而进入宿主细胞。目前,在F 蛋白表面发现多个抗原表位,主要有site Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ、 Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅷ、Ø,其中site Ⅴ、site Ⅷ和site Ø是pre F特有的抗原表位[23]。site Ⅱ是目前已经上市的帕丽珠单抗(Palivizumab)所识别的表位,但因 Palivizumab 价格昂贵,使用受限,故无法在发展中国家推广使用[24]。site Ø是最近报道的许多抗体结合的位点,比如 D25 和其重组免疫球蛋白尼斯维单抗(Nirse-vimab)[25],其中 Nirsevimab 的活性是 Palivizumab 的 50倍[26]。因此,中和抗体研发的重点是preF上的抗原位点,有望开发出具有更高中和活性的抗体。F 蛋白抗原表位及其中和抗体见表1。另外,目前有多种 RSV 疫苗如 RSVcps2、MEDI599 等在研,仅有 2 款上市疫苗(Abrysvo 和 Arexvy),这两款上市RSV 疫苗所靶向的抗原均为preF。

  • 3 RSV的致病机制

  • RSV 主要通过唾液或黏液飞沫在人与人之间传播,首先攻击的是呼吸道上皮细胞(respiratory epithelial cell,AEC),通过病毒G蛋白黏附到宿主细胞表面,再通过F蛋白介导病毒和宿主细胞膜融合,诱导病毒进入细胞。F蛋白可以和很多受体结合。 F蛋白与Toll样受体4(toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)结合可以介导炎症因子激活,并在控制RSV复制中起重要作用[27]。细胞间黏附分子(intercellular adhesion molecule,ICAM)-1通过和RSV F 蛋白结合,可以促使RSV进入AEC中,对RSV的感染起重要作用[28]。表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR)也可以和RSV F蛋白结合,促使RSV进入与感染宿主细胞[29]。胰岛素样生长因子1受体(insulin like growth factor 1 receptor,IGF1R)是最近新发现的 RSV F蛋白受体,为探索RSV感染宿主细胞的机制提供了新参考[30]。F蛋白与受体结合后可触发一系列细胞信号级联,病毒因此可内化进入AEC中。其中较重要的下游信号通路为白介素(interleukin,IL)-33 通路。研究表明,IL-33通路在RSV感染引起的气道炎症中起重要作用[31],通过IL-33通路,RSV感染引起黏液分泌过多,气道纤毛和气道上皮细胞脱落,气道内中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞聚集,导致气道阻塞。而严重的 RSV 感染与不充分的免疫反应和低病毒载量有关[32]。RSV感染最容易影响呼吸系统,其对气道的损伤大部分是由免疫反应介导的,而不是由病毒复制本身造成的。

  • 表1 RSV的F 蛋白抗原表位及其中和抗体

  • Table1 F protein epitopes of RSV and their neutralizing antibodies

  • 感染RSV之后最明显的症状是气喘,同时可能伴有轻度发热、鼻塞、咳嗽、喘息,严重的可表现为呼吸困难甚至心力衰竭[33]。RSV 反复感染可能与哮喘加重有关,吴铭等[34] 的研究揭示这可能与G蛋白偶联受体激酶2(G protein coupled receptor kinase2,GRK2)有密切联系。RSV 感染有 3~7 d 的潜伏期,健康成人的症状比较轻微,表现为轻度的鼻塞、发热等上呼吸道感染,而儿童、老年人和高危成人则会出现严重的下呼吸道感染,表现为以呼吸困难为特征的急性细支气管感染。更为严重的可表现为肺气肿及并发心力衰竭等症状[35-36]。另外,感染 RSV-A 和 RSV-B 亚型病毒后的临床特点也有所不同,并且每 2~3 年二者会发生 1 次亚型交替,这在 RSV进化中比较常见[37]。RSV-A在儿童首次感染中比较常见,占文献报道感染的 60%,并且会引起比 RSV-B感染更严重的疾病[19]。研究显示,RSV-A在 2017—2018 年(68.8%)、2019—2020 年(89.3%)和 2021—2022 年(74.4%)年占主导地位,而 RSV-B 在 2018—2019年(76.7%)、2022—2023年(72.2%)年占主导地位,并且RSV-B在2022—2023年引起的症状更为严重,研究人员将之归为非病毒因素,主要是新冠疫情后人群免疫力下降[37]

  • 如前所述,在病毒攻击细胞的过程中,起关键作用的F蛋白发生了变构,即preF构象和postF构象的改变,针对 F 蛋白特别是 preF 的抗体可以阻止 preF转变为postF,阻止病毒进入与感染,从而减少 RSV感染引起的疾病。因此,靶向preF的特异性单克隆抗体或以 preF 作为抗原靶标的疫苗具有巨大的预防RSV病毒感染的潜力。

  • 4 RSV疫苗

  • 从RSV被发现到现在,关于RSV疫苗的研发工作已经进行了数十年之久,然而迄今为止,市面上仅有两款相关 RSV 疫苗(Abrysvo 和 Arexvy)产品上市。众所周知,一款理想的疫苗应该能够保护大多数人群并具有高效且持久的免疫效力,并且还要具有安全性和免疫原性。安全性和免疫原性也是 RSV疫苗研发面临的主要挑战。早在20世纪60年代,就有 RSV 疫苗研发的尝试,临床试验检测甲醛灭活的RSV疫苗的安全性和其免疫效果,然而灭活的 RSV疫苗不但没有保护效果,甚至有2名婴儿因 RSV增强的呼吸道疾病(enhanced respiratory disease, ERD)而死亡[38],这次试验事故使得 RSV 疫苗的研发一度被暂停,促使美国食品药品监督管理局 (Food and Drug Administration,FDA)对 RSV 疫苗相关资料的审核也更加严格。后来研究发现,ERD的原因在于甲醛灭活并不能使F蛋白保持在preF构象,无法诱导产生有效的中和抗体,从而引发了一系列后续反应,导致了更为严重的疾病[39]。因此,深入了解 F蛋白构象的分子变化,特别是F蛋白的保守区域,是开发相应中和抗体的关键。然而,在稳定preF即 DS-Cav1策略出现之前[40],由于preF的结构不稳定,使用preF作为靶标开发疫苗面临着巨大挑战。

  • 近年来,随着RSV病原学和结构生物学研究的不断深入,新的研究成果不断应用,RSV 疫苗的研究已经取得了巨大突破。截至2023年10月,有2种RSV 疫苗上市、23种RSV 疫苗在研,包括重组载体疫苗2个、亚单位疫苗6个、纳米颗粒疫苗2个、减毒活疫苗(live-attenuated vaccine,LAV)12 个、嵌合疫苗 2 个和核酸疫苗 1 个。上述疫苗中,用于儿童的疫苗有16个,主要为LAV[41-42]。LAV和亚单位疫苗是目前研发的主要疫苗类型。RSV候选疫苗的临床阶段、目标人群及其靶向的抗原表位见表2。

  • 4.1 LAV

  • 目前,RSV-LAV 制备是利用反向遗传学方法,将外源基因导入活的RSV中,从而获得减毒且具有较强免疫原性的病毒株,可以诱导持久的局部免疫和全身免疫[43-46],产生较强的免疫反应,模仿自然感染过程,引起ERD的可能性非常小[47-48]。相比灭活疫苗,LAV 刺激机体产生的免疫力更强,持续时间也更长。另外,LAV还具有诸多优点,如鼻内给药,通过刺激呼吸道局部和全身的免疫,可以预防上、下呼吸道感染,且婴幼儿接种成功率较高。因此对婴幼儿来说,RSV-LAV是比较理想的候选疫苗。

  • 目前,多种LAV正在进行临床试验,如ΔNS2/Δ 1313/I1314L、MEDI-559 等[4549-50],已有的临床试验结果显示 RSV-LAV 具有良好的免疫原性和安全性,可以诱导机体产生持久的保护性中和抗体,有效降低了ALRTI的发生率,其中MEDI-559正在进行Ⅱ a期临床试验,是目前研发速度较快的一款疫苗。

  • 由于RSV-LAV的目标人群大多是儿童,安全性和免疫原性是其研发面临的主要挑战,因此必须要在疫苗的效力和免疫原性之间取得平衡,才可得到一款安全性和免疫原性都比较优秀的LAV。

  • 4.2 亚单位疫苗

  • 亚单位疫苗的本质是纯化的蛋白质,相比 LAV,亚单位疫苗可以减少不良反应,提高疫苗免疫效果,但是有发生ERD的风险,因此目前此类疫苗主要针对成年人[51]。目前大部分疫苗针对的抗原靶点是 preF,因为血清中大部分中和抗体仅针对 preF蛋白。

  • DS-Cav1候选疫苗是由美国国立卫生研究院和美国国立过敏和传染病研究所开发的一款使用稳定preF为靶标的亚单位疫苗,F蛋白可以非常稳定地保持在 preF 蛋白构象上,因此可以降低 ERD 的风险。Ⅰ期临床试验对95例健康成人进行了不同疫苗剂量的安全性和免疫原性评估,研究结果显示 DS-Cav1 安全且耐受性良好,并且疫苗诱导产生的中和抗体持续时间超过44周,可以在整个RSV流行季节提供良好的保护作用[52]。DS-Cav1的Ⅰ期临床试验结果为基于蛋白结构的疫苗设计提供了概念验证,可使接种者体内产生高活性的中和抗体,并存在较长时间,能够有效降低ALRTI。另外一款以孕妇为目标人群的候选疫苗VRC-RSVRGP084-OO-VP,基于相对稳定的preF蛋白变异体,Ⅰ期临床试验显示受试者在接种疫苗后,血清中和抗体活性可增加 10倍以上[53]

  • RSVPreF3 OA是由英国葛兰素史克公司研发的一款以preF蛋白构象为抗原的基于AS01E佐剂的亚单位疫苗,是全球第1款获得美国FDA批准上市的 RSV疫苗。先前的一项保护婴幼儿的无佐剂疫苗母体免疫的Ⅲ期临床试验[54] 和一项关于成人(≥60岁) 有AS01E佐剂疫苗的临床试验研究显示[55],由于安全性问题,母体疫苗的研发已停止,但针对成人的候选疫苗被证明是安全的,并且进一步的临床试验结果表明其具有出色的保护效果,疫苗接种组产生了高水平的 RSVPreF3 OA IgG 中和抗体,疫苗对 ALRTI的预防有效率为71.7%[55-57]

  • RSVPreF3 OA具有较好的免疫原性,可以诱导机体产生较强的免疫反应,产生高活性的中和抗体。在一项关于成人的Ⅲ期临床试验中,共纳入了 24 966例受试者,结果显示RSVpreF3 OA对RSV引起的 ALRTI 保护率为 81.0%,在心肺疾病患者为 88.1%,在患有至少 2 种相关疾病的受试者中为 88.0%,并将严重 ALRTI 的风险降低了 94.1%[58]。 2023 年 3 月RSVpreF3 OA(商品名为Arexvy)获得美国FDA 支持,认可其疫苗有效性。两个月后,美国 FDA批准Arexvy上市,成为全球首个上市的RSV亚单位疫苗,主要用于预防60岁及以上人群RSV引起的ALRTI。

  • Abrysvo是另外一种不含佐剂的RSV preF蛋白疫苗,一项关于非妊娠妇女的Ⅱ期临床试验研究显示其具有良好的安全性和免疫原性[59]。此外,在一项针对RSV preF名为RENOIR的Ⅲ期临床试验中, 34 283例受试者参与这项研究,研究结果显示该疫苗可以有效预防成人(≥60 岁)RSV 引起的 ALRTI,并且没有明显的安全性问题[60]。因此,根据Abrysvo 的Ⅲ期临床试验结果,在2023年5月31日,由辉瑞研发的 Abrysvo 疫苗获得美国 FDA 批准上市,主要用于预防 60 岁及以上人群 RSV 引起的 ALRTI。 Abrysvo 是继 Arexvy 疫苗后全球第 2 款上市的 RSV 疫苗。

  • 另外,还有数个RSV亚单位疫苗也正在进行临床试验,它们使用了非 RSV preF 作为病毒抗原蛋白,如BARS13、DPX-RSV、VN-0200等,也显示出了良好的免疫原性和安全性[61-63],但因多靶向G蛋白或SH蛋白,其免疫原性不如F蛋白,故可能需要添加佐剂或多次接种才能诱导持续的免疫应答[52]。因此,对于亚单位疫苗来说,其研发的关键在于选取合适的病毒蛋白或蛋白构象。

  • 4.3 其他类型疫苗

  • 除了LAV和亚单位疫苗外,病毒载体疫苗和颗粒疫苗也是目前研发的重点,目前还没有这两种类型疫苗的产品上市。基于病毒载体疫苗的研究并不多,载体疫苗如基于腺病毒载体的 Ad26.RSV. preF-RSV preF疫苗目前正在进行Ⅱ期临床试验,其目标保护人群为老年人和儿童。研究结果显示, Ad26.RSV.preF-RSV preF病毒载体疫苗可有效预防 RSV引起的ALRTI,疫苗预防效力在整个流行季节可达到 69.8%,且接种了疫苗的 ALRTI 患者恢复健康的速度更快,免疫原性和不良事件观察结果也显示该疫苗具有可被接受的安全性和较好的免疫原性[64]。纳米颗粒疫苗还处于早期研发阶段,但因其使用了基于F蛋白的纳米颗粒,可能会诱导机体产生较强的免疫反应。

  • 5 RSV中和抗体

  • RSV感染之初,人们应对RSV疾病的主要策略还是对症治疗,例如补充氧气、输液等支持疗法。在高危儿童中于RSV流行季前应用RSV-静脉注射用人免疫球蛋白(intravenous immunoglobulin,IVIG) 可以显著降低ALRTI的发病率(治疗组36.8%,对照组68.9%)[65]。然而,随着多种抗体药物的研发,部分产品已上市,RSV-IVIG 不再是治疗 RSV 感染的首选抗体药物。

  • 第1个用于治疗RSV感染后ALRTI的单克隆抗体是 Palivizumab,靶向 RSV F 蛋白的 site Ⅱ,已于 1998 年获美国 FDA 批准上市[66],其可以显著降低 RSV 感染的高危儿童的住院率。然而,Palivizumab 成本高昂、半衰期短,仅28 d,因此需反复多次注射,一般仅限于高危儿童使用[67]。研究表明,对早产儿使用Palivizumab治疗后,复发性喘息的发生率显著降低[68]。而且从长期来看,也可以改善儿童的哮喘发展[69]。然而,随着病毒的变异,目前已经检测到对 Palivizumab耐药的突变株[23],提示RSV的治疗面临新的困难。而且Palivizumab治疗的依从性低[70-71]。目前 Palivizumab主要在发达国家使用,我国并未引入。

  • 莫维珠单抗(Motavizumab)是源自 Palivizumab的第2代单克隆抗体,已被证明在降低高危婴幼儿人群的RSV相关住院率方面有效[72],但经过临床评估和FDA 审查,其因安全性问题未获批准,目前研发工作已停止。

  • 表2 RSV候选疫苗的临床阶段、目标人群及其靶向的抗原表位

  • Table2 Clinical phase,target populations,and target epitopes of RSV vaccine candidates

  • 尽管Motavizumab的研发工作已停止,但Palivi-zumab 和 Motavizumab 都给 RSV 感染的抗体药物研发提供了希望。然而,由于Palivizumab应用的诸多限制,研究人员也一直在探索新的治疗RSV引起的 ALRTI的抗体药物,但受到RSV F蛋白的preF蛋白构象不稳定所引发的 ERD 等问题,相关抗体药物的研发一直未能取得突破,直至稳定的 preF 蛋白构象DS-CaV1策略出现后,RSV新一代抗体的研发困窘才迎来了改变。目前,新一代长效RSV中和抗体正在研发,用于婴幼儿和高危成人的治疗。

  • 长效 RSV 单克隆抗体 MEDI8897,又称 Nirse-vimab,是源自 D25 的重组单克隆抗体,靶向 RSV F 蛋白的site Ø,具有更长的半衰期、更加出色的中和活性[73]。Nirsevimab 被认为是新一代 RSV 抗体,具有比 Palivizumab 更加优秀的临床效果。相比于 Palivizumab,Nirsevimab 只需 1 次注射,就可以维持较长时间的免疫保护作用[74]。Nirsevimab还具有强大的中和活性,是Palivizumab 的50倍。在一个Ⅱb 期临床试验中,Nirsevimab 显著降低了 RSV 住院率[75]。另一项研究表明 Nirsevimab 具有与 Palivi-zumab相似的安全性和耐受性[76],且Nirsevimab具有更长的保护时间,单次给药便可以覆盖整个RSV季节,平均半衰期为(59.3 ±9.6)d。因此,相比 Palivi-zumab,对婴幼儿和儿童来说,Nirsevimab 是一款更加理想的候选抗体。2021年Nirsevimab已完成Ⅲ期临床试验,2022 年 11 月 Nirsevimab 在欧盟上市(商品名Beyfortus),2023年6月获得FDA批准上市。我国正在加速对其审核,有望短期内在国内上市。

  • MK-1654是目前正在研发的另一种全人源长效 RSV单克隆抗体,识别的抗原表位是site Ⅳ,为preF 和postF蛋白两种构象共有的抗原表位[77]。研究显示,MK-1654具有良好的安全性,半衰期长,具有较高的亲和力,目前正在进行Ⅲ期临床试验[78]

  • 然而也有未进入Ⅲ期临床试验的单克隆抗体,如 ALX-0171,识别的抗原表位是 site Ⅱ,可以雾化鼻内给药,体内外试验均被证明其可以阻断RSV的感染,是首个可吸入型纳米单克隆抗体[79]。然而, Ⅱ期临床试验显示 ALX0171 并不能明显改善 RSV 患者ALRTI的临床结局,目前该抗体的研发处于停滞状态[79]。因此,若已发生 ALRTI,那么中和抗体可能无法阻止其病程的进展,所以 RSV 感染治疗的重点应在 RSV 疾病进程影响到下呼吸道之前进行干预。

  • 6 小结与展望

  • RSV 感染可以导致婴幼儿和老年人发生严重的下呼吸道感染,研发RSV疫苗制剂和抗体药物对预防 ALRTI 有重要意义。随着对 RSV 分子生物学研究的不断深入,RSV疫苗和单克隆抗体研发取得了重大突破,目前已有多款RSV疫苗和单克隆抗体上市,还有多款产品在研。已上市的RSV中和抗体有 Nirsevimab 和 Palivizumab,其中 Nirsevimab 表现最为优越,被认为是下一代RSV治疗性抗体的发展方向。目前上市的RSV疫苗Abrysvo和Arexvy主要针对老年人,还缺少针对儿童的 RSV 疫苗,因此未来亟需研发主要用于婴幼儿的RSV疫苗。此外,现阶段RSV感染的预防只涉及部分人群,人群覆盖面还不是很全面。但相信未来RSV疫苗产品会不断涌现,可以真正实现各类人群预防RSV感染的全覆盖。

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