孕中晚期糖脂代谢指标和TyG指数与GDM巨大儿的相关性研究
doi: 10.7655/NYDXBNSN241108
张钰婷1,2 , 胡诗曼1 , 诸清逸3 , 石中华1,2
1. 南京医科大学常州医学中心,常州市妇幼医学重点实验室,常州市妇幼保健院,江苏 常州 213000
2. 南京医科大学生殖医学与子代健康全国重点实验室,江苏 南京 211166
3. 南京市妇幼保健院产科,江苏 南京 210004
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2703500) ; 国家自然科学基金(82371697) ; 江苏省重大疾病生物资源样本库出生队列子库开放课题(TC2021B024) ; 常州市妇幼医学重点实验室(CM20240013)
Association of glucose and lipid metabolism indicators and triglyceride⁃glucose index with macrosomia in gestational diabetes mellitus during the second and third trimesters
ZHANG Yuting1,2 , HU Shiman1 , ZHU Qingyi3 , SHI Zhonghua1,2
1. Changzhou Medical Center,Changzhou Key Laboratory of Maternal and Child Health Medicine,Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital,Nanjing Medical University,Changzhou 213000
2. State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health of Nanjing Medical University,Nanjing 211166
3. Department of Obstetrics,Nanjing Women and Children’s Healthcare Hospital,Nanjing 210004 ,China
摘要
目的:探讨孕中、晚期妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)母体糖脂代谢指标和甘油三酯葡萄糖乘积 (triglyceride-glucose,TyG)指数与GDM巨大儿的相关性。方法:基于GDM队列,根据严格入组和排除标准选择2022年1—8月于南京市妇幼保健院剖宫产分娩的产妇,按照有无 GDM 和新生儿出生体重分为正常对照组(NC,n=23)、GDM 非巨大儿组 (GDM-N,n=23)和GDM巨大儿组(GDM-M,n=23)。收集3组一般资料和孕中、晚期糖脂代谢指标,计算TyG指数和胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR),采用Spearman相关检验和线性回归模型分析母体孕中、晚期各指标与GDM巨大儿的相关性。结果:孕中期 GDM-M组母体空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(glycated hemoglobin,HbA1c)和TyG水平升高,直接胆红素(direct bilirubin,DBIL)和肌酐(creatinine,Cr)水平降低,餐后1 h、2 h血糖水平高于NC组,但低于GDM-N组(P < 0.05),孕晚期C肽(C-peptide,CP)、甘油三酯(triglycerides,TG)、HbA1c和TyG升高,丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)高于 NC 组,低于 GDM-N 组(P < 0.05)。Spearman 相关检验提示,新生儿出生体重与母体孕中期 FPG、HbA1c 以及孕晚期 CP、 HbA1c、TG、TyG呈正相关(P < 0.05),与孕中期DBIL、Cr呈负相关(P < 0.05)。多因素线性回归模型分析结果显示,孕中期母体 FPG、HbA1c和DBIL,孕晚期HbA1c、TG和TyG指数为巨大儿的影响因素(P < 0.05)。结论:孕中、晚期母体糖脂代谢指标及 TyG指数与GDM巨大儿的发生密切相关,HbA1c、FPG、TG和TyG可作为GDM巨大儿发生的重要监测评估指标。
Abstract
Objective:To investigate the correlation between maternal glucose and lipid metabolism indicators,triglyceride-glucose (TyG)index,and macrosomia in gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM)during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Methods: Based on a GDM cohort,pregnant women who underwent cesarean section delivery at the Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Hospital from January to August 2022 were selected according to strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Participants were divided into three groups based on GDM status and newborn birth weight:normal control group(NC,n=23),GDM non-macrosomia group(GDM-N,n= 23),and GDM macrosomia group(GDM-M,n=23). General information and glucose and lipid metabolism indicators from the second and third trimesters were collected for all three groups. The TyG index and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)were calculated. Spearman correlation analysis and linear regression models were used to analyze the correlation between maternal indicators in the second and third trimesters and GDM macrosomia. Results:In the second trimester,the GDM-M group showed elevated levels of fasting plasma glucose(FPG),glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c),and TyG index,while direct bilirubin(DBIL)and creatinine(Cr)levels were decreased. The 1 h and 2 h postprandial glucose levels were higher than the NC group but lower than the GDM-N group(P < 0.05). In the third trimester,C-peptide(CP),triglycerides(TG),HbA1c,and TyG index were increased,and alanine aminotransferase(ALT)was higher than the NC group but lower than the GDM-N group(P < 0.05). Spearman correlation analysis indicated that neonatal birth weight was positively correlated with maternal FPG and HbA1c in the second trimester,and with CP,HbA1c,TG,and TyG in the third trimester(P < 0.05). Negative correlations were observed with DBIL and Cr in the second trimester(P < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that maternal FPG,HbA1c,and DBIL in the second trimester,and HbA1c,TG,and TyG index in the third trimester were significant factors influencing macrosomia(P < 0.05). Conclusion:Maternal glucose and lipid metabolism indicators and TyG index in the second and third trimesters are closely associated with the occurrence of macrosomia in GDM. HbA1c,FPG,TG,and TyG can serve as important monitoring and assessment indicators for the occurrence of macrosomia in GDM pregnancies.
妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM)定义为妊娠期间出现或首次识别的任何程度的葡萄糖耐受不良[1]。作为最常见的妊娠并发症之一,GDM 全球标准化患病率为 14%[2],在中国约有 290万的孕妇被诊断为 GDM[3]。GDM 女性及其子代妊娠期并发症和近远期代谢疾病风险均显著增加[4]。其中,巨大儿(出生体重≥4 000 g)是GDM最常见的并发症[5],与近远期母儿不良结局风险增加相关,包括肩难产、产后出血、新生儿低血糖以及子代远期患糖尿病、肥胖症等代谢综合症[6-7]。针对 GDM巨大儿的危险因素进行早期识别和干预,对于减少母婴不良结局具有重要意义。
母体孕期胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)是 GDM 发展的关键因素,其与巨大儿的发生密切相关。GDM患者血糖水平升高,葡萄糖通过胎盘过量转移,胎儿在高糖环境中生长,胰岛素分泌增加,促进宫内胎儿生长,导致巨大儿发生风险增加[8-9]。近年来,甘油三酯葡萄糖乘积(triglyceride⁃glucose,TyG) 指数被认为是判断IR的一种简单、经济、可复制且可靠的新替代指标,越来越受到关注[10]。研究发现TyG 与GDM发生率呈明显正相关[11]。然而TyG与巨大儿之间的关系鲜有报道。此外,母体的生化指标水平随妊娠进展而变化,在不同阶段对新生儿出生体重有不同的预测作用。因此,本研究通过前瞻性队列探究孕中、晚期GDM母体糖脂代谢指标和TyG指数与巨大儿发生发展的相关性,以期为临床更好地管理GDM孕妇、降低巨大儿发生率提供有价值的参考依据。
1 对象和方法
1.1 对象
本研究基于江苏省重大疾病生物资源样本库出生队列子库“代谢健康与妊娠期糖尿病的发生和转归”,建立了 GDM 前瞻性队列(TC2021B024),选择对象为该队列中2022年1—8月于南京市妇幼保健院规律产检并分娩的产妇。研究已获南京市妇幼保健院伦理委员会批准(伦理号:2022KY⁃099)。
纳入标准:①于南京市妇幼保健院规律产检并分娩的单胎孕妇;②年龄18~35周岁;③自愿加入本研究;④非病理指征剖宫产分娩(手术指征包括 GDM巨大儿、臀位、社会因素等)。
排除标准:①糖尿病合并妊娠或其他预先诊断的代谢性疾病;②胎儿合并严重先天畸形及遗传代谢性疾病;③有其他妊娠合并症如妊娠期高血压疾病、妊娠期胆汁淤积症等;④有感染性疾病;⑤辅助生殖技术受孕;⑥需要药物治疗其他慢性病等。
根据出院诊断排除高龄产妇38例、辅助生殖受孕35例、妊娠期高血压疾病27例、甲状腺功能异常 21例、早产10 例、胎儿生长受限 8 例、妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症 15 例、自然分娩 60 例、临床资料缺失 17 例。选择69例非病理性手术指征剖宫产分娩的产妇,根据GDM和巨大儿的诊断标准分为正常对照组(NC,n=23),GDM 非巨大儿组(GDM⁃N,n=23)和 GDM 巨大儿组(GDM⁃M,n=23)。适于胎龄儿根据 2022年国家卫生健康委员会发布的《不同胎龄新生儿出生时生长评价标准》选择出生体重 2 800~3 700 g的新生儿[12],具体流程见图1
1.2 方法
1.2.1 数据收集
基线临床数据于孕妇首次就诊时收集,包括年龄、身高、孕前体重、孕次、产次等。
孕中期生化指标于孕24~28周就诊时采集,包括空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG)、餐后 1 h血糖(1 hour plasma glucose,1h PG)、2 h血糖(2 hour plasma glucose,2h PG)、糖化血红蛋白(hemoglobin A1c,HbA1c)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine amino⁃ transferase,ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、直接胆红素(direct bilirubin, DBIL)、肌酐(creatinine,Cr)、尿素(urea,UREA)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG)、TyG。
1研究对象纳入流程图
Figure1Flow chart of inclusion of subjects
孕晚期生化指标于孕36~41周就诊时采集,包括胰岛素(insulin,INS)、C 肽(C ⁃ peptide,CP)、 HbA1c、FPG、AST、ALT、DBIL、UREA、Cr、TC、TG、 TyG。
1.2.2 计算公式
①体重指数(body mass index,BMI)=体重(kg)/ 身高(m)2。②TyG=Ln[TG(mg/dL)× FPG(mg/dL)/2]。 ③胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA⁃IR)=FPG(mmol/L)× INS (mU/L)/22.5。
1.2.3 GDM诊断标准
孕妇在妊娠 24~28 周接受 75 g 口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT)。采用国际糖尿病与妊娠研究共识小组的诊断标准[13]: FPG 5.1 mmol/L,1 h PG 10.0 mmol/L 或 2 h PG 8.5 mmol/L。血糖大于或等于以上阈值中的任何一项指标即被诊断为GDM。
1.2.4 巨大儿诊断指标
新生儿出生体重≥4 000 g为巨大儿[14]
1.3 统计学方法
采用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计学分析。分类变量以频数和百分比[n(%)]表示,采用卡方检验。正态分布计量资料用均数±标准差(x-±s)表示,非正态分布计量资料用中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示。3组间正态分布数据采用单因素方差分析,非正态分布数据采用非参数秩和检验(Kruskal ⁃ Wallis)进行差异性比较。组间两两比较时用Bonferroni法校正P值。采用Spearman相关性分析,对差异有统计学意义的变量采用多元线性回归进一步分析影响新生儿出生体重的因素。所有统计分析均采用双侧检验,P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 3组临床资料比较
3组产妇年龄、孕前BMI、产时BMI、孕次和新生儿性别比较,差异无统计学意义(P >0.05)。与NC 组和GDM⁃N组相比,GDM⁃M组的分娩孕周较大,初产妇所占比例较高(86.96%),新生儿体重明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05,表1)。
2.2 孕中期和孕晚期母体生化指标比较
孕中期GDM⁃M组的FPG、HbA1c和TyG指数水平升高,DBIL 和 Cr 水平降低,1 h PG、2 h PG 高于 NC 组,低于 GDM ⁃N 组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05);其余指标比较差异无统计学意义(P >0.05)。孕晚期 GDM⁃M 组的 CP、HbA1c、TG 和 TyG 指数升高,ALT高于NC组,低于GDM⁃N组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05);其余指标比较差异无统计学意义 (P >0.05,表2)。
13组临床资料比较
Table1Comparison of clinical parameters between the three groups
Compared with the NC group,* P <0.05;compared with the GDM⁃N group,P <0.05.
2.3 母体生化指标与新生儿出生体重的相关性和多元线性回归分析
对孕中期和晚期存在差异的指标与新生儿出生体重进行 Spearman 相关性分析,结果显示,新生儿出生体重与孕中期母亲FPG(r=0.308,P=0.011)、 HbA1c(r=0.311,P=0.014)呈正相关,与 DBIL(r=-0.257,P=0.038)、Cr(r=-0.267,P=0.031)呈负相关; 与孕晚期母亲 CP(r=0.293,P=0.015)、HbA1c(r= 0.335,P=0.007)、TG(r=0.240,P=0.049)和 TyG(r= 0.317,P=0.008)呈正相关(表3)。
单因素回归模型显示孕中期 FPG、HbA1c 和 DBIL,孕晚期 CP、HbA1c、TG 和 TyG 指数为新生儿出生体重的影响因素。在校正孕周和产次后的多因素线性回归模型显示孕中期 FPG、HbA1c 和 DBIL,孕晚期HbA1c、TG和TyG为GDM巨大儿的影响因素(表4)。
3 讨论
既往研究表明 IR 是 GDM 发展的关键因素[15]。由FPG和TG计算的TyG指数是诊断IR的一种可靠替代指标。Pazhohan等[16] 评估了TyG指数与大于胎龄儿(large for gestational age,LGA)之间的关联,结果表明 TyG 指数增加与 LGA 风险升高存在显著相关性。另一项回顾性研究通过分析GDM患者孕前 TyG 指数及相关临床资料,提出孕前 TyG 指数是 GDM患者分娩巨大儿的独立危险因素,并根据受试者工作特征曲线分析结果提出该指数联合孕期增重对分娩巨大儿有较好的预测价值[17]
本研究分别评估了孕中期和晚期TyG水平组间差异以及与新生儿出生体重的相关性,结果显示孕中期和孕晚期 TyG 水平均存在组间差异,孕晚期 TyG 与新生儿出生体重显著相关(P <0.05)。受样本量的限制,虽然孕中期TyG未显示与新生儿出生体重的显著相关性,但是已经表现出在 GDM⁃M 组中显著增长的趋势。在本研究中,GDM⁃M组孕周较长,但初产妇比例较高,其余影响因素经筛选匹配后无组间差异。过往研究提示孕周和产次增加是巨大儿的影响因素[18-19]。因此,设置了模型 2 对产次和孕周进行校正,多因素线性回归结果显示孕晚期TyG指数是巨大儿的独立危险因素。此外,本研究同时比较了孕晚期另一评估 IR 的 HOMA⁃IR 指标,结果显示3组间差异无统计学意义,说明在本研究中TyG的IR敏感性优于HOMA⁃IR,提示孕中⁃晚期TyG指数作为IR评估指标可以进一步预测GDM 患者分娩前糖脂代谢紊乱情况,有利于预判巨大儿发生风险,及时调整GDM患者的治疗及分娩方案。
葡萄糖代谢在GDM的发展中起着重要作用,妊娠期孕妇血糖水平的变化与新生儿出生结局密切相关。2017年国际糖尿病联合会的调查结果估计,全球约有2 130万活产婴儿在孕期受到母体高血糖的影响[20]。一项出生队列研究回顾整个孕期 FPG水平与新生儿不良出生结局的相关性,结果显示孕中期和孕晚期 FPG 水平升高与巨大儿发生风险相关[21]。在本研究中,GDM⁃M组孕中期FPG水平较高, HbA1c水平孕中期和孕晚期的均高于NC组和GDM⁃ N组。Spearman相关性分析进一步提示,新生儿出生体重与孕中期母亲FPG、HbA1c以及孕晚期HbA1c呈正相关。这与一项纳入17 711例孕妇的Meta分析研究结果一致[22]。此外,本研究未发现孕中期1 h PG和 2 h PG 对新生儿出生体重的影响。该结果与 Wei 等[23] 研究发现单胎妊娠GDM母亲1 h PG和2 h PG与新生儿出生体重不存在显著相关性一致。
2孕中期和孕晚期孕妇生化指标比较
Table2Comparison of biochemical indexes between the second and third trimesters
Compared with the NC group,* P <0.05;compared with the GDM⁃N group,P <0.05.
为确保胎儿生长所需,以TG和TC为代表的脂质代谢在妊娠期发生变化,包括在孕早期的适度升高以及孕中、晚期的显著升高。然而,妊娠期血脂异常可能增加妊娠并发症和不良围产结局的风险[24]。马然等[25] 发现,母体孕中期 TG 水平和新生儿体重密切相关,调整孕妇年龄、孕前BMI和生产孕周后,TG 和TG/HDL仍为娩出巨大儿的高风险因素。在本研究中,3 组孕妇的年龄、孕前 BMI 和产时 BMI 均经过严格匹配,GDM⁃M组孕中期和孕晚期TG水平均升高,TC水平不存在组间差异,TG与新生儿出生体重呈正相关。一项大型回顾性队列发现,GDM女性在妊娠中期和晚期的TC和TG水平显著高于同一妊娠期的非GDM女性,孕中期和晚期母体TG水平升高与巨大儿风险增加独立相关[26]。这与本研究结果略有不同,未发现 TC 存在组间差异,且 GDM⁃M 的 TC水平略低于GDM⁃N组和NC组,造成这一差异的原因可能是研究人群和样本量的差异,这仍需进一步研究。
本研究尚存在一定局限性:由于分析前进行了严格的筛选及组间一般资料匹配,样本量较少;其次本研究缺失研究人群的孕早期糖脂代谢指标,无法进行孕早、中、晚期指标的连续纵向追踪。因此本研究仍需进一步扩大样本人群进行研究。
3孕妇生化指标与新生儿出生体重的相关性
Table3Correlation between maternal biochemical indexes and neonatal birth weight
4新生儿出生体重与母亲生化指标多元线性回归分析
Table4Multiple linear regression analysis of neonatal birth weight and maternal biochemical indexes
Model 1:Unadjusted variables. Model 2:Adjusted for gestational age and parity.
综上所述,HbA1c、FPG、TG、TyG 指数是 GDM 孕妇分娩巨大儿的危险因素。临床医师需关注孕期全程糖脂代谢指标,尤其是孕妇晚期 TG、TyG 等指标,从而有效预测巨大儿的发生,进行早期干预和管理,改善母婴妊娠结局。
利益冲突声明:
所有作者声明无利益冲突。张钰婷和石中华与本期刊均隶属南京医科大学,但本期刊的审稿遵循双盲原则,所有编辑决策由独立编辑和审稿人完成,确保评审公正透明。
Conflict of Interests:
All authors declare no conflicts of interest. ZHANG Yuting and SHI Zhonghua are affiliated with Nanjing Medical Universi⁃ ty,the same institution as the journal. However,the journal fol⁃ lows a double ⁃ blind review process,with all editorial decisions made independently by editors and reviewers,ensuring a fair and transparent review process.
作者贡献声明:
张钰婷进行数据分析和结果解读,并撰写手稿。胡诗曼和诸请逸招募患者,并收集患者样本和数据。石中华申请了资助,并对本研究进行设计和监督。
Authors Contributions:
ZHANG Yuting performed data analyses and interpreta⁃ tions,and wrote the manuscript. HU Shiman and ZHU Qingyi enrolled patients and collected patient samples and data. SHI Zhonghua applied for the grant designed and supervised the study.
1研究对象纳入流程图
Figure1Flow chart of inclusion of subjects
13组临床资料比较
Table1Comparison of clinical parameters between the three groups
2孕中期和孕晚期孕妇生化指标比较
Table2Comparison of biochemical indexes between the second and third trimesters
3孕妇生化指标与新生儿出生体重的相关性
Table3Correlation between maternal biochemical indexes and neonatal birth weight
4新生儿出生体重与母亲生化指标多元线性回归分析
Table4Multiple linear regression analysis of neonatal birth weight and maternal biochemical indexes
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