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通讯作者:

张静静,E⁃mail:zhangjingjing@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R735.9

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)02-187-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210206

参考文献 1
MELIALA I T S,HOSEA R,KASIM V,et al.The biologi⁃ cal implications of Yin Yang 1 in the hallmarks of cancer [J].Theranostics,2020,10(9):4183⁃4200
参考文献 2
CHENG Q,KHOSHDELI M,FERGUSON B S,et al.YY1 is a cis ⁃ regulator in the organoid models of high mammo⁃ graphic density[J].Bioinformatics,2020,36(6):1663-1667
参考文献 3
CHEN K,LU Y,SHI K,et al.Functional analysis of YY1 zinc fingers through cysteine mutagenesis[J].FEBS Lett,2019,593(12):1392-1402
参考文献 4
LIU D,ZHANG J,WU Y,et al.YY1 suppresses prolifera⁃ tion and migration of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by regulating the CDKN3/MdM2/P53/P21 signaling path⁃ way[J].Int J Cancer.2018,142(7):1392-1404
参考文献 5
ZHANG J J,ZHU Y,YANG C,et al.Yin Yang⁃1 increas⁃ es apoptosis through Bax activation in pancreatic cancer cells[J].Oncotarget,2016,7(19):28498-28509
参考文献 6
ZHANG J J,ZHU Y,ZHANG X F,et al.Yin Yang⁃1 sup⁃ presses pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell prolifera⁃ tion and tumor growth by regulating SOX2OT ⁃SOX2 axis [J].Cancer Lett,2017,408:144-154
参考文献 7
SARVAGALLA S,KOLAPALLI S P,VALLABHAPURAPU S.The two sides of YY1 in cancer:a friend and a foe[J].Front Oncol,2019,9:1230
参考文献 8
RIGGS K J,SALEQUE S,WONG K K,et al.Yin⁃yang 1 activates the c⁃myc promoter[J].Mol Cell Biol,1993,13(12):7487-7495
参考文献 9
YANG W,LI Z,QIN R,et al.YY1 promotes endothelial cell⁃dependent tumor angiogenesis in hepatocellular carci⁃ noma by transcriptionally activating VEGFA[J].Front Oncol,2019,9:1187
参考文献 10
CHEN L,FOREMAN D P,SANT’ANGELO D B,et al.Yin Yang 1 promotes thymocyte survival by downregulat⁃ ing p53[J].J Immunol,2016,196(6):2572-2582
参考文献 11
WANG W,YUE Z,TIAN Z,et al.Expression of Yin Yang 1 in cervical cancer and its correlation with E ⁃ cad⁃ herin expression and HPV16 E6[J].PLoS One,2018,13(2):e0193340
参考文献 12
WANG C C,TSAI M F,HONG T M,et al.The transcrip⁃ tional factor YY1 upregulates the novel invasion suppres⁃ sor HLJ1 expression and inhibits cancer cell invasion[J].Oncogene,2005,24(25):4081-4093
参考文献 13
LEE M H,LAHUSEN T,WANG R H,et al.Yin Yang 1 positively regulates BRCA1 and inhibits mammary cancer formation[J].Oncogene,2012,31(1):116-127
参考文献 14
AUSTEN M,CERNI C,LUSCHER⁃FIRZLAFF J M,et al.YY1 can inhibit c⁃Myc function through a mechanism re⁃ quiring DNA binding of YY1 but neither its transactiva⁃ tion domain nor direct interaction with c ⁃Myc[J].Onco⁃ gene,1998,17(4):511-520
参考文献 15
CHUANG H M,HUANG M H,CHEN Y S,et al.SOX2 for stem cell therapy and medical use:Pros or Cons?[J].Cell Transplant,2020,29:963689720907565
参考文献 16
SHAHRYARI A,JAZI M S,SAMAEI N M,et al.Long non⁃ coding RNA SOX2OT:expression signature,splicing pat⁃ terns,and emerging roles in pluripotency and tumorigene⁃ sis[J].Front Genet,2015,6:196
参考文献 17
ZHAN Y,CHEN Z,HE S,et al.Long non ⁃ coding RNA SOX2OT promotes the stemness phenotype of bladder cancer cells by modulating SOX2[J].Mol Cancer,2020,19(1):25
参考文献 18
AMARAL P,NEYT C,WILKINS S J,et al.Complex ar⁃ chitecture and regulated expression of the Sox2ot locus during vertebrate development[J].RNA,2009,15(11):2013-2027
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:研究转录因子YY1对胰腺癌细胞迁移和侵袭的影响和分子机制。方法:使用定量RT⁃PCR和Western blot检测YY1和SOX2OT的表达。通过划痕实验和Transwell侵袭实验,研究YY1在胰腺癌细胞迁移和侵袭中的作用。在YY1过表达或YY1敲低的胰腺癌细胞中,通过SOX2OT过表达或RNA干扰进行功能回复实验。结果:发现YY1过表达抑制BXPC⁃3和 PANC⁃1细胞中的SOX2OT表达,相反,YY1干扰促进SOX2OT的表达。此外,YY1过表达抑制BXPC⁃3细胞在体外的迁移和侵袭,相反YY1干扰促进细胞的迁移和侵袭。在YY1过表达的BXPC⁃3细胞中过表达SOX2OT,或者在YY1敲低的细胞中干扰 SOX2OT的表达,可以逆转YY对细胞迁移和侵袭的作用。结论:YY1通过下调SOX2OT表达抑制胰腺癌细胞的迁移和侵袭。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to observe the effects and mechanisms of transcription factor YY1 on the migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells. Methods:In this study,YY1 and SOX2OT expression were detected by using quantitative RT⁃PCR and Western blot. The role of YY1 in the migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells was studied by cell wound healing assays and transwell cell invasion assays. The functional recovery experiments were performed by overexpression or RNA interference of SOX2OT in YY1 overexpression or YY1 knockdown pancreatic cancer cells. Results:It was found that YY1 overexpression decreased, while YY1 knockdown increased SOX2OT expression in BXPC ⁃3 and PANC ⁃1 cells. Furthermore,YY1 overexpression suppressed, whereas YY1 knockdown enhanced,the migration and invasion properties of BXPC⁃3 cells in vitro. Overexpression of SOX2OT in YY1 overexpressed BXPC ⁃ 3 cells or RNA interference of SOX2OT in YY1 knockdown cells can partly reverse the effect of YY on cell migration and invasion. Conclusion:The present study suggested that YY1 suppresses migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells in a SOX2OT⁃dependent mechanism.

    关键词

    YY1胰腺癌SOX2OT迁移侵袭

    Keywords

    YY1pancreatic cancerSOX2OTmigrationinvasion

  • 转录因子YY1是锌指蛋白家族中的一员,参与了许多生物学和生理过程,包括胚胎发生、细胞增殖、DNA复制和分化等[1-3]。本课题组先前研究表明YY1在胰腺癌中具有抑癌作用[4-5]。染色质免疫共沉淀 ⁃ 测序(chromatin immunoprecipitation high ⁃ throughput sequencing,ChIP⁃seq)结果表明YY1可以直接与长链非编码RNA SOX2OT的启动子区结合[6],表明YY1可能调控SOX2OT的转录,SOX2OT可能参与胰腺癌的发生和进展。本研究以人胰腺癌细胞株BXPC ⁃ 3和PANC ⁃ 1为研究对象,探讨YY1/SOX2OT轴在胰腺癌细胞迁移和侵袭中的作用,为YY1作为胰腺癌早期诊断、预后及治疗的靶标提供理论依据。

  • 1 材料和方法

  • 1.1 材料

  • 人胰腺癌细胞株BXPC⁃3和PANC⁃1购于上海细胞所;YY1过表达及YY1干扰的稳转细胞株由本实验室构建及保存[4];PBS、胰酶、DMEM高糖培养基、胎牛血清(Wisent公司,加拿大);双抗(青、链霉素)、RIPA细胞裂解液、PMSF、BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒、GAPDH抗体、二抗(上海碧云天);TRIzol、 Lipofectamine3000转染试剂(Invitrogen公司,美国);反转录试剂盒、SYBR green master mix、蛋白Marker(Bio⁃Rad公司,美国);PVDF膜、ECL试剂盒、 Transwell小室(Millipore公司,美国);Matrigel基质胶(BD公司,美国);细胞培养耗材(Corning公司,美国);YY1抗体(Abcam公司,美国);其他常用试剂均为国产分析纯;引物由上海吉玛设计合成;siRNA片段由广州锐博设计合成;定量PCR仪为美国ABI Stepone plus型号;倒置荧光显微镜为美国Nikon Ti⁃E型;成像分析系统为美国Protein simple Fluo⁃ rchem型。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 细胞培养

  • BXPC⁃3和PANC⁃1细胞使用含10%胎牛血清、 50U/mL青霉素和50mg/mL链霉素的DMEM高糖培养基,在37℃、5%CO2饱和湿度下培养,待细胞融合率为70%左右时,以0.25%胰蛋白酶、0.02%乙二胺四乙酸消化、传代。

  • 1.2.2 定量RT⁃PCR

  • 使用TRIzol试剂抽提细胞总RNA。分光光度法测定浓度后,根据说明,使用1 μg总RNA和iscript cDNA合成试剂盒在20 μL的最终体积中进行逆转录(RT)。采用SYBR green master mix在定量PCR仪中进行定量PCR。采用2-ΔCt 法,即用YY1/SOX2OT(靶基因)的Ct值减去GAPDH(内参基因) 的Ct值,计算相对基因表达量。每一个定量PCR均设置3个复孔,独立重复3次。YY1上游引物:5′⁃ CTTTTCACTGGACTTCAATTTGCG⁃3′;下游引物:5′⁃ CACTGGTTGTTTTTGGCCTTAGC ⁃ 3′;SOX2OT上游引物:5′ ⁃AGACAGCTCTGTTCAGTATT ⁃ 3′;下游引物:5′ ⁃TTACACCAGCCTCCAAGA ⁃3′;GAPDH上游引物:5′ ⁃ACGGGAAGCTTGTCATCAAT ⁃3′;下游引物:5′⁃TGGACTCCACGACGTACTCA⁃3′。

  • 1.2.3 Western blot

  • 使用RIPA细胞裂解液抽提细胞总蛋白,并用BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒测定浓度。蛋白加1 × SDS上样缓冲液后于100℃水浴5min,取20 μg进行SDS⁃PAGE电泳,而后把蛋白质转移至PVDF膜上,5%脱脂奶粉封闭2h,加入1∶1 000一抗,4℃过夜,TBST洗涤3次,加二抗(1∶2 000)室温孵育1h, TBST洗3次,然后用ECL化学发光试剂于暗室自显影。用成像分析系统拍照记录并进行灰度分析。

  • 1.2.4 细胞划痕实验

  • 先用记号笔在6孔板背面划横线,每隔0.5~1.0cm一道,横穿过孔;每孔至少穿过5条线。在孔中加入5×105 个细胞。第2天用枪头垂至于背后的横线划痕。PBS洗细胞3次,去除划下的细胞,加入无血清培养基,放入37℃、5%CO2培养箱培养。按0h、24h时间点取样,拍照。

  • 1.2.5 Transwell细胞侵袭实验

  • 将Matrigel1∶8稀释,包被Transwell小室底部膜的上室面,置37℃ 30min,使Matrigel聚合成凝胶。使用前进行基底膜水化。细胞撤血清饥饿12h后,消化细胞,调整细胞密度至5×105 个/mL,取细胞悬液100 μL加入Transwell小室。24孔板下室加入600 μL含20%胎牛血清的培养基,放入37℃ 5%CO2 培养箱培养24h。随后取出Transwell小室,弃去孔中培养液,PBS洗2遍,甲醇固定30min,将小室适当风干。0.1%结晶紫染色20min,用棉签轻轻擦掉上层未侵入细胞,用PBS洗3遍。400倍显微镜下随机5个视野观察细胞,记数。

  • 1.2.6 SOX2OT过表达慢病毒及稳转细胞株构建

  • SOX2OT过表达慢病毒及其对照病毒由上海和元公司构建。将全长人SOX2OT亚克隆入pLenti⁃ CMV⁃MCS⁃3FLAG H155载体,测序验证。YY1过表达BXPC⁃3细胞(BXPC⁃3⁃YY1)感染SOX2OT过表达慢病毒或对照慢病毒。6~8h后换液并在荧光显微镜下观察荧光,批量扩增培养后用嘌呤霉素进行细胞筛选,加药浓度由低到高,直至细胞正常培养状态,筛选出稳转细胞株(BXPC ⁃3⁃YY1⁃SOX2OT和BXPC⁃3⁃YY1⁃Vector)。定量RT⁃PCR证实SOX2OT表达。

  • 1.2.7 SOX2OT siRNA干扰片段转染及筛选

  • 转染前1d铺6孔板(每孔3×105 个细胞),长至50%~70%进行转染;Lipofectamine3000法体系(每孔)如下:分别以裸培125 μL+siRNA 5 μL,裸培125 μL+Lipofectamine3000 5 μL两个预混液,各自充分混匀,静置5min;将两者混合后再次静置15min,加入换了新鲜完全培养基的6孔板中;转染24h后换液,2~3d后提取RNA用定量RT⁃PCR进行转染效率验证。3组SOX2OT干扰片段靶序列如下:siRNA⁃1 5′⁃CAAAATAGGTCATAGCAA⁃3′、siRNA⁃2 5′⁃GGA⁃ CAAG ⁃ ACAACATTTGGT ⁃ 3′、siRNA ⁃ 3 5′ ⁃ CTCAC⁃ CAATGCTTTAT⁃TCT⁃3′。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS15.0进行统计分析。定量数据显示为平均值±标准差(x- ± s)。两组数据比较采用t检验。多组数据比较采用ANOVA⁃SNK检验。所有的统计检验都是双尾检验,P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 YY1对胰腺癌细胞中SOX2OT表达的调控

  • 定量PCR及Western blot结果表明:YY1过表达及YY1干扰的稳转细胞株(BXPC⁃3和PANC⁃1)构建成功。定量PCR结果显示:与对照组相比,YY1过表达组的BXPC⁃3和PANC⁃1细胞中SOX2OT表达水平被显著抑制(P< 0.05,图1),相反,YY1干扰组SOX2OT表达水平与对照组相比显著增加(P< 0.05,图1)。

  • 2.2 YY1对胰腺癌细胞迁移与侵袭能力的影响

  • 细胞划痕实验结果表明:与对照组相比,YY1过表达抑制BXPC⁃3细胞的迁移,相反YY1干扰促进细胞的迁移(图2A)。Transwell细胞侵袭实验结果表明:与对照组相比,YY1过表达组穿过基质胶的细胞数显著减少(P< 0.05,图2B),相反YY1干扰组穿过基质胶的细胞数与对照组相比显著增加 (P< 0.05,图2B)。

  • 2.3 SOX2OT对YY1的功能回复作用

  • 为了证明SOX2OT是否介导了YY1抑制胰腺癌细胞迁移和侵袭的作用,在YY1过表达的BXPC⁃3细胞中过表达SOX2OT,或在YY1敲低的BXPC⁃3细胞中干扰SOX2OT的表达,观察其是否具有功能回复作用。定量PCR结果表明:过表达SOX2OT稳转细胞株构建成功(图3A);3组SOX2OT干扰片段中siRNA⁃1的干扰效率最高(图3B),因此后续功能回复实验选择siRNA⁃1。细胞划痕实验结果表明:在YY1过表达的BXPC⁃3细胞中过表达SOX2OT,可以逆转过表达YY1抑制细胞迁移的作用(图3C);在YY1敲低的BXPC⁃3细胞中干扰SOX2OT的表达,可以逆转YY1敲低促进细胞迁移的作用(图3D)。

  • 图1 定量PCR及Western blot检测YY1过表达或干扰后胰腺癌细胞BXPC⁃3和PANC⁃1中YY1及SOX2OT mRNA

  • Fig.1 qRT⁃PCR and Western blot analyzed of YY1and SOX2OT mRNA and protein expression in BXPC⁃3and PANC⁃ 1pancreatic cancer cells with YY1overexpressing or knockdown

  • 图2 YY1过表达或干扰对BXPC⁃3细胞迁移和侵袭能力的影响

  • Fig.2 Effects of YY1overexpression or interference on migration and invasion of BXPC⁃3cells

  • 3 讨论

  • 在本研究中发现YY1过表达抑制,而YY1干扰促进胰腺癌细胞中长链非编码RNA SOX2OT的表达;YY1过表达抑制、而YY1干扰促进胰腺癌细胞的迁移和侵袭。功能回复实验结果表明:在YY1过表达的胰腺癌细胞中过表达SOX2OT,或者在YY1敲低的细胞中干扰SOX2OT的表达,可以逆转YY对胰腺癌细胞迁移和侵袭的作用,YY1通过下调SOX2OT表达抑制胰腺癌细胞的迁移和侵袭。

  • YY1对肿瘤的促进或抑制作用与其参与癌基因、抑癌基因、血管生成相关因子和抗细胞凋亡途径密切相关[7]。一方面,YY1可以通过上调癌基因 (如c⁃myc和血管内皮生长因子)的表达,下调抑癌基因(如P53和E⁃cadherin)的表达发挥促癌作用[8-11]。另一方面,YY1可以通过上调抑癌基因(如HLJ1与BRCA1)发挥抑癌作用,并通过直接作用抑制癌基因c⁃myc的功能[12-14]。因此,YY1可以作为一种抑癌基因或癌基因,这取决于组织类型、与其相互作用的蛋白因子及下游靶基因。本课题组先前研究表明YY1在胰腺癌中具有抑癌作用[4-5]。ChIP⁃seq结果表明YY1可以直接与SOX2OT的启动子区结合,提示YY1可能调控SOX2OT的转录,SOX2OT可能参与胰腺癌的癌变和进展。

  • 图3 细胞划痕实验检测SOX2OT过表达或SOX2OT干扰对YY1的功能恢复的作用

  • Fig.3 Effects of SOX2OT overexpression or interference on YY1functional recovery by wound healing assay

  • 图4 Transwell细胞侵袭实验检测SOX2OT过表达(A)或SOX2OT干扰(B)对YY1抑制胰腺癌细胞BXPC⁃3侵袭的影响(×100)

  • Fig.4 Effect of SOX2OT overexpression(A)or interference(B)on cell invasion inhibited by YY1in BXPC ⁃3cells by transwell cell invasion assay(×100)

  • SOX2OT的内含子区包含了干细胞调控因子SOX2基因。SOX2是SOX转录因子家族中的一个主要成员,表达于胚胎干细胞,在胚胎的各个发育过程中起重要作用,是诱导人成体细胞为多能干细胞的一个关键和必需的因子[15]。干细胞和肿瘤都具有自我更新等共同特性,在干细胞起关键作用的基因在肿瘤的发生和发展中也起一定作用。 SOX2OT基因定位于3号染色体3q26.3 [16],其确切功能还不清楚。然而,最近研究已经证明了它对SOX2基因的转录调控作用[17]。类似于SOX2, SOX2OT在胚胎干细胞中高表达,在诱导分化过程中表达降低,仅表达于正常成年小鼠和人类的大脑组织[18]。SOX2OT在胰腺癌中的表达模式和生物学作用尚不清楚。本研究发现的几项证据表明SOX2OT可能是胰腺癌中的一个促癌因子。首先,YY1在胰腺癌中具有抑癌作用,而YY1负性调节SOX2OT的表达;其次,SOX2OT的过表达可以逆转YY1过表达对胰腺癌细胞迁移和侵袭的作用。

  • 总之,YY1负调控胰腺癌细胞中SOX2OT的表达。YY1通过下调SOX2OT的表达抑制胰腺癌细胞的迁移和侵袭。尽管其他尚未发现的机制可能与YY1介导的抑癌作用有关,但本研究提示SOX2OT在胰腺癌中起到促癌作用。YY1/SOX2OT轴可能是胰腺癌的一个有价值的诊断和预后指标。

  • 参考文献

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    • [3] CHEN K,LU Y,SHI K,et al.Functional analysis of YY1 zinc fingers through cysteine mutagenesis[J].FEBS Lett,2019,593(12):1392-1402

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    • [6] ZHANG J J,ZHU Y,ZHANG X F,et al.Yin Yang⁃1 sup⁃ presses pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell prolifera⁃ tion and tumor growth by regulating SOX2OT ⁃SOX2 axis [J].Cancer Lett,2017,408:144-154

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    • [9] YANG W,LI Z,QIN R,et al.YY1 promotes endothelial cell⁃dependent tumor angiogenesis in hepatocellular carci⁃ noma by transcriptionally activating VEGFA[J].Front Oncol,2019,9:1187

    • [10] CHEN L,FOREMAN D P,SANT’ANGELO D B,et al.Yin Yang 1 promotes thymocyte survival by downregulat⁃ ing p53[J].J Immunol,2016,196(6):2572-2582

    • [11] WANG W,YUE Z,TIAN Z,et al.Expression of Yin Yang 1 in cervical cancer and its correlation with E ⁃ cad⁃ herin expression and HPV16 E6[J].PLoS One,2018,13(2):e0193340

    • [12] WANG C C,TSAI M F,HONG T M,et al.The transcrip⁃ tional factor YY1 upregulates the novel invasion suppres⁃ sor HLJ1 expression and inhibits cancer cell invasion[J].Oncogene,2005,24(25):4081-4093

    • [13] LEE M H,LAHUSEN T,WANG R H,et al.Yin Yang 1 positively regulates BRCA1 and inhibits mammary cancer formation[J].Oncogene,2012,31(1):116-127

    • [14] AUSTEN M,CERNI C,LUSCHER⁃FIRZLAFF J M,et al.YY1 can inhibit c⁃Myc function through a mechanism re⁃ quiring DNA binding of YY1 but neither its transactiva⁃ tion domain nor direct interaction with c ⁃Myc[J].Onco⁃ gene,1998,17(4):511-520

    • [15] CHUANG H M,HUANG M H,CHEN Y S,et al.SOX2 for stem cell therapy and medical use:Pros or Cons?[J].Cell Transplant,2020,29:963689720907565

    • [16] SHAHRYARI A,JAZI M S,SAMAEI N M,et al.Long non⁃ coding RNA SOX2OT:expression signature,splicing pat⁃ terns,and emerging roles in pluripotency and tumorigene⁃ sis[J].Front Genet,2015,6:196

    • [17] ZHAN Y,CHEN Z,HE S,et al.Long non ⁃ coding RNA SOX2OT promotes the stemness phenotype of bladder cancer cells by modulating SOX2[J].Mol Cancer,2020,19(1):25

    • [18] AMARAL P,NEYT C,WILKINS S J,et al.Complex ar⁃ chitecture and regulated expression of the Sox2ot locus during vertebrate development[J].RNA,2009,15(11):2013-2027

  • 参考文献

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    • [2] CHENG Q,KHOSHDELI M,FERGUSON B S,et al.YY1 is a cis ⁃ regulator in the organoid models of high mammo⁃ graphic density[J].Bioinformatics,2020,36(6):1663-1667

    • [3] CHEN K,LU Y,SHI K,et al.Functional analysis of YY1 zinc fingers through cysteine mutagenesis[J].FEBS Lett,2019,593(12):1392-1402

    • [4] LIU D,ZHANG J,WU Y,et al.YY1 suppresses prolifera⁃ tion and migration of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by regulating the CDKN3/MdM2/P53/P21 signaling path⁃ way[J].Int J Cancer.2018,142(7):1392-1404

    • [5] ZHANG J J,ZHU Y,YANG C,et al.Yin Yang⁃1 increas⁃ es apoptosis through Bax activation in pancreatic cancer cells[J].Oncotarget,2016,7(19):28498-28509

    • [6] ZHANG J J,ZHU Y,ZHANG X F,et al.Yin Yang⁃1 sup⁃ presses pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell prolifera⁃ tion and tumor growth by regulating SOX2OT ⁃SOX2 axis [J].Cancer Lett,2017,408:144-154

    • [7] SARVAGALLA S,KOLAPALLI S P,VALLABHAPURAPU S.The two sides of YY1 in cancer:a friend and a foe[J].Front Oncol,2019,9:1230

    • [8] RIGGS K J,SALEQUE S,WONG K K,et al.Yin⁃yang 1 activates the c⁃myc promoter[J].Mol Cell Biol,1993,13(12):7487-7495

    • [9] YANG W,LI Z,QIN R,et al.YY1 promotes endothelial cell⁃dependent tumor angiogenesis in hepatocellular carci⁃ noma by transcriptionally activating VEGFA[J].Front Oncol,2019,9:1187

    • [10] CHEN L,FOREMAN D P,SANT’ANGELO D B,et al.Yin Yang 1 promotes thymocyte survival by downregulat⁃ ing p53[J].J Immunol,2016,196(6):2572-2582

    • [11] WANG W,YUE Z,TIAN Z,et al.Expression of Yin Yang 1 in cervical cancer and its correlation with E ⁃ cad⁃ herin expression and HPV16 E6[J].PLoS One,2018,13(2):e0193340

    • [12] WANG C C,TSAI M F,HONG T M,et al.The transcrip⁃ tional factor YY1 upregulates the novel invasion suppres⁃ sor HLJ1 expression and inhibits cancer cell invasion[J].Oncogene,2005,24(25):4081-4093

    • [13] LEE M H,LAHUSEN T,WANG R H,et al.Yin Yang 1 positively regulates BRCA1 and inhibits mammary cancer formation[J].Oncogene,2012,31(1):116-127

    • [14] AUSTEN M,CERNI C,LUSCHER⁃FIRZLAFF J M,et al.YY1 can inhibit c⁃Myc function through a mechanism re⁃ quiring DNA binding of YY1 but neither its transactiva⁃ tion domain nor direct interaction with c ⁃Myc[J].Onco⁃ gene,1998,17(4):511-520

    • [15] CHUANG H M,HUANG M H,CHEN Y S,et al.SOX2 for stem cell therapy and medical use:Pros or Cons?[J].Cell Transplant,2020,29:963689720907565

    • [16] SHAHRYARI A,JAZI M S,SAMAEI N M,et al.Long non⁃ coding RNA SOX2OT:expression signature,splicing pat⁃ terns,and emerging roles in pluripotency and tumorigene⁃ sis[J].Front Genet,2015,6:196

    • [17] ZHAN Y,CHEN Z,HE S,et al.Long non ⁃ coding RNA SOX2OT promotes the stemness phenotype of bladder cancer cells by modulating SOX2[J].Mol Cancer,2020,19(1):25

    • [18] AMARAL P,NEYT C,WILKINS S J,et al.Complex ar⁃ chitecture and regulated expression of the Sox2ot locus during vertebrate development[J].RNA,2009,15(11):2013-2027

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