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通讯作者:

周苏明,E⁃mail:zhousmco@aliyun.com

中图分类号:R459.7

文献标识码:B

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)02-244-04

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210218

参考文献 1
LIU Y Y,LI L F.Ventilator⁃induced diaphragm dysfunc⁃ tion in critical illness[J].Exp Biol Med,2018,243(17⁃ 18):1329-1337
参考文献 2
林欣,韩艺,周静,等.老年术后患者脱机困难的原因分析[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2017,37(8):1033-1035
参考文献 3
EWAN C G,MARTIN D,EDDY F,et al.Mechanical ven⁃ tilation⁃induced diaphragm atrophy strongly impacts clini⁃ cal outcomes[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2018,197(2):204-213
参考文献 4
GREET H,ANOUK A,DRIES T,et al.Increased dura⁃ tion of mechanical ventilation is associated with de⁃ creased diaphragmatic force:a prospective observational study[J].Crit Care,2010,14(4):R127-R136
参考文献 5
BARR J,FRASER G L,PUNTILLO K,et al.American College of critical care medicine.clinical practice guide⁃ lines for the management of pain,agitation,and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit[J].Crit Care Med,2013,41(1):263-306
参考文献 6
BENJAMIN S.CALCULATED D.Critical⁃care pain obser⁃ vation tool(CPOT)[J].Emerg Med Pract,2019,21(11):CD3-CD4
参考文献 7
ZAHRA T,MASOUMEH N,SOGHRAT F,et al.The Ef⁃ fect of sedation protocol using richmond agitation ⁃ seda⁃ tion scale(RASS)on some clinical outcomes of mechani⁃ cally ventilated patients in intensive care units:a random⁃ ized clinical trial[J].J Caring Sci,2019,8(4):199-206
参考文献 8
POWERS S K,SHANELY R A,COOMBES J S,et al.Me⁃ chanical ventilation results in progressive contractile dys⁃ function in the diaphragm[J].J Appl Physiol,2002,92:1851-1858
参考文献 9
VINCENT J L,SHEHABI Y,WALSH T S,et al.Comfort and patient ⁃ centred care without excessive sedation:the eCASH concept[J].Intensive Care Med,2016,42(6):962-71
参考文献 10
DEVLIN J W,SKROBIK Y,GÉLINAS C,et al.Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of pain,agitation/sedation,delirium,immobility,and sleep disruption in adult patients in the ICU[J].Crit Care Med,2018,46(9):e825-e873
参考文献 11
FOSTER J.Complication of sedation in critical illness:an update[J].Crit Care Nurs Clin N Am,2016,28(2):227-239
参考文献 12
CACCIATORE F,DELLA ⁃MORTE D,BASILE C,et al.Butyryl ⁃ cholinesterase is related to muscle mass and strength.A new biomarker to identify elderly subjects at risk of sarcopenia[J].Biomark Med,2015,9(7):669-678
参考文献 13
陆志华,葛慧青,许立龙,等.床旁超声评估长期机械通气患者膈肌功能障碍的临床研究[J].中华结核和呼吸杂志,2016,39(9):739-740
参考文献 14
BRUELLS C S,MAES K,ROSSAINT R,et al.Sedation using propofol induces similar diaphragm dysfunction and atrophy during spontaneous breathing and mechanical ventilation in rats[J].Anesthesiology,2014,120:665-672
参考文献 15
LIU L,WU A P,YANG Y,et al.Effects of propofol on re⁃ spiratory drive and patient-ventilator synchrony during pressure support ventilation in postoperative patients:a prospective study[J].Chin Med J,2017,130:1155-1160
参考文献 16
CONTI G,RANIERI VM,COSTA R,et al.Effects of dex⁃ medetomidine and propofol on patient ⁃ ventilator interac⁃ tion in difficult⁃to⁃wean,mechanically ventilated patients:a prospective,open ⁃label,randomized,multicentre study [J].Crit Care,2016,20(1):206-213
参考文献 17
BREUER T,BLEILEVENS C,ROSSAINT R,et al.Dex⁃ medetomidine impairs diaphragm function and increases oxidative stress but does not aggravate diaphragmatic atro⁃ phy in mechanically ventilated rats[J].Anesthesiology,2018,128(4):784-795
参考文献 18
DE HARO C,MAGRANS R,LÓPEZ ⁃AGUILAR J,et al.Asynchronies in the Intensive Care Unit(ASYNICU)Group.Effects of sedatives and opioids on trigger and cy⁃ cling asynchronies throughout mechanical ventilation:an observational study in a large dataset from critically ill pa⁃ tients[J].Crit Care,2019,23(1):245-255
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:通过观察膈肌含量评价镇静镇痛方案对有创机械通气超过7 d患者膈肌萎缩的影响。方法:回顾2017年11月— 2018年12月入住本科机械通气≥7 d的患者,以“先镇痛,浅镇静”的原则实施镇痛镇静管理,在机械通气第1天及第7天测量膈肌含量,并记录相关呼吸力学参数。结果:34例纳入研究(镇静组14例,镇痛镇静组20例)。两组在年龄、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ(acute physiology and chronic health evaluation,APACHEⅡ)、序贯器官衰竭评分(sequential organ failure assessment,SOFA)、营养风险筛查2002(nutritional risk screening 2002,NRS⁃2002)及营养供给方面均无明显统计学差异。机械通气第7天,镇痛镇静组T11⁃L1水平膈肌含量减少较镇静组明显增加[(14.71 ± 6.83)% vs.(8.70 ± 6.77)%,P =0.016)];丁酰胆碱酯酶在机械通气第1天两组无差异,但镇痛镇静组在机械通气第7天,其浓度较镇静组明显降低 [(4777 ± 1467)U/L vs.(5895 ± 1027)U/L,P =0.02)]。两组相关脱机参数(氧合指数、二氧化碳分压、浅快呼吸指数、肺顺应性及存活者机械通气时间)均无统计学差异。结论:镇痛镇静治疗虽能改善患者机械通气舒适度,但可能加重延长机械通气患者的膈肌萎缩。

    关键词

    镇痛镇静膈肌萎缩

  • 机械通气作为通气泵衰竭和气体交换障碍患者的重要治疗手段,在ICU广泛使用,即使机械通气维持很短的时间,也可出现由于萎缩或收缩功能下降而导致膈肌疲劳,称之为机械通气导致的膈肌功能障碍(ventilator ⁃ induced diaphragm dysfunction, VIDD)[1]。引起脱机困难的因素众多[2],其中VIDD是导致长期机械通气患者脱机困难的主要因素[3]

  • 为了增强对气管内插管的耐受性,减少应激反应及患者的不适和疼痛,镇痛和镇静用于机械通气危重症患者的基础治疗,目前临床达成以相关镇痛镇静评分滴定药物剂量,以“镇痛为先,浅镇静”为原则的个体化治疗方案。有研究显示通过双侧前磁膈神经刺激测量跨膈压(transdiaphragmatic pres⁃ sure,TwPdi),发现其下降与机械通气时间呈对数关系,与丙泊酚等镇静镇痛剂累积剂量也存在相关性[4]。目前尚无延长机械通气(机械通气时间≥7d),镇痛镇静治疗对成人膈肌萎缩的研究。本研究通过观察膈肌含量评价镇痛镇静方案对有创机械通气超过7d患者膈肌萎缩的影响,为提高延长机械通气危重患者镇痛镇静质量提供依据。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 本研究为前瞻性队列研究,收集2017年11月 —2018年12月收住南京医科大学第一附属医院老年ICU重症患者,纳入因各种原因引起的呼吸衰竭,需气管插管机械通气≥7d,病情可逆的危重症患者。根据实际病情应用镇痛镇静治疗。分为镇静组和镇痛镇静组,共34例。镇静组14例(男9例,女5例),年龄(61.71±22.36)岁,体重指数(body mass index,BMI)(23.33±3.21)kg/m2,疾病类型:内科6例、外科8例,其中脓毒症8例(57.1%);急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ(acute physiology and chronic health evaluation,APACHEⅡ)(21.57±6.48)分,序贯器官衰竭评分(sequential organ failure assessment, SOFA)(7.43±1.99)分,营养风险筛查2002(nutri⁃ tional risk screening2002,NRS ⁃2002)(4.86±1.75) 分;镇痛镇静组20例(男16例,女4例),年龄 (67.15±13.85)岁,BMI(23.23±4.26)kg/m2,疾病类型:内科8例、外科12例,其中脓毒症11例(55%); APACHEⅡ评分(18.65±6.96)分,SOFA评分(8.50± 3.38)分,NRS⁃2002评分(4.80±1.40)分。两组患者的年龄、性别、疾病类型、APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分、NRS⁃2002评分等一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05),具有可比性。经南京医科大学第一附属医院伦理委员会批准(2017⁃SR⁃050),并征得患者家属同意,签署知情同意书。

  • 纳入标准:①年龄>18岁;②机械通气,符合ICU镇痛/镇静治疗指征[5];③镇痛/镇静时间≥7d,病情可逆的危重症患者。排除标准:①存在神经肌肉疾病;②颈髓损伤;③合并严重胸廓畸形,呼吸受限;④ 持续使用糖皮质激素或持续应用神经肌肉阻断剂。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 镇痛目标评定采用危重患者疼痛观察工具[6] (critical ⁃ care pain observation tool,CPOT),维持CPOT 0~2分;镇静程度采用Richmond躁动⁃镇静评分[7] (Richmond agitation ⁃ sedation scale,RASS),达到-2~+1分,均满足即达到镇痛/镇静目标,并每4h重新评分,调整药物剂量。

  • 1.2.1 镇静组

  • CPOT 0~2分,给予丙泊酚( 国药准字J20130024,北京费森尤斯卡比医药有限公司)负荷剂量5 μg/(kg·min),以1~4mg/(kg·h)维持,或/和右美托咪定(国药准字H20090248,江苏恒瑞医药股份有限公司)1 μg/kg,0.2~0.7 μg/(kg·h)维持,以达到RASS评分-2~+1分。

  • 1.2.2 镇痛镇静组

  • CPOT>2分给予盐酸瑞芬太尼注射液(国药准字H20030199,宜昌人福药业有限公司)静脉注射治疗,负荷剂量0.5~1.0 μg/kg,随后以0.02~0.15 μg/(kg·min) 维持CPOT评分达到0~2分;随后予丙泊酚和/或右美托咪定维持RASS评分-2~+1分。

  • 两组的镇痛/镇静治疗终点:患者符合呼吸机撤离指征,或气管切开次日,或患者死亡。机械通气采用压力型同步间歇指令通气(pressure support ⁃syn⁃ chronized intermittent mandatory ventilation,PS⁃SIMV) 模式,压力支持水平设定以达到潮气量6~8mL/kg(理想体重),呼气末正压(positive end ⁃expiratory pres⁃ sure,PEEP)常规设定为5cmH2O。

  • 1.2.3 观察指标

  • ①比较两组患者镇痛、镇静治疗7d后,机械通气第1天及第7天的呼吸力学相关参数,包括氧合指数(oxygenation index,OI=PaO2/FiO2)、二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)、潮气量(tidal volume,Vt)、浅快呼吸指数 (rapid shallow breathing index,RSB)、呼吸系统顺应性(respiratory system compliance,Crs)。

  • ②比较两组患者机械通气7d后,通过CT测量利用sliceOmatic软件分析第11胸椎体上缘至第1腰椎体下缘膈肌含量较机械通气第1天减少百分比; 通过ELISA法测量肌肉含量指标:丁酰胆碱酯酶 (butyrylcholinesterase,B⁃CHE)在机械通气第1、7天的差异;③比较两组患者脱机成功率,存活患者的机械通气时间。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS 25.0统计学软件对本研究数据进行分析。计数资料采用χ2 检验,计量资料以均数±标准差(x- ± s)表示,采用t检验。P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 两组机械通气患者第1、7天呼吸力学比较

  • 镇静组与镇痛镇静组在第1、7天时间点下,各呼吸力学参数比较无明显差异(P> 0.05,表1)。

  • 2.2 两组患者机械通气第7天较第1天膈肌含量减少百分比及B⁃CHE比较

  • 镇静组与镇痛镇静组患者在机械通气第1天,B⁃ CHE比较无统计学差异[(7 095.93±830.65)U/L vs.(6 795.65±1 551.96)U/L,P=0.515],但机械通气第7天,镇痛镇静组较镇静组B⁃CHE明显降低[(4 777.30± 1 466.90)U/L vs.(5 894.71±1 027.50)U/L,P=0.02],且CT观察T11椎体上缘至L1椎体下缘膈肌含量萎缩增加[(14.71±6.83)% vs.(8.70±6.77)%,P=0.016]。

  • 两组患者在机械通气第1、7天的营养指标,包括血清前白蛋白(prealbumin,PA)、转铁蛋白(trans⁃ ferrin,TRF)及氮平衡(nitrogen balance,NB)均无统计学差异(P> 0.05,表2)。

  • 表1 两组患者机械通气第1、7天各项呼吸力学参数比较

  • 2.3 两组患者脱机成功率、机械通气时间的比较

  • 两组在治疗期间脱机成功率、存活者机械通气时间无统计学差异(P> 0.05,表3)。

  • 表2 两组患者机械通气第1日及第7日PA、TRF、NB比较

  • 表3 两组患者脱机成功率、机械通气时间比较

  • 3 讨论

  • 机械通气本身即作为VIDD的独立危险因素,且以时间依赖的方式发生,最早出现在启动控制通气后的12h [8]。机械通气的持续时间与膈肌力量下降呈对数相关,且其下降受一些潜在因素影响,如镇痛/镇静、脓毒症等[4]。早在2006年中国重症加强治疗病房患者镇痛和镇静治疗指导意见就强调了机械通气患者实施镇痛镇静治疗的重要性,随着镇痛镇静治疗理念的变迁,以患者为中心的人文关怀,尽可能减少镇痛镇静药物治疗的不良反应,形成了以“早期舒适化、使用镇痛、最小化镇静及最大化人文关怀”为原则的镇痛镇静治疗理念[59-10]。但镇痛镇静治疗会阻碍活动和运动,由于姿势、负重和对重力的抵抗,肌肉收缩的损失会越来越大,肌肉在体积上逐渐变弱和萎缩,因此在使用这些药物后出现肌肉废用性萎缩[11]。丁酰胆碱酯酶与肌肉含量及力量相关,可作为一种评价老年患者肌少症的新型生物标记物[12],本研究显示患者机械通气镇痛、镇静持续治疗7d后B⁃CHE下降,且在第7天,镇痛镇静组较镇静组下降有明显差异,提示机械通气患者肌肉含量下降,镇痛剂使用可能加重肌肉萎缩。

  • 膈肌由于解剖位置特殊,临床监测困难,对于膈肌萎缩尚无统一的诊断标准,各项临床研究以超声评估为多[13],但存在诸多不足,例如膈肌的可探及性及不同操作者之间结果的一致性等。本研究直接观察膈肌含量,显示所有患者在机械通气第7天均出现了不同程度的膈肌含量下降,根据CPOT和RASS评分滴定镇痛/镇静药物持续剂量,镇痛镇静组较镇静组患者的膈肌含量萎缩更为明显,这可能由于不同镇痛、镇静药物对膈肌萎缩影响的差异。丙泊酚具有起效快,撤药后能快速清醒,且镇静深度成剂量依赖性等特点,是ICU的最主要镇静药物。但动物实验提示丙泊酚本身作为一个独立的因素导致了大鼠呼吸状态下24h后膈肌力量的丧失和肌纤维的萎缩[14],且丙泊酚有抑制呼吸动力,降低人机同步性,特别是在高剂量时,导致深度镇静,丙泊酚可随着镇静深度的增加而降低膈肌张力,但对潮气量和气体交换无明显影响[15]。右美托咪定是一种对α2⁃肾上腺素受体具有高亲和力的镇静剂,它不会引起呼吸抑制,有研究显示右美托咪定较丙泊酚对重症机械通气患者的同步性更好[16],右美托咪定可损害机械通气24h大鼠的膈肌功能,增加氧化应激,但不影响膈肌纤维的尺寸和结构,从而不加重膈肌萎缩[17]。而阿片类是ICU常用的镇痛药物,直接影响脑干呼吸中枢,导致呼吸系统剂量依懒性抑制,目前尚无瑞芬太尼对膈肌功能影响的研究,但de Haro等[18] 发现镇静联合镇痛治疗组与镇静剂单独或镇痛剂单独使用相比,人机非同步性最差。

  • 综上所述,危重病患者延长机械通气时间常引起VIDD而导致不良预后,VIDD可通过镇静镇痛方案的选择来减轻,镇痛联合镇静治疗方案可能导致膈肌萎缩加重。由于本研究样本量较小,且因为混杂因素不能解释因果关系,但可提示临床对于延长机械通气患者应加强膈肌含量及力量监测,警惕镇痛镇静的不良反应,今后需要增加动物实验进行单一药物对膈肌功能影响的研究,为临床提供理论支持。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] LIU Y Y,LI L F.Ventilator⁃induced diaphragm dysfunc⁃ tion in critical illness[J].Exp Biol Med,2018,243(17⁃ 18):1329-1337

    • [2] 林欣,韩艺,周静,等.老年术后患者脱机困难的原因分析[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2017,37(8):1033-1035

    • [3] EWAN C G,MARTIN D,EDDY F,et al.Mechanical ven⁃ tilation⁃induced diaphragm atrophy strongly impacts clini⁃ cal outcomes[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2018,197(2):204-213

    • [4] GREET H,ANOUK A,DRIES T,et al.Increased dura⁃ tion of mechanical ventilation is associated with de⁃ creased diaphragmatic force:a prospective observational study[J].Crit Care,2010,14(4):R127-R136

    • [5] BARR J,FRASER G L,PUNTILLO K,et al.American College of critical care medicine.clinical practice guide⁃ lines for the management of pain,agitation,and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit[J].Crit Care Med,2013,41(1):263-306

    • [6] BENJAMIN S.CALCULATED D.Critical⁃care pain obser⁃ vation tool(CPOT)[J].Emerg Med Pract,2019,21(11):CD3-CD4

    • [7] ZAHRA T,MASOUMEH N,SOGHRAT F,et al.The Ef⁃ fect of sedation protocol using richmond agitation ⁃ seda⁃ tion scale(RASS)on some clinical outcomes of mechani⁃ cally ventilated patients in intensive care units:a random⁃ ized clinical trial[J].J Caring Sci,2019,8(4):199-206

    • [8] POWERS S K,SHANELY R A,COOMBES J S,et al.Me⁃ chanical ventilation results in progressive contractile dys⁃ function in the diaphragm[J].J Appl Physiol,2002,92:1851-1858

    • [9] VINCENT J L,SHEHABI Y,WALSH T S,et al.Comfort and patient ⁃ centred care without excessive sedation:the eCASH concept[J].Intensive Care Med,2016,42(6):962-71

    • [10] DEVLIN J W,SKROBIK Y,GÉLINAS C,et al.Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of pain,agitation/sedation,delirium,immobility,and sleep disruption in adult patients in the ICU[J].Crit Care Med,2018,46(9):e825-e873

    • [11] FOSTER J.Complication of sedation in critical illness:an update[J].Crit Care Nurs Clin N Am,2016,28(2):227-239

    • [12] CACCIATORE F,DELLA ⁃MORTE D,BASILE C,et al.Butyryl ⁃ cholinesterase is related to muscle mass and strength.A new biomarker to identify elderly subjects at risk of sarcopenia[J].Biomark Med,2015,9(7):669-678

    • [13] 陆志华,葛慧青,许立龙,等.床旁超声评估长期机械通气患者膈肌功能障碍的临床研究[J].中华结核和呼吸杂志,2016,39(9):739-740

    • [14] BRUELLS C S,MAES K,ROSSAINT R,et al.Sedation using propofol induces similar diaphragm dysfunction and atrophy during spontaneous breathing and mechanical ventilation in rats[J].Anesthesiology,2014,120:665-672

    • [15] LIU L,WU A P,YANG Y,et al.Effects of propofol on re⁃ spiratory drive and patient-ventilator synchrony during pressure support ventilation in postoperative patients:a prospective study[J].Chin Med J,2017,130:1155-1160

    • [16] CONTI G,RANIERI VM,COSTA R,et al.Effects of dex⁃ medetomidine and propofol on patient ⁃ ventilator interac⁃ tion in difficult⁃to⁃wean,mechanically ventilated patients:a prospective,open ⁃label,randomized,multicentre study [J].Crit Care,2016,20(1):206-213

    • [17] BREUER T,BLEILEVENS C,ROSSAINT R,et al.Dex⁃ medetomidine impairs diaphragm function and increases oxidative stress but does not aggravate diaphragmatic atro⁃ phy in mechanically ventilated rats[J].Anesthesiology,2018,128(4):784-795

    • [18] DE HARO C,MAGRANS R,LÓPEZ ⁃AGUILAR J,et al.Asynchronies in the Intensive Care Unit(ASYNICU)Group.Effects of sedatives and opioids on trigger and cy⁃ cling asynchronies throughout mechanical ventilation:an observational study in a large dataset from critically ill pa⁃ tients[J].Crit Care,2019,23(1):245-255

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    • [3] EWAN C G,MARTIN D,EDDY F,et al.Mechanical ven⁃ tilation⁃induced diaphragm atrophy strongly impacts clini⁃ cal outcomes[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2018,197(2):204-213

    • [4] GREET H,ANOUK A,DRIES T,et al.Increased dura⁃ tion of mechanical ventilation is associated with de⁃ creased diaphragmatic force:a prospective observational study[J].Crit Care,2010,14(4):R127-R136

    • [5] BARR J,FRASER G L,PUNTILLO K,et al.American College of critical care medicine.clinical practice guide⁃ lines for the management of pain,agitation,and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit[J].Crit Care Med,2013,41(1):263-306

    • [6] BENJAMIN S.CALCULATED D.Critical⁃care pain obser⁃ vation tool(CPOT)[J].Emerg Med Pract,2019,21(11):CD3-CD4

    • [7] ZAHRA T,MASOUMEH N,SOGHRAT F,et al.The Ef⁃ fect of sedation protocol using richmond agitation ⁃ seda⁃ tion scale(RASS)on some clinical outcomes of mechani⁃ cally ventilated patients in intensive care units:a random⁃ ized clinical trial[J].J Caring Sci,2019,8(4):199-206

    • [8] POWERS S K,SHANELY R A,COOMBES J S,et al.Me⁃ chanical ventilation results in progressive contractile dys⁃ function in the diaphragm[J].J Appl Physiol,2002,92:1851-1858

    • [9] VINCENT J L,SHEHABI Y,WALSH T S,et al.Comfort and patient ⁃ centred care without excessive sedation:the eCASH concept[J].Intensive Care Med,2016,42(6):962-71

    • [10] DEVLIN J W,SKROBIK Y,GÉLINAS C,et al.Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of pain,agitation/sedation,delirium,immobility,and sleep disruption in adult patients in the ICU[J].Crit Care Med,2018,46(9):e825-e873

    • [11] FOSTER J.Complication of sedation in critical illness:an update[J].Crit Care Nurs Clin N Am,2016,28(2):227-239

    • [12] CACCIATORE F,DELLA ⁃MORTE D,BASILE C,et al.Butyryl ⁃ cholinesterase is related to muscle mass and strength.A new biomarker to identify elderly subjects at risk of sarcopenia[J].Biomark Med,2015,9(7):669-678

    • [13] 陆志华,葛慧青,许立龙,等.床旁超声评估长期机械通气患者膈肌功能障碍的临床研究[J].中华结核和呼吸杂志,2016,39(9):739-740

    • [14] BRUELLS C S,MAES K,ROSSAINT R,et al.Sedation using propofol induces similar diaphragm dysfunction and atrophy during spontaneous breathing and mechanical ventilation in rats[J].Anesthesiology,2014,120:665-672

    • [15] LIU L,WU A P,YANG Y,et al.Effects of propofol on re⁃ spiratory drive and patient-ventilator synchrony during pressure support ventilation in postoperative patients:a prospective study[J].Chin Med J,2017,130:1155-1160

    • [16] CONTI G,RANIERI VM,COSTA R,et al.Effects of dex⁃ medetomidine and propofol on patient ⁃ ventilator interac⁃ tion in difficult⁃to⁃wean,mechanically ventilated patients:a prospective,open ⁃label,randomized,multicentre study [J].Crit Care,2016,20(1):206-213

    • [17] BREUER T,BLEILEVENS C,ROSSAINT R,et al.Dex⁃ medetomidine impairs diaphragm function and increases oxidative stress but does not aggravate diaphragmatic atro⁃ phy in mechanically ventilated rats[J].Anesthesiology,2018,128(4):784-795

    • [18] DE HARO C,MAGRANS R,LÓPEZ ⁃AGUILAR J,et al.Asynchronies in the Intensive Care Unit(ASYNICU)Group.Effects of sedatives and opioids on trigger and cy⁃ cling asynchronies throughout mechanical ventilation:an observational study in a large dataset from critically ill pa⁃ tients[J].Crit Care,2019,23(1):245-255

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