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通讯作者:

李晓忠,E⁃mail:xiaozhonglicn@yeah.net

中图分类号:R725.5

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)03-381-05

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210312

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参考文献 9
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参考文献 12
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参考文献 13
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参考文献 14
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参考文献 15
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参考文献 24
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参考文献 26
王凤英,蒋星美,鲁曼.高迁移率族蛋白1在过敏性紫癜患儿血清中的表达及意义[J].中国当代儿科杂志,2015,17(8):792-795
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:检测过敏性紫癜(Henoch⁃Schönlein purpura,HSP)患儿外周血可溶性髓样细胞表达触发受体1(soluble trigger⁃ ing receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1,sTREM1)和可溶性髓样细胞表达触发受体样转录物 1(soluble triggering receptor ex⁃ pressed on myeloid cells ⁃like transcript 1,sTLT1)的水平,探讨sTREM1和sTLT1在HSP患儿中的临床意义。方法:选取HSP患儿102例和正常儿童50例作为研究对象,采用酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)检测血清 sTREM1 和sTLT1 的水平。结果:HSP患儿sTREM1阳性率77.45%高于对照组20.00%(P <0.05);肾型HSP患儿sTREM1的检出率高于皮肤型。HSP患儿血清sTLT1水平[(98.57±24.72)ng/mL]高于对照儿童[(62.84±22.74)ng/mL],差异有统计学意义(P <0.05); 关节型、腹型及混合型HSP的sTLT1水平高于皮肤型(P均<0.05)。sTREM1检出组的IgA、白细胞、血小板高于sTREM1未检出组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。sTLT1与血小板呈正相关(r =0.389,P <0.05)。结论:sTREM1和sTLT1可能参与了儿童 HSP的发病,可作为儿童HSP炎症和病情严重度的标志物。

  • 小儿血管炎是一组复杂性的疾病,过敏性紫癜 (Henoch⁃Schönlein purpura,HSP)是我国和西方国家儿童最常见的血管炎,国际上已建议将其更名为IgA血管炎;HSP的病理特点是小血管炎症伴有IgA1沉积物,补体因子和大量中性粒细胞浸润,伴有肾炎的HSP类似于IgA肾病[1-2],但其确切病因和发病机制迄今尚未完全清楚。

  • 髓样细胞表达触发受体(triggering receptor ex⁃ pressed on myeloid cells,TREM)家族是一类新发现的免疫球蛋白超家族的成员,目前TREM家族包含TREM1、TREM2、TREM3、TREM4、TREM样转录因子1(TREM like transcript 1,TLT1)、TLT2、TLT3、 TLT4、TLT5、TLT6等多个受体成员,这些受体在各种髓系细胞上表达,如中性粒细胞、单核细胞、巨噬细胞和树突状细胞等,在先天性和适应性免疫应答的调节、炎症和某些细胞功能方面均发挥重要作用[3-5]。 TREM1和TLT1均主要以膜表面分子和可溶性分子两种表达形式存在。可溶性髓样细胞表达触发受体1(soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1,sTREM1)和可溶性髓样细胞表达触发受体样转录物1(soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells ⁃like transcript 1,sTLT1)在成人风湿病中已有研究,但在儿童风湿性疾病中研究较少,尤其在儿童HSP中鲜有研究,故本研究探讨sTREM1和sTLT1在儿童HSP中的临床意义。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 选取2016年4月—2018年5月在苏州大学附属儿童医院住院及门诊治疗的HSP患儿102例,男57例,女45例,年龄(6.88±2.25)岁,其中皮肤型20例,关节型23例,腹型17例,混合型19例,肾型23例。诊断标准参照2006年欧洲抗风湿病联盟和欧洲儿科风湿病学会制定的儿童血管炎新的分类标准[6];部分患儿仅表现为单纯皮疹而无其他症状,则根据2012年长沙儿童HSP诊治专家座谈会的建议[7]。HSP患儿均为初次发病,病程在3d内。排除标准:除外患有先天性畸形、恶性肿瘤、近期糖皮质激素或细胞毒性药物使用等情况的HSP患儿。根据临床表现将HSP分为5型。皮肤型:只有皮肤症状;关节型:除皮肤紫癜外,有关节受累;腹型:除皮肤紫癜外,有消化道受累;混合型:同时有皮肤、消化道和关节受累(本型不包括肾受累者);肾型:有皮肤紫癜和肾受累,伴或不伴消化道或/和关节受累。其中肾型诊断符合2009年中华医学会儿科分会肾脏病学组制定的儿童紫癜性肾炎诊治循证指南中的诊断标准[8]。正常对照组儿童50例,男33例,女17例,年龄(6.26±2.13)岁,两组儿童的年龄(t=1.54, P=0.126)、性别(χ2=1.42,P=0.233)差异均无统计学意义。本研究经医院伦理委员会批准,所有受试者监护人知情同意。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 标本采集

  • 采集各组儿童空腹静脉血3mL,置血清分离胶管,2 000r/min离心5min分离血清并分装于EP管,于-80℃冰箱保存备用。

  • 1.2.2 血清sTREM1和sTLT1的检测

  • 采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清sTREM1和sTLT1的水平,按照仪器操作规程和试剂盒说明书要求进行,sTREM1检测试剂盒购自武汉华美生物工程有限公司,sTLT1检测试剂盒购自武汉博士德生物工程公司。各标准品和样品的平均吸光度值减去空白孔平均吸光度值后作图,以标准品浓度为纵坐标,标准品的吸光度值为横坐标,用ELISA Calc ⁃回归/拟合v0.2软件进行回归拟合生成标准曲线,根据标准方程计算出每个样品的浓度。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 应用SPSS 22.0统计软件对数据进行统计学分析。符合正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(x- ± s)表示,两组间比较采用 t 检验,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,方差分析后采用LSD进行两两比较。非正态分布计量资料以中位数和四分位数 [MP25P75)]表示,两组间比较采用非参数检验。计数资料以例数(百分比)表示,两两比较采用χ2 检验或Fisher精确概率法。采用Pearson或Spearman相关分析sTLT1与其他实验室指标间的相关关系。双侧P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义,但在多组间率的两两比较时,因要比较的组别有5组,要进行10次比较,故采用Bonferroni法调整检验水准,将α=0.05调整为α’=0.005。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 两组儿童血清sTREM1检出率及比较

  • HSP患儿和对照儿童sTREM1的检出例数和阳性率分别为:79例(77.45%),10例(20.00%);HSP儿童血清sTREM1检出率高于对照儿童,差异有统计学意义(χ2=45.63,P <0.001)。

  • 2.2 两组儿童血清sTLT1水平及比较

  • HSP患儿和对照儿童的sTLT1水平分别为 (98.57±24.72)ng/mL和(62.84±22.74)ng/mL;HSP患儿血清sTLT1水平高于对照儿童,差异有统计学意义(t=8.58,P <0.001)。

  • 2.3 不同临床类型HSP患儿血清sTREM1 检出率及比较

  • 不同临床类型HSP患儿血清sTREM1检出例数和检出率如下:皮肤型12/20例(60.00%),关节型18/23例(78.26%),腹型13/17例(76.47%),混合型13/19例(68.42%),肾型23/23(100.00%)。组间比较并经Bonferroni法校正,按a’=0.005水准,肾型HSP患儿sTREM1的检出率高于皮肤组(P< 0.005),其余各组检出率比较差异无统计学意义(P 均>0.005,表1)。

  • 表1 不同临床类型HSP患儿血清sTREM1检测结果比较

  • 2.4 不同临床类型HSP患儿血清sTLT1 检测水平及比较

  • 不同临床类型HSP患儿血清sTLT1检测结果见表2,组间比较显示关节型、腹型及混合型的水平高于皮肤型(P< 0.05),其余各组检测水平比较差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。

  • 2.5 HSP患儿sTLT1与其他检查指标的相关性

  • 将sTLT1与白细胞、中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、血小板、C反应蛋白、D⁃D二聚体、IgG、IgA、IgM、C3、 C4、淋巴细胞亚群CD3 +、CD3 + CD4 + 、CD3 + CD8 + 、 CD4+ /CD8+、CD3CD19+、CD19+ CD23+、CD3CD16+56+ 进行相关性分析,sTLT1与血小板呈正相关性(r=0.389,P <0.001),sTLT1与上述其他指标均无相关性(P均>0.05)。

  • 表2 不同临床类型HSP患儿血清sTLT1检测结果及比较

  • F=2.975,P=0.023。与皮肤型比较,* P< 0.05。

  • 2.6 sTREM1检出与未检出患儿sTLT1及其他实验室检查指标比较

  • 将79例sTREM1检出患儿(称为sTREM1阳性组)和23例未检出患儿(称为sTREM1阴性组)的sTLT1及其他实验室检查指标进行比较,sTREM1阳性组的IgA、白细胞、血小板高于sTREM1阴性组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05,表3)。

  • 表3 sTREM1检出与未检出患儿sTLT1及其他检查指标比较

  • 3 讨论

  • TREM1已在中性粒细胞、成熟单核细胞、巨噬细胞和自然杀伤细胞以及内皮细胞中被鉴定出,能加强炎症反应、正向调控自身免疫性疾病的发生发展,研究表明TREM1可望成为治疗炎症性和肿瘤性疾病的新靶点[9-10]。sTREM1可抑制配体与细胞膜上TREM1的结合,阻止炎症反应信号的传导,在免疫应答平衡中起重要作用[11]。sTREM1致病作用已经在多种自身免疫疾病中得到证实,提示TREM1在自身免疫疾病中起重要作用。sTREM1在类风湿性关节炎、系统性红斑狼疮、牛皮癣、白塞病、弥漫性系统性硬化症和结节病患者中表达增加;sTREM1也被证明在炎症性肠病患者的肠道中上调,血清sTREM1可能是中国炎症性肠病患者疾病活动性监测的一个潜在血清生物标志物[12-15]。血浆sTREM1在抗磷脂抗体综合征中明显增高,尤其是血栓事件患者,提示血浆sTREM1水平升高与炎症活动有关,可望成为血栓形成的生物标志物[15]。本研究中,HSP患儿sTREM1的阳性率明显高于正常儿童,且sTREM1阳性组患儿IgA、白细胞、血小板高于sTREM1阴性组患儿,结合HSP的免疫病理发病机制,本研究表明sTREM1阳性患儿小血管炎症损害较阴性患儿重,且血液呈高凝状态,提示sTREM1可作为HSP患儿病情严重性的标志物。本研究中,临床类型不同的HSP患儿血清sTREM1的统计结果表明肾型HSP患儿sTREM1的检出率高于皮肤组,其余各亚组检出率比较差异无统计学意义,鉴于临床分型后各亚组病例数相对较少,故sTREM1增高与HSP肾脏损害是否有关联尚需扩大样本数进一步研究。虽然多篇报道指出TREM1为促炎介质,但有证据显示这种受体的复杂性和双重作用[16],且已表明TREM1过度刺激也可能是保护性抗炎反应所必需的,TREM1缺失会加重肝脓肿及狼疮的疾病活动[17-18],故sTREM1在HSP中起促炎或抑炎作用尚需要深入研究探讨。

  • 血小板在止血、血栓形成、炎症、伤口愈合和宿主防御等生理过程中发挥重要作用,TLT1存在于血小板和巨核细胞的α⁃颗粒中,活化后转移到细胞表面,其表达水平在机体发生炎症时会显著增加,除调节血小板功能外,其他潜在靶标是白细胞和内皮细胞[419-20],可调节血小板与内皮细胞和中性粒细胞的相互作用[21-22]。sTLT1促进血小板内皮细胞相互作用、促进肌动蛋白聚合和血小板聚集、调节白细胞活化[23-24]。多数研究表明sTLT1起着TREM家族抑制剂的作用,sTLT1可通过影响TREM1来调节白细胞活化,并且该分子起到炎症级联反应抑制剂的作用,维护体内平衡并防止组织损伤[2325]。但在冠状动脉粥样硬化心脏病中的一项研究显示,sTLT1与FcɣRI结合后通过诱导SYK/MEK/ERK信号级联反应而活化NF⁃κB,诱导炎症因子产生,加重炎症[24]。上述各研究结果不一致的原因,可能是sTLT1在不同的组织器官或疾病中,具有特异性的病理生理作用机制。

  • 本研究中HSP患儿sTLT1水平较正常儿童增高,结合关节型、腹型及混合型的sTLT1水平高于皮肤型,表明sTLT1水平增高患儿炎症反应重、易引起皮肤外的脏器受累,提示sTLT1可作为儿童HSP的炎症指标。肾型HSP患儿的sTLT1平均水平虽有增高趋势,但未显示与皮肤型的统计学差异,分析可能原因为儿童HSP累及肾脏的发病机制及sTLT1在其发病中的作用均有别于HSP累及其他脏器。 sTLT1增加血小板黏附和肌动蛋白聚合,可导致血小板聚集增加、与内皮细胞接触增多[21],本研究HSP患儿sTLT1水平增高且与血小板呈正相关,HSP患儿多同时伴有血小板升高,且本课题组前期研究显示D⁃D二聚体在HSP患儿中亦明显增高[26],故HSP患儿sTLT1与血小板、D⁃D二聚体同时增高使受累脏器更易出现局部凝血和微血栓形成。一项研究表明脓毒症患者的血浆sTLT1水平明显增高,且sTLT1水平与弥散性血管内凝血(disseminated intra⁃ vascular coagulation,DIC)的相关性强于D ⁃D二聚体,表明sTLT1可作为脓毒症监测DIC发生的新的候选生物标志物[18]。本研究在sTLT1与其他指标的相关性研究中,sTLT1除与血小板呈正相关外,未发现与D⁃D二聚体、血常规其他指标、免疫球蛋白及补体等的相关性,故sTLT1能否作为HSP患儿血液高凝状态的标志物尚需进一步研究探讨。

  • 虽然sTREM1的来源和功能仍然未完全阐明,但在感染和非感染性炎症疾病中,其作为生物标志物和治疗靶标的可能性很大。应用小分子和肽抑制TREM1受体活化是研发治疗药物的策略,抑制性肽可作为清除剂受体结合TREM1配体,从而阻止TREM1活化。sTREM1是开发抑制性肽的方案之一,其中由TLT1衍生的肽LR12(LQEED⁃ AGEYGCM)代表TLT1的保守基序,是一类有前途的化合物,可用于抑制多种非感染及感染性疾病中的有害炎症[27],该肽在双盲、随机、安慰剂对照的I期临床试验中显示人体耐受性良好,且无不良反应。本研究提示sTREM1和sTLT1参与了儿童HSP的发病,可作为儿童HSP炎症程度和病情严重度的标志物,为该类药物应用于儿童风湿免疫性炎症的治疗提供了理论基础。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] PIRAM M,MALDINI C,BISCARDI S,et al.Incidence of IgA vasculitis in children estimated by four⁃source capture ⁃ recapture analysis:a population ⁃ based study[J].Rheu⁃ matology(Oxford),2017,56(8):1358-1366

    • [2] HEINEKE M H,BALLERING A V,JAMIN A,et al.New insights in the pathogenesis of immunoglobulin A vasculi⁃ tis(Henoch ⁃ Schönlein purpura)[J].Autoimmun Rev,2017,16(12):1246-1253

    • [3] FORD J W,MCVICAR D W.TREM and TREM ⁃like re⁃ ceptors in inflammation and disease[J].Curr Opin Immu⁃ nol,2009,21(1):38-46

    • [4] WON K J,PARK S W,LEE S,et al.A new triggering re⁃ ceptor expressed on myeloid cells(TREM)family mem⁃ ber,TLT ⁃6,is involved in activation and proliferation of macrophages[J].Immune Netw,2015,15(5):232-240

    • [5] PELHAM C J,AGRAWAL D K.Emerging roles for trig⁃ gering receptor expressed on myeloid cells receptor family signaling in inflammatory diseases[J].Expert Rev Clin Immunol,2014,10(2):243-256

    • [6] OZEN S,RUPERTO N,DILLON M J,et al.EULAR/PReS endorsed consensus criteria for the classification of child⁃hood vasculitides[J].Ann Rheum Dis,2006,65(7):936-941

    • [7] 中华医学会儿科学分会免疫学组.儿童过敏性紫癜循证诊治建议[J].中华儿科杂志,2013,51(7):502-507

    • [8] 中华医学会儿科学分会肾脏病学组.儿童常见肾脏疾病诊治循证指南(二):紫癜性肾炎的诊治循证指南(试行)[J].中华儿科杂志,2009,47(12):911-913

    • [9] GIBOT S,JOLLY L,LEMARIÉ J,et al.Triggering recep⁃ tor expressed on myeloid cells ⁃1 inhibitor targeted to en⁃ dothelium decreases cell activation[J].Front Immunol,2019,10(10):2314

    • [10] BOSCO M C,RAGGI F,VARESIO L.Therapeutic poten⁃ tial of targeting TREM ⁃ 1 in inflammatory diseases and cancer[J].Curr Pharm Des,2016,22(41):6209-6233

    • [11] DETERMANN R M,VAN TILL J W,VAN RULER O,et al.sTREM⁃1 is a potential useful biomarker for exclusion of ongoing infection in patients with secondary peritonitis [J].Cytokine,2009,46(1):36-42

    • [12] ZHANG S,LUO J,SHEN B,et al.Correlation between triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells⁃1 and clini⁃ cal disease activity in Chinese patients with ulcerative colitis[J].Int J Clin Exp Med,2015,8(2):2147-2155

    • [13] BASSYOUNI I H,FAWZI S,GHEITA T A,et al.Clinical association of a soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells ⁃1(sTREM ⁃1)in patients with systemic lu⁃ pus erythematosus[J].Immunol Invest,2017,46(1):38-47

    • [14] DU C,PENG L,KOU G,et al.Assessment of serum sTREM⁃1 as a marker of subclinical inflammation in diar⁃ rhea ⁃ predominant patients with irritable bowel syndrome [J].Dig Dis Sci,2018,63(5):1182-1191

    • [15] EDEL Y,KLIMINSKI V,POKROY ⁃ SHAPIRA E,et al.Elevated plasma level of soluble triggering receptor ex⁃ pressed on myeloid cells ⁃ 1 is associated with inflamma⁃ tion activity and is a potential biomarker of thrombosis in primary antiphospholipid syndrome[J].Arthritis Res Ther,2019,21(1):10

    • [16] YANG F C,CHIU P Y,CHEN Y,et al.TREM⁃1⁃depen⁃ dent M1 macrophage polarization restores intestinal epi⁃ thelium damaged by DSS⁃induced colitis by activating IL⁃ 22 ⁃ producing innate lymphoid cells[J].J Biomed Sci,2019,26(1):46

    • [17] LIN Y T,TSENG K Y,YC Y,et al.TREM⁃1 promotes sur⁃ vival during Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess in mice [J].Infect Immun,2014,82(3):1335-1342

    • [18] LIU C J,TSAI C Y,CHIANG S H,et al.Triggering recep⁃ tor expressed on myeloid cells ⁃ 1(TREM ⁃ 1)deficiency augments BAFF production to promote lupus progression [J].J Autoimmun,2017,78(3):92-100

    • [19] WASHINGTON A V,GIBOT S,ACEVEDO I,et al.TREM⁃ like transcript⁃1 protects against inflammation⁃associated hemorrhage by facilitating platelet aggregation in mice and humans[J].J Clin Invest,2009,119(6):1489-1501

    • [20] FERRER⁃ACOSTA Y,GONZÁLEZ M,FERNÁNDEZ M,et al.Emerging roles for platelets in inflammation and dis⁃ ease[J].J Infect Dis Ther,2014,2(4):149

    • [21] MORALES J,VILLA K,GATTIS J,et al.Soluble TLT ⁃1 modulates platelet ⁃endothelial cell interactions and actin polymerization[J].Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis,2010,21(3):229-236

    • [22] SIMON L M,EDELSTEIN L C,NAGALLA S,et al.Hu⁃ man platelet microRNA ⁃mRNA networks associated with age and gender revealed by integrated plateletomics[J].Blood,2014,123(16):e37-e45

    • [23] DERIVE M,BOUAZZA Y,SENNOUN N,et al.Soluble TREM ⁃ like transcript ⁃ 1 regulates leukocyte activation and controls microbial sepsis[J].J Immunol,2012,188(11):5585-5592

    • [24] DAS A A,CHAKRAVARTY D,BHUNIA D,et al.Elevat⁃ ed level of circulatory sTLT1 induces inflammation through SYK/MEK/ERK signalling in coronary artery dis⁃ ease[J].Clin Sci(Lond),2019,133(22):2283-2299

    • [25] WASHINGTON A V,QUIGLEY L,MCVICAR D W.Ini⁃ tial characterization of TREM ⁃like transcript(TLT)⁃1:a putative inhibitory receptor within the TREM cluster[J].Blood,2002,100(10):3822-3824

    • [26] 王凤英,蒋星美,鲁曼.高迁移率族蛋白1在过敏性紫癜患儿血清中的表达及意义[J].中国当代儿科杂志,2015,17(8):792-795

    • [27] TAMMARO A,DERIVE M,GIBOT S,et al.TREM⁃1 and its potential ligands in non⁃infectious diseases:from biology to clinical perspectives[J].Pharmacol Ther,2017,177(9):81-95

  • 参考文献

    • [1] PIRAM M,MALDINI C,BISCARDI S,et al.Incidence of IgA vasculitis in children estimated by four⁃source capture ⁃ recapture analysis:a population ⁃ based study[J].Rheu⁃ matology(Oxford),2017,56(8):1358-1366

    • [2] HEINEKE M H,BALLERING A V,JAMIN A,et al.New insights in the pathogenesis of immunoglobulin A vasculi⁃ tis(Henoch ⁃ Schönlein purpura)[J].Autoimmun Rev,2017,16(12):1246-1253

    • [3] FORD J W,MCVICAR D W.TREM and TREM ⁃like re⁃ ceptors in inflammation and disease[J].Curr Opin Immu⁃ nol,2009,21(1):38-46

    • [4] WON K J,PARK S W,LEE S,et al.A new triggering re⁃ ceptor expressed on myeloid cells(TREM)family mem⁃ ber,TLT ⁃6,is involved in activation and proliferation of macrophages[J].Immune Netw,2015,15(5):232-240

    • [5] PELHAM C J,AGRAWAL D K.Emerging roles for trig⁃ gering receptor expressed on myeloid cells receptor family signaling in inflammatory diseases[J].Expert Rev Clin Immunol,2014,10(2):243-256

    • [6] OZEN S,RUPERTO N,DILLON M J,et al.EULAR/PReS endorsed consensus criteria for the classification of child⁃hood vasculitides[J].Ann Rheum Dis,2006,65(7):936-941

    • [7] 中华医学会儿科学分会免疫学组.儿童过敏性紫癜循证诊治建议[J].中华儿科杂志,2013,51(7):502-507

    • [8] 中华医学会儿科学分会肾脏病学组.儿童常见肾脏疾病诊治循证指南(二):紫癜性肾炎的诊治循证指南(试行)[J].中华儿科杂志,2009,47(12):911-913

    • [9] GIBOT S,JOLLY L,LEMARIÉ J,et al.Triggering recep⁃ tor expressed on myeloid cells ⁃1 inhibitor targeted to en⁃ dothelium decreases cell activation[J].Front Immunol,2019,10(10):2314

    • [10] BOSCO M C,RAGGI F,VARESIO L.Therapeutic poten⁃ tial of targeting TREM ⁃ 1 in inflammatory diseases and cancer[J].Curr Pharm Des,2016,22(41):6209-6233

    • [11] DETERMANN R M,VAN TILL J W,VAN RULER O,et al.sTREM⁃1 is a potential useful biomarker for exclusion of ongoing infection in patients with secondary peritonitis [J].Cytokine,2009,46(1):36-42

    • [12] ZHANG S,LUO J,SHEN B,et al.Correlation between triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells⁃1 and clini⁃ cal disease activity in Chinese patients with ulcerative colitis[J].Int J Clin Exp Med,2015,8(2):2147-2155

    • [13] BASSYOUNI I H,FAWZI S,GHEITA T A,et al.Clinical association of a soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells ⁃1(sTREM ⁃1)in patients with systemic lu⁃ pus erythematosus[J].Immunol Invest,2017,46(1):38-47

    • [14] DU C,PENG L,KOU G,et al.Assessment of serum sTREM⁃1 as a marker of subclinical inflammation in diar⁃ rhea ⁃ predominant patients with irritable bowel syndrome [J].Dig Dis Sci,2018,63(5):1182-1191

    • [15] EDEL Y,KLIMINSKI V,POKROY ⁃ SHAPIRA E,et al.Elevated plasma level of soluble triggering receptor ex⁃ pressed on myeloid cells ⁃ 1 is associated with inflamma⁃ tion activity and is a potential biomarker of thrombosis in primary antiphospholipid syndrome[J].Arthritis Res Ther,2019,21(1):10

    • [16] YANG F C,CHIU P Y,CHEN Y,et al.TREM⁃1⁃depen⁃ dent M1 macrophage polarization restores intestinal epi⁃ thelium damaged by DSS⁃induced colitis by activating IL⁃ 22 ⁃ producing innate lymphoid cells[J].J Biomed Sci,2019,26(1):46

    • [17] LIN Y T,TSENG K Y,YC Y,et al.TREM⁃1 promotes sur⁃ vival during Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess in mice [J].Infect Immun,2014,82(3):1335-1342

    • [18] LIU C J,TSAI C Y,CHIANG S H,et al.Triggering recep⁃ tor expressed on myeloid cells ⁃ 1(TREM ⁃ 1)deficiency augments BAFF production to promote lupus progression [J].J Autoimmun,2017,78(3):92-100

    • [19] WASHINGTON A V,GIBOT S,ACEVEDO I,et al.TREM⁃ like transcript⁃1 protects against inflammation⁃associated hemorrhage by facilitating platelet aggregation in mice and humans[J].J Clin Invest,2009,119(6):1489-1501

    • [20] FERRER⁃ACOSTA Y,GONZÁLEZ M,FERNÁNDEZ M,et al.Emerging roles for platelets in inflammation and dis⁃ ease[J].J Infect Dis Ther,2014,2(4):149

    • [21] MORALES J,VILLA K,GATTIS J,et al.Soluble TLT ⁃1 modulates platelet ⁃endothelial cell interactions and actin polymerization[J].Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis,2010,21(3):229-236

    • [22] SIMON L M,EDELSTEIN L C,NAGALLA S,et al.Hu⁃ man platelet microRNA ⁃mRNA networks associated with age and gender revealed by integrated plateletomics[J].Blood,2014,123(16):e37-e45

    • [23] DERIVE M,BOUAZZA Y,SENNOUN N,et al.Soluble TREM ⁃ like transcript ⁃ 1 regulates leukocyte activation and controls microbial sepsis[J].J Immunol,2012,188(11):5585-5592

    • [24] DAS A A,CHAKRAVARTY D,BHUNIA D,et al.Elevat⁃ ed level of circulatory sTLT1 induces inflammation through SYK/MEK/ERK signalling in coronary artery dis⁃ ease[J].Clin Sci(Lond),2019,133(22):2283-2299

    • [25] WASHINGTON A V,QUIGLEY L,MCVICAR D W.Ini⁃ tial characterization of TREM ⁃like transcript(TLT)⁃1:a putative inhibitory receptor within the TREM cluster[J].Blood,2002,100(10):3822-3824

    • [26] 王凤英,蒋星美,鲁曼.高迁移率族蛋白1在过敏性紫癜患儿血清中的表达及意义[J].中国当代儿科杂志,2015,17(8):792-795

    • [27] TAMMARO A,DERIVE M,GIBOT S,et al.TREM⁃1 and its potential ligands in non⁃infectious diseases:from biology to clinical perspectives[J].Pharmacol Ther,2017,177(9):81-95

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