en
×

分享给微信好友或者朋友圈

使用微信“扫一扫”功能。
通讯作者:

郑金榆,E⁃mail:54567016@qq.com

中图分类号:R735.2

文献标识码:B

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)03-473-04

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210329

参考文献 1
SCHAEFER I M,MARIÑO⁃ENRÍQUEZ A,FLETCHER J A.What is new in gastrointestinal stromal tumor?[J].Adv Anat Pathol,2017,24(5):259⁃267
参考文献 2
HIHARA J,MUKAIDA H,HIRABAYASHI N.Gastro⁃ intestinal stromal tumor of the esophagus:current issues of diagnosis,surgery and drug therapy[J].Transl Gastro⁃ enterol Hepatol,2018,3:6
参考文献 3
LOTT S,SCHMIEDER M,MAYER B,et al.Gastrointesti⁃ nal stromal tumors of the esophagus:evaluation of a pooled case series regarding clinicopathological features and clinical outcome[J].Am J Cancer Res,2015,5(1):333-343
参考文献 4
FENG F,TIAN Y,LIU Z,et al.Clinicopathologic features and clinical outcomes of esophageal gastrointestinal stro⁃ mal tumor:evaluation of a pooled case series[J].Medi⁃ cine,2016,95(2):e2446
参考文献 5
CHATZIPANTELIS P,SALLA C,KAROUMPALIS I,et al.Endoscopic ultrasound ⁃ guided fine needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the stomach.A study of 17 cases[J].J Gastrointestin Liver Dis,2008,17(1):15-20
参考文献 6
CANTU M D,GOYAL A.Cytomorphology of epithelioid gastrointestinal stromal tumor[J].Diagn Cytopathol,2018,46(7):636-638
参考文献 7
VAL⁃BERNAL J F,MARTINO M,TERÁN A,et al.Endo⁃ scopic ultrasound ⁃ guided fine ⁃ needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of leiomyomas of the gastrointestinal tract [J].Rev Esp Patol,2019,52(3):154-162
参考文献 8
VIJ M,AGRAWAL V,KUMAR A,et al.Cytomorphology of gastrointestinal stromal tumors and extra ⁃gastrointesti⁃ nal stromal tumors:A comprehensive morphologic study [J].J Cytol,2013,30(1):8-12
参考文献 9
RADDAOUI E,ALMADI M A,ALJEBREEN A M,et al.Cytologic diagnosis of gastric submucosal lesions by endo⁃ scopic ultrasound⁃guided fine⁃needle aspiration:A single center experience in Saudi Arabia[J].Indian J Pathol Mi⁃ crobiol,2015,58(4):448-452
参考文献 10
JIANG P,JIAO Z,HAN B,et al.Clinical characteristics and surgical treatment of oesophageal gastrointestinal stro⁃ mal tumours[J].Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,2010,38(2):223-227
参考文献 11
SHINAGARE A B,ZUKOTYNSKI K A,KRAJEWSKI K M,et al.Esophageal gastrointestinal stromal tumor:report of 7 patients[J].Cancer Imaging,2012,12(1):100-108
参考文献 12
仇建伟,钱俊波,王亚民,等.套扎器辅助性内镜黏膜下剥离术在胃底固有肌层胃肠道间质瘤切除中的应用 [J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2017,37(9):1213-1215
参考文献 13
MINODA Y,CHINEN T,OSOEGAWA T,et al.Superiority of mucosal incision⁃assisted biopsy over ultrasound⁃guid⁃ ed fine needle aspiration biopsy in diagnosing small gas⁃ tric subepithelial lesions:a propensity score matching analysis[J].BMC Gastroenterol,2020,20(1):19
参考文献 14
PAVIĆT,HRABAR D,DUVNJAK M.The role of endo⁃ scopic ultrasound in evaluation of gastric subepithelial lesions[J].Coll Antropol,2010,34(2):757-762
参考文献 15
JENSSEN C,DIETRICH C F.Endoscopic ultrasound ⁃ guided fine⁃needle aspiration biopsy and trucut biopsy in gastroenterology ⁃ an overview[J].Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol,2009,23(5):743-759
参考文献 16
LEE H J,PARK S I,KIM D K,et al.Surgical resection of esophageal gastrointestinal stromal tumors[J].Ann Tho⁃ rac Surg,2009,87(5):1569-1571
目录contents
  • 内镜超声的应用明显提高了消化道病变的诊断水平,内镜超声引导下细针穿刺(endoscopic ultra⁃ sonography guided fine needle aspiration,EUS ⁃ FNA) 可以对消化道病变同时进行超声、细胞学涂片及组织学活检,更好地帮助诊断及指导治疗,因此胃肠道间质瘤(gastrointestinal stromal tumor,GIST)诊断水平明显增高。GIST主要发生于胃和肠道,是胃肠道最常见的间叶源性肿瘤[1]。食管原发性GIST较为少见,约占食管间叶性肿瘤的25%,仅占GIST总病例的不到1%[2]。关于食管原发性GIST行EUS⁃ FNA细胞学诊断的病例,国内缺乏其细胞学相关报道,现将南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院收治的1例食管原发性GIST报道如下。

  • 1 病例资料

  • 患者,男性,69岁,半年前无明显诱因出现进行性吞咽困难,可进食干饭、肉块,但需细嚼后才可吞咽,于2019年8月就诊于本院。心脏彩超示右心房后下方下腔静脉入口处探及不规则混合回声大团块,活动度差。胸部CT平扫+增强示中纵隔食管下段旁见巨大占位,其内密度尚均,截面约8.4cm×6.0cm,邻近食管管腔狭窄;增强后肿块内可见少量片絮样强化(图1)。上消化道钡餐造影:食道下段右后壁呈较长外压式改变,食道向左前方移位,食道边壁、黏膜连续光整,未见明显充盈缺损、破坏、狭窄、异常扩张等征象。内镜下食管距门齿34~40cm处见一黏膜下隆起,隆起表面光滑,余各段黏膜色泽正常 (图2);内镜超声示食管一巨大占位性病变,病变处食管5层结构欠清晰,病变起源显示不清,其内回声不均匀,多普勒示病变内血流不丰富,超声造影未见增强。随后在内镜超声引导下细针穿刺,穿刺组织进行涂片并送病理检查。患者自诉5年前无明显诱因出现间断反酸、烧心,行超声胃镜检查提示食管GIST,横径7.5mm×8.4mm,结节起源于固有肌层浅层,于院外口服药物症状缓解后未行手术切除。

  • 瑞氏染色涂片中可见成团的梭形细胞及上皮样细胞,核染色质呈细颗粒状,细胞间可见胶原样物质及黏液样基质(图3A)。HE染色细胞涂片内可见多量异型细胞团,其中部分区域细胞呈梭形,部分区域细胞呈上皮样(图3B)。梭形细胞呈长钝圆形,核膜轻度不规则;上皮样细胞区排列稍致密,核呈圆形、卵圆形,胞浆略丰富呈嗜酸性;梭形细胞及上皮样细胞核染色质分布较均匀,隐约可见核仁 (图3C)。背景中可见松散排列的梭形细胞。细胞蜡块镜下:较多量凝血组织内可见少量成团及散在分布的异型细胞,细胞中等密度,呈巢状、条索状交错排列,细胞胞浆略丰富呈上皮样,灶性区呈梭形、不规则形,胞浆嗜双色性,细胞无明显异型性,未见明确核分裂象,细胞间可见多量黏液样基质(图3D)。细胞蜡块免疫细胞化学染色示CD117、CD34及Dog ⁃1均呈强阳性表达,而CK8/18、P63、EMA、 Desmin、S100、Calponin、TTF1、MYB、CK均阴性,Ki⁃67密集区增殖指数约为3%。结合细胞学形态及免疫细胞化学检查结果考虑为GIST。该患者1个月后于外院行食管肿瘤剜除术,术后组织病理诊断与细胞学穿刺结果一致,术后参考美国国立卫生研究院 (NIH)2008年GIST危险度分级评判为高危险度(肿瘤最大径8cm,核分裂约7个/50HPF)。

  • 图1 胸部CT检查结果

  • 图2 内镜检查结果

  • 截至随访日期2020年4月9日,患者目前一般情况良好,未行药物治疗,未发生复发及转移。

  • 图3 病理检查结果

  • 2 讨论

  • 食管GIST发病率为0.1/100万~0.3/100万,多见于中老年男性,中位年龄约为61岁[3]。食管GIST多发生于食管下段(占86.84%),少部分发生于食管中段(占11.40%),食管上段罕见[4]。食管GIST往往无特征性临床症状及体征,多表现为吞咽困难(约51%),少部分为体重减轻(约20%)及出血(10%),其余病例为体检时偶然发现[3]。本例为69岁男性,以吞咽困难就诊,距门齿34~40cm处食管黏膜下占位,临床表现与文献报道相似。虽然内镜超声、CT扫描等影像学检查对食管肿瘤的部位、大小、深度、起源等提供一定参考,但由于其临床表现、内镜与影像学表现均难以与食管平滑肌肿瘤区分,以往经常被误诊为平滑肌肿瘤。随着免疫组织化学及分子诊断的广泛应用,才逐渐被认知。

  • GIST的穿刺涂片细胞可见部分细胞排列紧凑,部分细胞可散在分布;细胞往往呈梭形,核细长、椭圆形或锥形,纤维性胞浆,染色质分布较为均匀,呈细颗粒状;涂片背景内可见散在分布的梭形细胞[5]。部分病例可见上皮样细胞,细胞核圆形,核膜光滑,胞浆内可见微小空泡[6]。涂片背景常见细胞外基质,呈胶原性或黏液状。GIST除了与食管梭形细胞肿瘤鉴别外,还与平滑肌肿瘤、神经鞘瘤等相鉴别。平滑肌瘤有时与GIST难以区分,其涂片背景可见坏死组织碎片及可存在黏液样基质,成团的细胞排列相对松散,细胞大小均匀,很少有核重叠;细胞纺锤形,胞浆嗜酸性,可有小空泡,极少数病例可呈上皮样;核长钝圆呈细棒状,形状从椭圆形到明显拉长,核膜光滑,有时呈轻微的波浪状,核染色质分布均匀,偶可见淡染的核仁[7]。食管平滑肌瘤与GIST涂片中最重要的区分特点是细胞的密度和细胞片段的黏附性,虽然平滑肌肉瘤可呈较大的细胞密度,但往往表现出较多的核分裂及坏死[7]。神经鞘瘤细胞学特征为胶原性背景中,细胞核多呈梭形波浪状,核两端尖细,局部区核可呈栅栏排列[8]。此外,由于本例涂片中部分区细胞呈上皮样,需排除异位胰腺、神经内分泌肿瘤、血管球瘤、腺癌等[9]

  • 食管GIST组织病理形态与胃肠道GIST相似,手术完整切除标本,结节往往境界较清,细胞可呈梭形、上皮样或混合型,主要由中等密度的细胞构成,免疫组化CD117和CD34阳性率分别为100%和98%,约30%病例SMA、Actin和Desmin可以部分阳性,S⁃100绝大多数呈阴性表达,可以鉴别常见的平滑肌肿瘤、神经鞘瘤[3]。细胞蜡块组织学表现与手术标本类似,主要表现为中等密度的梭形、上皮样或混合细胞形态。本例细胞蜡块中细胞免疫化学染色CD117、CD34及Dog ⁃ 1均呈强阳性表达,而CK8/18、P63、EMA、Desmin、S100、Calponin、TTF1、 MYB、CK均阴性表达也排除了肉瘤样癌、肌上皮肿瘤、腺样囊性癌、血管球瘤、基底细胞腺瘤等可能。分子诊断检测发现食管GIST中C ⁃KIT突变约占60%,其余均为C⁃KIT野生型,目前暂无PDGFRA突变病例报道,与胃肠部位发生的GIST突变频率有所不同[13-4]。本病例由于穿刺组织量较少,未行分子检测。

  • 由于食管GIST病例较为少见,文献中尚缺乏大规模多中心的研究,主要参考肿瘤最大径、核分裂象、坏死等特征[3]。有人认为肿瘤最大径>9cm和核分裂>5个/50HPF提示是高危因素[10];也有学者认为肿瘤FDP代谢升高、最大径>7.5cm和核分裂 >75个/50HPF是高危因素[11];对食管GIST的危险度分级需要进一步研究。Feng等[4] 研究发现食管发生的GIST较胃GIST无病生存期及总生存期更短,提示其有较高的复发率及病死率。一般来说,对于较小的食管GIST(最大径2~5cm)可以行肿瘤剜除术,对于最大径>9cm的肿瘤应进行部分食管肿瘤切除术,以减少GIST复发的风险[1012]。伴有C⁃KIT突变的食管GIST使用伊马替尼治疗有效[11]。本病例由于难以接受食管切除术,行食管肿块剜除,术后行免疫组化诊断为GIST(高危险度,肿瘤最大径8cm,核分裂约7个/50HPF),未行药物治疗。

  • 食管GIST由于手术前活检取材困难,超声内镜可辅助起源定位和性质评估。虽有文献认为胃GIST行黏膜下肿块切除活检的检测诊断率优于EUS⁃FNA,但文献报道的EUS⁃FNA诊断率为80%~91%,且可以进行术中涂片现场快速细胞评估[13]。 EUS⁃FNA是一种较为安全的技术,报道的穿刺并发症为0.3%~2.2%,包括感染、体腔内或体腔外出血及急性胰腺炎等[14-15]。虽一些研究者认为EUS⁃FNA穿刺细胞学可以用于食管GIST与平滑肌瘤的鉴别,但穿刺活检可能会造成肿瘤出血、破碎甚至增加肿瘤扩散的风险,这一观点仍有争议[16]。影响EUS⁃ FNA诊断率的因素主要包括肿瘤大小、穿刺针规格、穿刺技巧、制片因素、显微镜下有效诊断区域和细胞蜡块的质量[21-22]。对于存在坏死、出血囊性变及细胞量少的病例,细胞学诊断存在一定局限性。

  • 食管GIST较为少见,EUS⁃FNA穿刺细胞学是一种准确、安全的检测方法,结合其临床病史、内镜及免疫细胞化学结果,必要时可结合分子病理进一步证实。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] SCHAEFER I M,MARIÑO⁃ENRÍQUEZ A,FLETCHER J A.What is new in gastrointestinal stromal tumor?[J].Adv Anat Pathol,2017,24(5):259⁃267

    • [2] HIHARA J,MUKAIDA H,HIRABAYASHI N.Gastro⁃ intestinal stromal tumor of the esophagus:current issues of diagnosis,surgery and drug therapy[J].Transl Gastro⁃ enterol Hepatol,2018,3:6

    • [3] LOTT S,SCHMIEDER M,MAYER B,et al.Gastrointesti⁃ nal stromal tumors of the esophagus:evaluation of a pooled case series regarding clinicopathological features and clinical outcome[J].Am J Cancer Res,2015,5(1):333-343

    • [4] FENG F,TIAN Y,LIU Z,et al.Clinicopathologic features and clinical outcomes of esophageal gastrointestinal stro⁃ mal tumor:evaluation of a pooled case series[J].Medi⁃ cine,2016,95(2):e2446

    • [5] CHATZIPANTELIS P,SALLA C,KAROUMPALIS I,et al.Endoscopic ultrasound ⁃ guided fine needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the stomach.A study of 17 cases[J].J Gastrointestin Liver Dis,2008,17(1):15-20

    • [6] CANTU M D,GOYAL A.Cytomorphology of epithelioid gastrointestinal stromal tumor[J].Diagn Cytopathol,2018,46(7):636-638

    • [7] VAL⁃BERNAL J F,MARTINO M,TERÁN A,et al.Endo⁃ scopic ultrasound ⁃ guided fine ⁃ needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of leiomyomas of the gastrointestinal tract [J].Rev Esp Patol,2019,52(3):154-162

    • [8] VIJ M,AGRAWAL V,KUMAR A,et al.Cytomorphology of gastrointestinal stromal tumors and extra ⁃gastrointesti⁃ nal stromal tumors:A comprehensive morphologic study [J].J Cytol,2013,30(1):8-12

    • [9] RADDAOUI E,ALMADI M A,ALJEBREEN A M,et al.Cytologic diagnosis of gastric submucosal lesions by endo⁃ scopic ultrasound⁃guided fine⁃needle aspiration:A single center experience in Saudi Arabia[J].Indian J Pathol Mi⁃ crobiol,2015,58(4):448-452

    • [10] JIANG P,JIAO Z,HAN B,et al.Clinical characteristics and surgical treatment of oesophageal gastrointestinal stro⁃ mal tumours[J].Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,2010,38(2):223-227

    • [11] SHINAGARE A B,ZUKOTYNSKI K A,KRAJEWSKI K M,et al.Esophageal gastrointestinal stromal tumor:report of 7 patients[J].Cancer Imaging,2012,12(1):100-108

    • [12] 仇建伟,钱俊波,王亚民,等.套扎器辅助性内镜黏膜下剥离术在胃底固有肌层胃肠道间质瘤切除中的应用 [J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2017,37(9):1213-1215

    • [13] MINODA Y,CHINEN T,OSOEGAWA T,et al.Superiority of mucosal incision⁃assisted biopsy over ultrasound⁃guid⁃ ed fine needle aspiration biopsy in diagnosing small gas⁃ tric subepithelial lesions:a propensity score matching analysis[J].BMC Gastroenterol,2020,20(1):19

    • [14] PAVIĆT,HRABAR D,DUVNJAK M.The role of endo⁃ scopic ultrasound in evaluation of gastric subepithelial lesions[J].Coll Antropol,2010,34(2):757-762

    • [15] JENSSEN C,DIETRICH C F.Endoscopic ultrasound ⁃ guided fine⁃needle aspiration biopsy and trucut biopsy in gastroenterology ⁃ an overview[J].Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol,2009,23(5):743-759

    • [16] LEE H J,PARK S I,KIM D K,et al.Surgical resection of esophageal gastrointestinal stromal tumors[J].Ann Tho⁃ rac Surg,2009,87(5):1569-1571

  • 参考文献

    • [1] SCHAEFER I M,MARIÑO⁃ENRÍQUEZ A,FLETCHER J A.What is new in gastrointestinal stromal tumor?[J].Adv Anat Pathol,2017,24(5):259⁃267

    • [2] HIHARA J,MUKAIDA H,HIRABAYASHI N.Gastro⁃ intestinal stromal tumor of the esophagus:current issues of diagnosis,surgery and drug therapy[J].Transl Gastro⁃ enterol Hepatol,2018,3:6

    • [3] LOTT S,SCHMIEDER M,MAYER B,et al.Gastrointesti⁃ nal stromal tumors of the esophagus:evaluation of a pooled case series regarding clinicopathological features and clinical outcome[J].Am J Cancer Res,2015,5(1):333-343

    • [4] FENG F,TIAN Y,LIU Z,et al.Clinicopathologic features and clinical outcomes of esophageal gastrointestinal stro⁃ mal tumor:evaluation of a pooled case series[J].Medi⁃ cine,2016,95(2):e2446

    • [5] CHATZIPANTELIS P,SALLA C,KAROUMPALIS I,et al.Endoscopic ultrasound ⁃ guided fine needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the stomach.A study of 17 cases[J].J Gastrointestin Liver Dis,2008,17(1):15-20

    • [6] CANTU M D,GOYAL A.Cytomorphology of epithelioid gastrointestinal stromal tumor[J].Diagn Cytopathol,2018,46(7):636-638

    • [7] VAL⁃BERNAL J F,MARTINO M,TERÁN A,et al.Endo⁃ scopic ultrasound ⁃ guided fine ⁃ needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of leiomyomas of the gastrointestinal tract [J].Rev Esp Patol,2019,52(3):154-162

    • [8] VIJ M,AGRAWAL V,KUMAR A,et al.Cytomorphology of gastrointestinal stromal tumors and extra ⁃gastrointesti⁃ nal stromal tumors:A comprehensive morphologic study [J].J Cytol,2013,30(1):8-12

    • [9] RADDAOUI E,ALMADI M A,ALJEBREEN A M,et al.Cytologic diagnosis of gastric submucosal lesions by endo⁃ scopic ultrasound⁃guided fine⁃needle aspiration:A single center experience in Saudi Arabia[J].Indian J Pathol Mi⁃ crobiol,2015,58(4):448-452

    • [10] JIANG P,JIAO Z,HAN B,et al.Clinical characteristics and surgical treatment of oesophageal gastrointestinal stro⁃ mal tumours[J].Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,2010,38(2):223-227

    • [11] SHINAGARE A B,ZUKOTYNSKI K A,KRAJEWSKI K M,et al.Esophageal gastrointestinal stromal tumor:report of 7 patients[J].Cancer Imaging,2012,12(1):100-108

    • [12] 仇建伟,钱俊波,王亚民,等.套扎器辅助性内镜黏膜下剥离术在胃底固有肌层胃肠道间质瘤切除中的应用 [J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2017,37(9):1213-1215

    • [13] MINODA Y,CHINEN T,OSOEGAWA T,et al.Superiority of mucosal incision⁃assisted biopsy over ultrasound⁃guid⁃ ed fine needle aspiration biopsy in diagnosing small gas⁃ tric subepithelial lesions:a propensity score matching analysis[J].BMC Gastroenterol,2020,20(1):19

    • [14] PAVIĆT,HRABAR D,DUVNJAK M.The role of endo⁃ scopic ultrasound in evaluation of gastric subepithelial lesions[J].Coll Antropol,2010,34(2):757-762

    • [15] JENSSEN C,DIETRICH C F.Endoscopic ultrasound ⁃ guided fine⁃needle aspiration biopsy and trucut biopsy in gastroenterology ⁃ an overview[J].Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol,2009,23(5):743-759

    • [16] LEE H J,PARK S I,KIM D K,et al.Surgical resection of esophageal gastrointestinal stromal tumors[J].Ann Tho⁃ rac Surg,2009,87(5):1569-1571

  • 通知关闭
    郑重声明