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通讯作者:

成峰,E⁃mail:docchengfeng@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R735.7

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)04-503-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210405

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参考文献 4
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参考文献 12
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参考文献 13
FOURNEL L,WU Z,STADLER N,et al.Cisplatin in⁃ creases PD ⁃L1 expression and optimizes immune check ⁃ point blockade in non ⁃small cell lung cancer[J].Cancer Lett,2019,464:5-14
参考文献 14
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参考文献 15
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参考文献 16
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参考文献 17
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参考文献 18
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参考文献 19
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨洛铂(lobaplatin,LBP)对肝癌肿瘤免疫及程序性死亡配体1(prag rammed cell death 1 ligand,PD⁃L1)调控表达的作用及机制。方法:①73例肝细胞癌患者随机分为对照组(n =33)和洛铂组(n =40),两组均接受肝癌切除术,洛铂组术中腹腔灌注洛铂(50 mg),比较两组患者手术前后外周血淋巴细胞亚群变化。②Hep3B肝癌细胞以洛铂(16 μmol/L)处理24 h, 流式细胞术测定人白细胞抗原Ⅰ类分子(human leucocyte antigenI,HLA⁃Ⅰ),抗原转运蛋白 TAP⁃1、TAP⁃2 表达。③Hep3B、 SMCC⁃7721、HepG2 肝癌细胞以洛铂(0、8、16 μmol/L)处理 24 h,用 Western blot、RT⁃qPCR 测定其 PD⁃L1、AKT、p⁃AKT 表达情况。④将Hep3B肝癌细胞分为洛铂组(16 μmol/L)、AKT抑制剂组(洛铂16 μmol/L + MK22061 μmol/L)和对照组,处理24 h后 Western blot测定PD⁃L1表达。结果:①洛铂组患者手术前后外周血CD4+ 、CD4+ /CD8+ 比值升高,Treg细胞下降(P < 0.05)。对照组差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。②洛铂处理后,Hep3B肝癌细胞HLA⁃Ⅰ、TAP⁃1和TAP⁃2表达增高。③洛铂处理后,Hep3B、 SMCC⁃7721、HepG2肝癌细胞PD⁃L1、p⁃AKT表达增加。④AKT抑制剂组Hep3B肝癌细胞PD⁃L1表达相比洛铂组下降。结论: 洛铂可以提高肝癌患者抗肿瘤免疫,可能是通过上调肝癌细胞抗原呈递组件表达,增强肿瘤免疫原性导致。同时洛铂能够上调肝癌细胞PD⁃L1表达,其机制可能涉及AKT信号通路。

    Abstract

    Objective:To explore the effects and mechanisms of lobaplatin on antitumor immunity and programmed cell death 1(PD⁃ 1)expression in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). Methods:①A total of 73 HCC patients were randomly divided into two groups:the lobaplatin group(50 mg lobaplatin in 100 ml sterile water was infused into abdominal cavity during liver cancer resection,n =40),and the control group(n =33). The changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets were analyzed before and after surgery. ②The effects of lobaplatin(16 μmol/L)on the expression of HLA⁃I,TAP⁃1,TAP⁃2 in Hep3B cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. ③Hep3B,HepG2, SMMC⁃7721 cells treated with lobaplatin(0,8,16 μmol/L)for 24 h,then the expressions of PD⁃L1,AKT,p⁃AKT protein were analyzed by Western blot and RT ⁃qPCR. ④the expression of PD ⁃L1 in Hep3B cells treated with lobaplatin,or lobaplatin and AKT ⁃inhibitor MK2206 or PBS was analyzed by Western blot. Result:①After intraperitoneal infusion of lobaplatin,the rates of CD4+ and CD4+ /CD8+ increased(P < 0.05),Treg decreased(P < 0.05)in the peripheral blood. ②Lobaplatin upregulated the expression of HLA⁃I,TAP1,and TAP2 in Hep3B cells. ③Lobaplatin upregulated the expression of PD⁃L1,p⁃AKT protein in HepG2,SMCC⁃7721,and Hep3B cells. ④ AKT ⁃ inhibitor MK2206 reduced the effect of lobaplatin on the up ⁃ regulation of PD ⁃ L1 expression in Hep3B cells. Conclusion: Lobaplatin can enhance the anti ⁃tumor immunity of HCC patients,induce antigen presentation of liver cancer cells and increase the expression of PD⁃L1 through AKT signal pathway,so that lobaplatin maybe combine with immune checkpoint inhibitor to treat HCC.

    关键词

    肝癌洛铂PD⁃L1抗肿瘤免疫

  • 肝癌是一种常见消化系统来源肿瘤,其病死率居全球恶性肿瘤病死率的第4位[1],中国恶性肿瘤病死率的第2位[2]。肝癌恶性程度极高,病情进展快,大部分发展隐匿,确诊时已属晚期,能接受根治性手术治疗的患者仅为20%~30%[3]。积极探索综合治疗手段对肝癌治疗尤为重要。有研究显示,肝动脉化疗栓塞(transhepatic arterial chem otherapy and embolization,TACE)联合索拉菲尼相比单纯介入治疗能明显提高患者1年生存率[4],奥沙利铂等系统性化疗方案也被用于治疗不适合手术切除或有远处转移的肝癌患者[5-6]。传统大剂量化疗在取得一定疗效的同时,不良反应及耐药性也随之增加,从而限制了洛铂等铂类细胞毒性抗肿瘤药物在临床的长期和广泛应用。有研究认为,肝癌的发生、发展及转归与机体免疫功能状态密切相关,铂类细胞毒性抗肿瘤药物可通过上调主要组织相容性复合体Ⅰ类(major histocompatibility complex Ⅰ, MHC⁃Ⅰ)和抗原加工机制的其他成分来增强宿主免疫力,并增加肿瘤微环境中免疫效应细胞与免疫抑制细胞的比例[7-8]。免疫检查点是抑制肿瘤免疫系统激活的重要环节,肿瘤组织中其表达通常上调,促使肿瘤细胞逃避宿主的免疫检测,程序性死亡受体1(programmed cell death 1,PD⁃1)以及程序性死亡配体1(programmed cell death 1ligand,PD⁃L1)等免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitor,ICI) 可以阻断肿瘤免疫逃避相关途径,增强宿主对肿瘤的免疫反应及对肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用[9]。近年来已成为包括黑色素瘤和肺癌等恶性肿瘤的主要治疗手段[10]。肿瘤组织PD⁃L1表达量与疗效显著相关[11-12],是最早被认为可以预测PD⁃1/PD⁃L1抑制剂疗效的临床生物标志物。有研究显示,在肺癌、头颈部鳞癌中,铂类抗肿瘤药物可以上调肿瘤细胞抗原递呈及PD⁃L1表达,增强宿主免疫系统对肿瘤的杀伤作用以及提高ICI疗效[13-14],但在肝癌中未见相关报道。因此,本文通过研究洛铂对肝癌细胞抗原递呈及PD⁃L1表达的影响,为肝癌治疗提供新思路。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 此研究为前瞻性、单盲、随机研究,并经医院伦理委员会同意。选取南京医科大学第一附属医院肝胆中心2019年1—12月接受肝癌切除手术83例。入选标准:①术前经病理活检、临床检验及影像学检查考虑肝细胞肝癌,术后病理确诊;②术前检查血常规、肝肾功能、降钙素原、凝血功能等指标未见明显异常,Child⁃Pugh分级为A/B级;③术前未接受放化疗、靶向药物、免疫治疗;④术中能完整将肿瘤切除;⑤手术前后未出现严重感染、败血症、感染性休克、多器官功能损伤。排除标准:①对洛铂药物过敏者;②患有严重心肺疾病等重要脏器功能不全者; ③患有造血系统疾病、自身免疫性疾病或免疫缺陷病、中重度营养不良、糖尿病者。采用随机数法将患者分为洛铂组42例,对照组41例。所有患者都签署了知情同意书,其中洛铂组患者术后出现腹腔感染2例,对照组患者术后出现腹腔感染3例,肝肾综合征1例,术后大出血1例,死亡1例,失访2例,排除出组后洛铂组40例,对照组33例。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 治疗方案及观察指标

  • 洛铂组在常规手术操作结束后,将50mg洛铂溶解于100mL灭菌注射用水行腹腔灌注,术后留置腹腔引流管,6~7h开放。对照组仅用灭菌注射用水冲洗腹腔,术后常规放置引流管。两组均在术后常规给予抗炎、保肝、营养支持等对症治疗。两组均于术前1d及术后第30天采血取血清,淋巴细胞及其亚群表面抗原表达采用直接免疫荧光标记全血溶血法,采用流式细胞仪对样品进行检测,计算出其中阳性细胞的百分比。包括CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+ 比值、自然杀伤(NK)细胞及调节性T细胞(Treg)细胞。

  • 1.2.2 细胞培养及实验分组

  • 人类肝癌细胞系HepG2、SMCC⁃7721、Hep3B均购自上海中国科学院,在37℃、5%CO2条件下,以含有10%胎牛血清和青链霉素(Gibco公司,美国)的DMEM培养基(Life Technologise公司,美国)培养。 2d传代1次,根据不同浓度洛铂(海南长安国际制药有限公司)处理,对照组加入PBS,处理24h。 AKT抑制剂组为洛铂16 μmol/L + MK2206(MCE公司,美国)1 μmol/L。

  • 1.2.3 实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)

  • 细胞的总RNA采用TRIzol法提取,测定RNA的浓度及纯度。 PD⁃L1、GAPDH的mRNA按照常规方法采用PrimeScriptRT Reagent试剂盒(TaKaRa公司,日本)逆转录为cDNA后,使用SYBR Green Mas⁃ ter Mix试剂盒(TaKaRa公司,日本)以qPCR法检测PD⁃L1及GAPDH的相对表达量,PD⁃L1、GAPDH引物设计合成由南京Realgene公司完成。PD⁃L1正向引物:5′⁃TGGCATTTGCTGAACGCATTT⁃3′,反向引物:5′ ⁃ TGCAGCCAGGTCTAATTGTTTT ⁃ 3′;GAPDH正向引物:5′⁃GGAGCGAGATCCCTCCAAAAT⁃3′,反向引物:5′⁃GGCTGTTGTCATACTTCTCATGG⁃3′。定量反应在ABI 7900Fast Real⁃Time PCR system上进行,反应条件:预热变性95℃ 30s;PCR反应95℃ 5s,60℃ 30s,40个循环。结果按照2⁃ΔΔCt法来计算PD⁃L1的相对表达量,实验重复3次。

  • 1.2.4 Western blot实验

  • 使用含1%蛋白酶抑制剂和1%磷酸酶抑制剂RIPA裂解缓冲液(上海碧云天公司)裂解细胞,提取细胞总蛋白。BCA定量蛋白浓度,加入蛋白上样缓冲液(1∶4)后于100℃金属浴10min。使用SDS ⁃ PAGE凝胶电泳分离蛋白后,转移到聚偏二氟乙烯膜上。将膜封闭30min,然后在4℃与特定的一抗孵育12~14h。此步骤中使用了PD⁃L1抗体、AKT抗体和p⁃AKT抗体(CST公司,美国),GAPDH作为内参。TBST溶液洗膜后室温孵育兔抗人IgG二抗 (CST公司,美国)1h,PBST溶液洗膜后加曝光液后曝光分析。以上实验均独立重复3次。

  • 1.2.5 流式细胞仪检测

  • 将Hep3B肝癌细胞分洛铂组(16 μmol/L),对照组(PBS),24h后收集培养皿中的细胞,制作单细胞悬液。根据规程使用荧光染料标记的HLA⁃Ⅰ、TAP⁃ 1、TAP⁃2流式细胞抗体(eBioscience公司,美国)。 FACS缓冲液洗涤2次后用流式细胞仪分析各组肝癌细胞中HLA⁃I、TAP⁃1、TAP⁃2表达情况。实验在相同条件下重复3次。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 应用SPSS21.0和Graphpad8.0软件对实验数据进行统计学处理。定量数据以均数±标准差(x- ± s)表示,两组间比较采用 t 检验,计数资料以频数(百分比)表示,两组间比较采用卡方检验,理论频数较低组采用Fisher’s确切概率法。P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 洛铂术中腹腔灌注能够调节患者抗肿瘤免疫

  • 两组患者一般临床资料比较差异无统计学意义 (P< 0.05,表1)。洛铂组患者手术前后外周血淋巴细胞亚群检测显示:CD4+ T细胞、CD4+/CD8+ 比值升高,差异有统计学意义(P< 0.05),Treg细胞下降 (P< 0.05),CD8+、NK细胞无明显变化(P> 0.05)。对照组患者手术前后CD4+、CD8+、NK、Treg细胞百分率及CD4 +/CD8 + 比值差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05,表2)。说明洛铂腹腔灌注后患者细胞免疫功能有所提高,同时降低Treg水平对抗肿瘤免疫逃逸。

  • 表1 对照组和洛铂组患者一般资料和术中情况对比

  • Table1 Comparison of demographic data and intraoper⁃ ative condition between control group and Loba⁃ platin group

  • 2.2 洛铂诱导肝癌细胞抗原递呈组件表达升高

  • 两组Hep3B肝癌细胞用流式细胞技术检测肝癌细胞表面HLA⁃Ⅰ、TAP⁃1、TAP⁃2。结果显示,洛铂组肝癌细胞表面HLA⁃Ⅰ表达升高,抗原转运蛋白TAP⁃ 1、TAP⁃2表达升高(图1)。表明洛铂可能通过增加肝癌细胞抗原递呈组件表达,提高抗肿瘤免疫。

  • 2.3 洛铂诱导肝癌细胞PD⁃L1表达升高

  • Western blot、RT⁃qPCR检测显示,洛铂处理的Hep3B、HepG2、SMMC⁃7721肝癌细胞PD⁃L1蛋白表达明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P< 0.05,图2)。以上实验表明,洛铂能够诱导肝癌细胞PD⁃L1表达增加,这可能增加其对宿主的免疫逃逸,导致耐药性的产生。

  • 2.4 洛铂通过AKT通路调控肝癌细胞PD⁃L1表达

  • Western blot检测洛铂组和对照组Hep3B、 HepG2、SMMC⁃7721肝癌细胞AKT、p⁃AKT、PD⁃L1表达情况。结果发现,两组AKT表达无明显差异,洛铂组p⁃AKT、PD⁃L1表达升高(图3)。而加入AKT抑制剂后(MK2206 1 μmol/L)Western blot检测发现Hep3B肝癌细胞PD⁃L1表达相比于洛铂组下降(图4)。说明AKT通路可能参与调控洛铂对肝癌细胞PD⁃L1表达的影响。

  • 表2 肝癌切除术中洛铂腹腔灌注治疗患者外周血淋巴细胞表型的变化

  • Table2 Changes in the phenotype of peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with intraperitoneal perfusion of lobaplatin during liver cancer resection

  • 与术前比较,* P< 0.05,**P< 0.01。

  • 图1 流式细胞分析显示洛铂组(LBP)相比对照组(PBS)Hep3B肝癌细胞HLA⁃Ⅰ、TAP⁃1、TAP⁃2表达升高

  • Fig.1 Flow cytometry analysis showed that the expressions of HLA⁃Ⅰ,TAP⁃1,and TAP⁃2increased in Hep3B cells in the lobaplatin group

  • 图2 Western blot、RT⁃qPCR检测不同浓度洛铂对Hep3B细胞PD⁃L1表达影响

  • Fig.2 Effects of different concentrations of lobaplatin on the expression of PD ⁃L1in Hep3B detected by Western blot and RT⁃qPCR

  • 3 讨论

  • 肝癌因起病隐匿、早期诊断困难、病情进展迅速、术后复发率高导致患者长期生存率较低[3]。治疗手段包括手术治疗(肝切除术和肝移植)、局部消融、TACE、放射治疗以及全身治疗(系统化疗、分子靶向治疗、免疫治疗等),肝癌传统化疗虽在临床取得一定疗效,但患者获益有限。既往研究表明肝癌与机体免疫功能状态联系紧密。Hodge等[7-814] 提出,在卵巢癌、前列腺癌、头颈部鳞癌中铂类细胞毒性抗肿瘤药物可以上调宿主抗原呈递组件表达,从而提高机体抗肿瘤免疫。但铂类抗肿瘤药物对肝癌免疫环境影响的研究尚未开展,因此我们设计了一项前瞻性临床研究,通过在肝癌切除术中腹腔灌注洛铂,对比手术前后患者淋巴细胞亚群变化探究洛铂对机体免疫功能的影响。研究发现接受洛铂腹腔灌注后的肝癌患者术后CD4+ T细胞、CD4+/CD8+ 比值明显升高,Treg细胞下调,说明洛铂能够提高机体细胞免疫功能,同时降低Treg细胞水平对抗肿瘤免疫逃逸。我们进一步在体外实验中探究洛铂对肝癌细胞的影响,用洛铂刺激肝癌细胞,流式细胞检测发现肿瘤细胞抗原递呈组件HLA⁃Ⅰ、TAP⁃1、TAP⁃2表达升高,提示洛铂诱导肿瘤细胞免疫原性提高,从而可能加强机体抗肿瘤免疫,这与先前相关研究一致。

  • 图3 Western blot检测Hep3B、HepG2、SMMC⁃7721细胞以洛铂(16 μmol/L)处理24h后PD⁃L1、AKT、p⁃AKT表达情况

  • Fig.3 Effects of lobaplatin on expression of PD⁃L1,p⁃AKT and AKT in Hep3B,HepG2,SMMC⁃7721cells detected by Western blot

  • 图4 Western blot检测Hep3B细胞洛铂组、AKT抑制组和对照组PD⁃L1表达情况

  • Fig.4 Effects of lobaplatin and AKT ⁃ inhibitor (MK2206)on the expression of PD ⁃ L1in Hep3B cells detected by Western blot

  • 近年研究发现,PD⁃1/PD⁃L1等免疫检查点抑制剂可以阻断肿瘤免疫逃避相关途径,增强宿主抗肿瘤免疫,在黑色素瘤及肺癌等恶性肿瘤治疗中取得显著成果。Fournel等[13] 的一项研究中,非小细胞肺癌患者在经过铂类抗肿瘤药物治疗后,肿瘤组织中的PD⁃L1表达明显升高,随后的动物实验表明铂类抗肿瘤药物相关联合免疫检查点抑制剂,与单用铂类、PD⁃L1单抗相比,产生更明显协同抑瘤作用,在胃肠道肿瘤及卵巢肿瘤中也发现类似抗肿瘤效果,这为临床肝癌的治疗提供了新思路[15-16]

  • 因此我们研究了洛铂对肝癌细胞PD⁃L1表达的影响,并检测了可能参与调控的相关信号通路。结果显示,用洛铂刺激Hep3B、SMMC⁃7721、HepG2肝癌细胞后,通过Western blot、RT⁃qPCR检测发现洛铂处理组PD⁃L1表达明显增加,证实了洛铂能够诱导肝癌细胞PD⁃L1表达增高,这与铂类药物在其他肿瘤中的作用相一致。同时检测了AKT通路对这一作用的影响,发现洛铂组(16 μmol/L)与对照组相比,AKT无明显变化,p⁃AKT、PD⁃L1表达增高,加入AKT阻断剂MK2206后,PD⁃L1表达下降,从而证实了AKT通路参与洛铂诱导肝癌细胞PD⁃L1表达。上述实验证实洛铂对肝癌具有双重能力:洛铂可能通过增加肝癌细胞抗原递呈组件表达,提高抗肿瘤免疫,但同时上调PD⁃L1来改变肿瘤免疫逃逸。具体机制可能涉及到相关通路使肿瘤浸润性T细胞表达升高,释放干扰素⁃γ从而诱导PD⁃L1表达增加[17-18]。同时有研究指出,使用PD⁃L1阻断剂能够减少肝癌中干扰素⁃γ引起的CD8+ T细胞凋亡[19]。但都需要进一步动物实验验证。

  • 综上所述,本研究显示洛铂可以提高肝癌患者抗肿瘤免疫,可能是通过上调肝癌细胞抗原递呈组件表达,增强肿瘤免疫原性导致。同时洛铂能够上调肝癌细胞PD⁃L1表达,其机制可能涉及AKT信号通路。为洛铂等细胞毒性抗肿瘤药物联合PD⁃L1免疫检查点抑制剂治疗肝癌提供了可能。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] TORRE L A,BRAY F,SIEGEL R L,et al.Global cancer statistics,2012[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2015,65(2):87-108

    • [2] FENG R M,ZONG Y N,CAO S M,et al.Current cancer situation in China:good or bad news from the 2018 global cancer statistics?[J].Cancer Commun(Lond),2019,39(1):22

    • [3] ZHOU M,WANG H,ZENG X,et al.Mortality,morbidity,and risk factors in China and its provinces,1990⁃2017:a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017[J].Lancet,2019,394(1204):1145-1158

    • [4] 吴金道,韩国勇,陆森,等.肝动脉栓塞化疗术联合索拉菲尼对比单纯介入术治疗原发性肝癌的临床观察 [J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2015,35(12):1739-1742

    • [5] QIN S,CHENG Y,LIANG J,et al.Efficacy and safety of the FOLFOX4 regimen versus doxorubicin in Chinese pa⁃ tients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma:a sub⁃ group analysis of the EACH study[J].Oncologist,2014,19(11):1169-1178

    • [6] QIN S K,BAI Y X,LIM H Y,et al.Randomized,multi⁃ center,open ⁃ label study of oxaliplatin plus fluorouracil/leucovorin versus doxorubicin as palliative chemotherapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma from Asia[J].J Clin Oncol,2013,31(28):3501-3508

    • [7] HODGE J W,GARNETT C T,FARSACI B,et al.Chemo⁃ therapy ⁃induced immunogenic modulation of tumor cells enhances killing by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and is dis⁃ tinct from immunogenic cell death[J].Int J Cancer,2013,133(3):624-636

    • [8] DE BIASI A R,VILLENA ⁃VARGAS J,ADUSUMILLI P S.Cisplatin ⁃induced antitumor immunomodulation:a re⁃ view of preclinical and clinical evidence[J].Clin Cancer Res,2014,20(21):5384-5391

    • [9] TSUCHIYA N,SAWADA Y,ENDO I,et al.Potentiality of immunotherapy against hepatocellular carcinoma[J].World J Gastroenterol,2015,21(36):10314-10326

    • [10] SMYTH M J,NGIOW S F,RIBAS A,et al.Combination cancer immunotherapies tailored to the tumour microenvi⁃ ronment[J].Nat Rev Clin Oncol,2016,13(3):143-158

    • [11] PATEL S P,KURZROCK R.PD⁃L1 expression as a pre⁃ dictive biomarker in cancer immunotherapy[J].Mol Can⁃ cer Ther,2015,14(4):847-856

    • [12] TAUBE J M,KLEIN A,BRAHMER J R,et al.Associa⁃ tion of PD ⁃1,PD ⁃1 ligands,and other features of the tu⁃ mor immune microenvironment with response to anti⁃PD⁃1 therapy[J].Clin Cancer Res,2014,20(19):5064-5074

    • [13] FOURNEL L,WU Z,STADLER N,et al.Cisplatin in⁃ creases PD ⁃L1 expression and optimizes immune check ⁃ point blockade in non ⁃small cell lung cancer[J].Cancer Lett,2019,464:5-14

    • [14] TRAN L,ALLEN C T,XIAO R,et al.Cisplatin alters an⁃ titumor immunity and synergizes with PD⁃1/PD⁃L1 inhibi⁃ tion in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma[J].Can⁃ cer Immunol Res,2017,5(12):1141-1151

    • [15] VAN DER KRAAK L,GOEL G,RAMANAN K,et al.5⁃ Fluorouracil upregulates cell surface B7⁃H1(PD ⁃L1)ex⁃ pression in gastrointestinal cancers[J].J Immunother Cancer,2016,4:65

    • [16] PENG J,HAMANISHI J,MATSUMURA N,et al.Chemo⁃ therapy induces programmed cell death ⁃ligand 1 overex⁃ pression via the nuclear factor⁃κB to foster an immunosup⁃ pressive tumor microenvironment in ovarian cancer[J].Cancer Res,2015,75(23):5034-5045

    • [17] GRABOSCH S,BULATOVIC M,ZENG F,et al.Cisplatin ⁃ induced immune modulation in ovarian cancer mouse models with distinct inflammation profiles[J].Oncogene,2019,38(13):2380-2393

    • [18] BALOG J,HACKLER L J,KOVÁCS A K,et al.Single cell mass cytometry revealed the immunomodulatory ef⁃ fect of cisplatin via downregulation of splenic CD44 +,IL⁃ 17A+ MDSCs and promotion of circulating IFN ⁃ γ + my⁃ eloid cells in the 4T1 metastatic breast cancer model[J].Int J Mol Sci,2019,21(1):170

    • [19] SHI F,SHI M,ZENG Z,et al.PD⁃1 and PD⁃L1 upregula⁃ tion promotes CD8(+)T⁃cell apoptosis and postoperative recurrence in hepatocellular carcinoma patients[J].Int J Cancer,2011,128(4):887-896

  • 参考文献

    • [1] TORRE L A,BRAY F,SIEGEL R L,et al.Global cancer statistics,2012[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2015,65(2):87-108

    • [2] FENG R M,ZONG Y N,CAO S M,et al.Current cancer situation in China:good or bad news from the 2018 global cancer statistics?[J].Cancer Commun(Lond),2019,39(1):22

    • [3] ZHOU M,WANG H,ZENG X,et al.Mortality,morbidity,and risk factors in China and its provinces,1990⁃2017:a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017[J].Lancet,2019,394(1204):1145-1158

    • [4] 吴金道,韩国勇,陆森,等.肝动脉栓塞化疗术联合索拉菲尼对比单纯介入术治疗原发性肝癌的临床观察 [J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2015,35(12):1739-1742

    • [5] QIN S,CHENG Y,LIANG J,et al.Efficacy and safety of the FOLFOX4 regimen versus doxorubicin in Chinese pa⁃ tients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma:a sub⁃ group analysis of the EACH study[J].Oncologist,2014,19(11):1169-1178

    • [6] QIN S K,BAI Y X,LIM H Y,et al.Randomized,multi⁃ center,open ⁃ label study of oxaliplatin plus fluorouracil/leucovorin versus doxorubicin as palliative chemotherapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma from Asia[J].J Clin Oncol,2013,31(28):3501-3508

    • [7] HODGE J W,GARNETT C T,FARSACI B,et al.Chemo⁃ therapy ⁃induced immunogenic modulation of tumor cells enhances killing by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and is dis⁃ tinct from immunogenic cell death[J].Int J Cancer,2013,133(3):624-636

    • [8] DE BIASI A R,VILLENA ⁃VARGAS J,ADUSUMILLI P S.Cisplatin ⁃induced antitumor immunomodulation:a re⁃ view of preclinical and clinical evidence[J].Clin Cancer Res,2014,20(21):5384-5391

    • [9] TSUCHIYA N,SAWADA Y,ENDO I,et al.Potentiality of immunotherapy against hepatocellular carcinoma[J].World J Gastroenterol,2015,21(36):10314-10326

    • [10] SMYTH M J,NGIOW S F,RIBAS A,et al.Combination cancer immunotherapies tailored to the tumour microenvi⁃ ronment[J].Nat Rev Clin Oncol,2016,13(3):143-158

    • [11] PATEL S P,KURZROCK R.PD⁃L1 expression as a pre⁃ dictive biomarker in cancer immunotherapy[J].Mol Can⁃ cer Ther,2015,14(4):847-856

    • [12] TAUBE J M,KLEIN A,BRAHMER J R,et al.Associa⁃ tion of PD ⁃1,PD ⁃1 ligands,and other features of the tu⁃ mor immune microenvironment with response to anti⁃PD⁃1 therapy[J].Clin Cancer Res,2014,20(19):5064-5074

    • [13] FOURNEL L,WU Z,STADLER N,et al.Cisplatin in⁃ creases PD ⁃L1 expression and optimizes immune check ⁃ point blockade in non ⁃small cell lung cancer[J].Cancer Lett,2019,464:5-14

    • [14] TRAN L,ALLEN C T,XIAO R,et al.Cisplatin alters an⁃ titumor immunity and synergizes with PD⁃1/PD⁃L1 inhibi⁃ tion in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma[J].Can⁃ cer Immunol Res,2017,5(12):1141-1151

    • [15] VAN DER KRAAK L,GOEL G,RAMANAN K,et al.5⁃ Fluorouracil upregulates cell surface B7⁃H1(PD ⁃L1)ex⁃ pression in gastrointestinal cancers[J].J Immunother Cancer,2016,4:65

    • [16] PENG J,HAMANISHI J,MATSUMURA N,et al.Chemo⁃ therapy induces programmed cell death ⁃ligand 1 overex⁃ pression via the nuclear factor⁃κB to foster an immunosup⁃ pressive tumor microenvironment in ovarian cancer[J].Cancer Res,2015,75(23):5034-5045

    • [17] GRABOSCH S,BULATOVIC M,ZENG F,et al.Cisplatin ⁃ induced immune modulation in ovarian cancer mouse models with distinct inflammation profiles[J].Oncogene,2019,38(13):2380-2393

    • [18] BALOG J,HACKLER L J,KOVÁCS A K,et al.Single cell mass cytometry revealed the immunomodulatory ef⁃ fect of cisplatin via downregulation of splenic CD44 +,IL⁃ 17A+ MDSCs and promotion of circulating IFN ⁃ γ + my⁃ eloid cells in the 4T1 metastatic breast cancer model[J].Int J Mol Sci,2019,21(1):170

    • [19] SHI F,SHI M,ZENG Z,et al.PD⁃1 and PD⁃L1 upregula⁃ tion promotes CD8(+)T⁃cell apoptosis and postoperative recurrence in hepatocellular carcinoma patients[J].Int J Cancer,2011,128(4):887-896

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