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通讯作者:

臧旺福,E⁃mail:zangwf@hotmail.com

中图分类号:R654.1

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)04-545-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210412

参考文献 1
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参考文献 2
LEON M B,SMITH C R,MACK M J,et al.Transcatheter or surgical aortic ⁃valve replacement in intermediate ⁃ risk patients[J].N Engl J Med,2016,374(17):1609-1620
参考文献 3
HOBSON C,OZRAZGAT ⁃ BASLANTI T,KUXHAUSEN A,et al.Cost and mortality associated with postoperative acute kidney injury[J].Ann Surg,2015,261(6):1207-1214
参考文献 4
HIRANO D,ITO A,YAMADA A,et al.Independent risk factors and 2⁃ year outcomes of acute kidney injury after surgery for congenital heart disease[J].Am J Nephrol,2017,46(3):204-209
参考文献 5
LIU W,XI Z,GU C,et al.Impact of major bleeding on the risk of acute kidney injury in patients undergoing off ⁃ pump coronary artery bypass grafting[J].J Thorac Dis,2018,10(6):3381-3389
参考文献 6
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参考文献 7
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参考文献 10
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参考文献 11
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参考文献 12
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参考文献 13
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参考文献 14
OSTERMANN M,CENNAMO A,MEERSCH M,et al.A narrative review of the impact of surgery and anaesthesia on acute kidney injury[J].Anaesthesia,2020,75(Suppl 1):e121-e133
参考文献 15
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参考文献 16
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参考文献 17
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参考文献 18
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参考文献 19
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参考文献 20
CRUZ D N,DE GEUS H R,BAGSHAW S M.Biomarker strategies to predict need for renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury[J].Semin Dial,2011,24(2):124-131
参考文献 21
MOLITORIS B A,MELNIKOV V Y,OKUSA M D,et al.Technology insight:biomarker development in acute kid⁃ ney injury ⁃ ⁃ what can we anticipate?[J].Nat Clin Pract Nephrol,2008,4(3):154-165
参考文献 22
ENDRE Z H,PICKERING J W,WALKER R J,et al.Im⁃ proved performance of urinary biomarkers of acute kidney injury in the critically ill by stratification for injury dura⁃ tion and baseline renal function[J].Kidney Int,2011,79(10):1119-1130
参考文献 23
KASHANI K,AL⁃KHAFAJI A,ARDILES T,et al.Discov⁃ ery and validation of cell cycle arrest biomarkers in hu⁃ man acute kidney injury[J].Crit Care,2013,17(1):R25
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨尿转录活化因子3(activating transcription factor 3,ATF3)和肾损伤因子1(kidney injury molecule 1,Kim⁃ 1)对体外循环(cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB)心脏手术后急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)早期诊断的价值。方法:选取 2018年1月—2019年12月于上海市第十人民医院心脏外科行体外循环心脏手术的患者83例,根据改善全球肾脏疾病预后组织诊断标准分为AKI组和非AKI组。收集患者术前及术后2 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h尿液样本,采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测各时间点尿ATF3和Kim⁃1的水平,并计算尿[ATF3]·[Kim⁃1]的值。通过绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线计算曲线下面积(AUC), 评估尿ATF3、Kim⁃1以及[ATF3]·[Kim⁃1]早期诊断AKI的临床价值。结果:共42例患者发生AKI。与非AKI组相比,AKI组患者术后6 h、12 h尿ATF3明显升高,且术后12 h尿ATF3水平诊断AKI的AUC为0.691(95%CI:0.576~0.807,截断值为1216 pg/mL 时,灵敏度为0.43,特异度为0.85。尿[ATF3]·[Kim⁃1]联合检测的AUC在术后6 h为0.712,达到最高值,灵敏度和特异度分别为0.57和0.78。结论:尿ATF3在体外循环心脏术后患者的尿液中早期表达,可以作为成人体外循环术后AKI的诊断标志物。 联合使用的预测价值高于单个检测,是增加诊断准确度的可行办法。

    Abstract

    Objective:To investigate the value of urinary activating transcription factor 3(ATF3)and kidney injury molecule 1(Kim⁃ 1)in the early diagnosis of acute kidney injury(AKI)after cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB)heart surgery. Methods:A total of 83 patients who underwent elective CPB surgery in the Department of Cardiac Surgery of Shanghai 10th People’s Hospital from January 2018 to December 2019 were selected and divided into AKI group and non⁃AKI group according to KIDGO diagnostic criteria. Urine samples were collected preoperatively and 2 h,6 h,12 h,24 h,and 48 h after surgery,the levels of ATF3 and Kim ⁃1 in urine were determined by enzyme⁃linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),and[ATF3]·[Kim⁃1]was calculated. The area under the curve(AUC) was obtained by drawing the receiver operating curve(ROC)to evaluate the clinical value of urinary ATF3,Kim⁃1,and[ATF3]·[Kim⁃ 1]for early diagnosis of AKI. Results:A total of 42 patients developed AKI. Compared with the non ⁃AKI group,urinary ATF3 was significantly increased at 6 h and 12 h postoperatively,and the AUC for the diagnosis of AKI at 12 h postoperatively was 0.691(95%CI: 0.576~0.807,the sensitivity and specificity were 0.43 and 0.85 when the cutoff value was 1216 pg/mL). The AUC of[ATF3]·[Kim⁃1] combined detection was 0.712 at 6 h after surgery,reaching the highest value,and the sensitivity and specificity were 0.57 and 0.78, respectively. Conclusion:Urinary ATF3 is expressed early in the urine of patients after CPB,and can be used as a diagnostic marker for AKI after CPB in adults. The predictive value of combined use is higher than that of single test,and it is a feasible way to increase the diagnostic accuracy.

  • 急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)指骤然出现的肾功能下降,是体外循环(cardiopulmonary by⁃ pass,CPB)心脏手术后非心脏器官最常见的并发症,发生率在30%~59%不等[1-7]。心脏术后AKI不仅影响患者预后,而且增加患者住院及出院后病死率[3-4],其中重症患者病死率高达50.0%[4]。尽管改善全球肾脏疾病预后组织(the kidney disease im⁃ proving global outcomes work group,KDIGO)提出了早期发现AKI的明确标准,但由于缺乏准确的生物学标志物,AKI仍未得到充分诊断[8]。为了更好地估计损伤程度以及做到AKI的早期诊断、鉴别诊断和预后推测,需尽快找到识别早期AKI的标志物[9]

  • 有研究表明[10],在大鼠缺血⁃再灌注损伤的AKI模型中,2~24h内均可以在尿中检测出转录活化因子3(activating transcription factor 3,ATF3)。Panich等[11] 发现在脓毒症导致的AKI患者中,尿ATF3亦存在相似的表现。由于它的早期表达,以及在健康人群的全尿中均未检测到ATF3,故有希望作为AKI的早期诊断生物学标志物[10-11]。而Kim⁃1被认为是一个潜在的AKI标志物,但由于报道偏少,诊断阈值难以确定而未在临床广泛使用。另外,既往研究表明,生物学标志物的联合检测能够增加AKI的诊断准确性。因此,本研究通过检测体外循环心脏手术后患者尿ATF3、Kim⁃1计算尿[ATF3]·[Kim⁃1],探讨其变化趋势与AKI发生的相关性,分析其早期诊断价值。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 纳入2018年1月—2019年12月于同济大学附属上海市第十人民医院心脏外科进行体外循环心脏手术患者,年龄18~85岁;神智清,具有自主行为能力;自愿参加研究,签署知情同意书。排除标准:预计住院不满3d;术前有慢性肾脏疾病史者;术前生命体征出现危象患者;术前3d内尿路感染者;术后患者危重状态。本研究由上海市第十人民医院伦理委员会批准(SHSY⁃ IEC ⁃KY ⁃ 4.0/16 ⁃ 31/01)。 AKI诊断标准参照2012年KDIGO指南,具体如下:肾功能在术后48h内迅速减退,血清肌酐升高绝对值≥26.5 μmol/L(0.3mg/dL),或升高≥基线值1.5倍,或者尿量<0.5mL/(kg·h)达到6h。患者的基础肌酐定义为患者入院时的血清肌酐值。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 收集患者性别、年龄、身高、体重、基础疾病、手术方式、是否发生AKI等资料。收集患者手术前、术后2h、6h、12h、24h、48h尿液样本3mL,所有样本收集后经过离心、取上清液,至于EP管,-80℃冰箱保存。采用人Kim⁃1ELISA试剂盒(sea785,武汉云克隆)、ATF3ELISA试剂盒(96Tests,武汉云克隆) 进行尿ATF3和Kim⁃1的检测,得出的数值单位为pg/mL。为了与国外检测结果比较,两者乘积单位为(pg/mL)2/1 000。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计分析。正态分布的计量资料用均数±标准差(x- ± s)表示,组间比较采用 t 检验;非正态分布计量资料用中位数(四分位数) [MP25P75)]表示,组间比较用Wilcoxon检验;计数资料采用卡方检验或Fisher确切概率法。运用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic, ROC)曲线及曲线下面积(area under the curve, AUC)评价ATF3、Kim⁃1、[ATF3]·[Kim⁃1]诊断AKI的准确度。P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 一般资料

  • 研究共纳入83例手术患者,年龄(60.47 ± 10.47)岁,男48例,占总人群57.83%。术前合并高血压40例(48.78%);合并糖尿病15例(18.07%)。研究对象中34例行冠脉搭桥术,3例行冠脉搭桥+瓣膜手术,39例行瓣膜手术(单瓣及双瓣置换术),2例大血管手术,5例行其他手术(房颤消融术+心房肿瘤术+房间隔缺损修补术等)。所有患者均手术成功,AKI组患者年龄明显高于非AKI组(P< 0.05),手术方式、患者身高体重等对AKI的发生率影响不大。两组患者在ICU时间、呼吸机时间以及术后并发症方面差异不明显(表1)。

  • 2.2 不同时间点两组患者生物标志物水平的变化

  • 心脏术后AKI组患者尿ATF3在术后2h开始升高,至术后12h达到高峰并逐步下降,其中术后6h、 12h尿ATF3水平明显高于非AKI组(P< 0.05,表2)。患者尿Kim⁃1在AKI组术前即表达明显高于非AKI组,差异具有统计学意义(P< 0.05),同样的差异也存在于术后2h、12h、24h、48h(P< 0.05)。心脏术后AKI组尿[ATF3]·[Kim⁃1],在术后各个时间的乘积均明显高于非AKI组,差异存在统计学意义 (P< 0.05,表2)。

  • 2.3 不同时间点尿ATF3、尿Kim ⁃ 1、尿[ATF3]· [Kim⁃1]对于术后早期AKI的预测价值

  • 以2012当年KDIGO指南为诊断AKI的“金标准”,本研究诊断术后AKI的平均时间是术后24h。利用术后12h尿ATF3预测心脏术后AKI发生的AUC高于术后其他时间点,也高于尿Kim⁃1的各个时间点。其AUC为0.691(95%CI:0.576~0.807),截断值为1 216pg/mL时,灵敏度为0.43,特异度为0.85,P=0.001。而利用术后12h尿[ATF3]·[Kim⁃1]预测AKI发生的AUC为0.712(95%CI:0.601~0.824),高于其他各时间点,当截断值为602.91(pg/mL)2/1 000时,灵敏度为0.57,特异度为0.78(P< 0.001,图1,表3)。

  • 表1 研究对象基本信息

  • Table1 Basic information of the research object

  • 3 讨论

  • AKI是临床常见的并发症,特别是在CPB术后,发生率高达60%,而重症患者的病死率可达到或超过50%[1-7]。虽然随着科学技术的发展,体外循环技术逐步改进,但是仍没有明显降低该并发症的发生,早期诊断AKI才是最有效的治疗方法。尽管KDIGO临床实践指南明确了早期发现AKI的共识标准,但AKI仍未得到充分诊断[8]。主要原因是由于现有的诊断标准是建立在血清肌酐变化的基础上,而血清肌酐的变化只有在肾功能损害超过50%时才会出现,并且肌酐还受多种体外因素的影响[12]。为了更好地估计损伤程度以及AKI的早期诊断,需要开发新型的生物学标志物便于临床使用。在此基础上,本研究观察尿ATF3、Kim⁃1在围术期AKI患者中的动态表达,通过计算得出尿[ATF3]·[Kim⁃1]在术后的变化趋势。

  • 表2 心脏术后各时间点尿ATF3、Kim⁃1、[ATF3]·[Kim⁃1]的变化

  • Table2 The changes of urinary ATF3,Kim⁃1,and[ATF3]·[Kim⁃1]at each time point after cardiac operation

  • 图1 尿ATF3、尿Kim⁃1、尿[ATF3]·[Kim⁃1]各时间点的ROC曲线

  • Fig.1 ROC curve of urine ATF3,Kim⁃1,[ATF3]·[Kim⁃1]at each time point

  • 既往研究显示Kim⁃1是最受心外专家肯定的标志物之一[13]。它是一类跨膜糖蛋白,在正常肾脏组织中不表达,在肾损伤后表达升高,干扰因素较少,被认为是肾脏损伤的一种杰出的生物标志物[14]。一项对接受心脏手术的儿童AKI患者的研究显示,Kim⁃1水平高于对照组及CPB后12h、24h、36h,使用Kim ⁃1诊断AKI的AUC分别为0.83、0.78和0.84[15]。然而由于诊断阈值的限制尚未在临床广泛应用。本研究发现心脏术后AKI组患者尿Kim⁃1的水平在术前和术后2h、12h、24h、48h明显高于非AKI组(P< 0.05)。但将尿Kim⁃1作为急性肾损伤的诊断标志物,其24h尿Kim ⁃ 1的水平能获得最佳的AUC [0.678,95%CI(0.558~0.798)],其灵敏度为0.381,特异度为0.902,但是在诊断的时间优势不如尿ATF3。其诊断AKI的准确度要低于烧伤患者 (AUC=0.846,95%CI:0.712~0.980)[16] 以及Han等[15] 的研究。

  • 表3 尿ATF3、Kim⁃1、[ATF3]·[Kim⁃1]各时间点的ROC分析

  • Table3 ROC analysis of urinary ATF3,Kim⁃1,[ATF3]·[Kim⁃1]at each time point

  • *:[ATF3]·[Kim⁃1]截断值单位为[(pg/mL)2/1 000]。

  • ATF3是碱性亮氨酸拉链(bZIP)家族ATF/CREB亚家族成员之一,研究人员发现其在AKI模型大鼠的尿中早期表达[10]。Panich等[11] 发现在脓毒症导致的AKI患者中,尿ATF3亦存在相似的表现。由于它的早期表达,以及在健康人群的全尿中均未检测到ATF3,故可以作为AKI的早期诊断生物学标志物。既往研究已经发现ATF3作为AKI早期诊断标志物的可能性。而本研究发现体外循环心脏手术患者术后2h尿ATF3水平出现升高,这与之前的研究相符[10-11]。ATF3可介导下游单核细胞趋化因子⁃1(MCP⁃1)表达,从而起到肾脏保护作用[17-19]。本研究发现,利用血肌酐进行AKI诊断的时间点在术后24h,而利用尿ATF3水平进行诊断可以将时间提前至术后12h(AUC=0.691,95%CI:0.576~0.807,灵敏度0.43,特异度为0.85),优于血肌酐和尿Kim⁃1。

  • 然而,常规使用的生物标志物的主要缺点是诊断AKI的灵敏度和特异度较低[20],本研究结果也存在该种限制,而有研究提出生物标志物两两相乘的联合使用能改善这种限制[21-23]。因此,我们经过计算得出尿[ATF3]·[Kim⁃1]在围术期的变化趋势,通过统计学分析,发现在术后12h尿[ATF3]·[Kim⁃1] 诊断AKI的AUC为0.712(95%CI:0.601~0.824),当其值高于602.912(pg/mL)2/1 000时,其诊断AKI的灵敏度为0.57,特异度为0.78,P< 0.001。可见联合使用尿[ATF3]·[Kim⁃1],诊断AKI的准确度有所提升(AUC:0.712 vs.0.691),同时可以在保证特异度的同时提升灵敏度,增加AKI早期诊断的灵敏度(0.57 vs.0.43),增加诊断的效能(P=0.001 vs.P< 0.001)。

  • 由于本研究仅纳入了83例患者作为观察对象,样本量不足可能造成检验误差的产生;尚需要进一步增加样本量来证实ATF3的临床应用价值。

  • ATF3可以作为成人心脏手术后AKI的早期诊断的候选标志物。联合应用尿[ATF3]·[Kim⁃1]能在保证特异度的同时增加成人体外循环术后AKI早期诊断的灵敏度和特异度。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] REARDON M J,VAN MIEGHEM N M,POPMA J J,et al.Surgical or transcatheter aortic⁃valve replacement in inter⁃mediate⁃risk patients[J].N Engl J Med,2017,376(14):1321-1331

    • [2] LEON M B,SMITH C R,MACK M J,et al.Transcatheter or surgical aortic ⁃valve replacement in intermediate ⁃ risk patients[J].N Engl J Med,2016,374(17):1609-1620

    • [3] HOBSON C,OZRAZGAT ⁃ BASLANTI T,KUXHAUSEN A,et al.Cost and mortality associated with postoperative acute kidney injury[J].Ann Surg,2015,261(6):1207-1214

    • [4] HIRANO D,ITO A,YAMADA A,et al.Independent risk factors and 2⁃ year outcomes of acute kidney injury after surgery for congenital heart disease[J].Am J Nephrol,2017,46(3):204-209

    • [5] LIU W,XI Z,GU C,et al.Impact of major bleeding on the risk of acute kidney injury in patients undergoing off ⁃ pump coronary artery bypass grafting[J].J Thorac Dis,2018,10(6):3381-3389

    • [6] 孙晴,万辛,谢祥成,等.体外循环及非体外循环对冠状动脉移植术后急性肾损伤的影响[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2017,37(6):733-736

    • [7] KWIATKOWSKI D M,PRICE E,AXELROD D M,et al.Incidence,risk factors,and outcomes of acute kidney inju⁃ ry in adults undergoing surgery for congenital heart dis⁃ ease[J].Cardiol Young,2017,27(6):1068-1075

    • [8] MEERSCH M,VOLMERING S,ZARBOCK A.Prevention of acute kidney injury[J].Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthe⁃ siol,2017,31(3):361-370

    • [9] JAMES M,BOUCHARD J,HO J,et al.Canadian society of nephrology commentary on the 2012 KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury[J].Am J Kid⁃ ney Dis,2013,61(5):673-685

    • [10] ZHOU H,CHERUVANKY A,HU X,et al.Urinary exo⁃ somal transcription factors,a new class of biomarkers for renal disease[J].Kidney Int,2008,74(5):613-621

    • [11] PANICH T,CHANCHAROENTHANA W,SOMPARN P,et al.Urinary exosomal activating transcriptional factor 3 as the early diagnostic biomarker for sepsis⁃induced acute kidney injury[J].BMC Nephrol,2017,18(1):10

    • [12] MORAN S M,MYERS B D.Course of acute renal failure studied by a model of creatinine kinetics[J].Kidney Int,1985,27(6):928-937

    • [13] CHEW S,HWANG N C.Acute kidney injury after cardi⁃ ac surgery:a narrative review of the literature[J].J Car⁃ diothorac Vasc Anesth,2019,33(4):1122-1138

    • [14] OSTERMANN M,CENNAMO A,MEERSCH M,et al.A narrative review of the impact of surgery and anaesthesia on acute kidney injury[J].Anaesthesia,2020,75(Suppl 1):e121-e133

    • [15] HAN W K,WAIKAR S S,JOHNSON A,et al.Urinary bio⁃ markers in the early diagnosis of acute kidney injury[J].Kidney Int,2008,73(7):863-869

    • [16] REN H Q,ZHOU X,DAI D S,et al.Assessment of uri⁃ nary kidney injury molecule ⁃1 and interleukin ⁃18 in the early post ⁃ burn period to predict acute kidney injury for various degrees of burn injury[J].BMC Nephrol,2015,16(1):142

    • [17] CHEN H H,LAI P F,LAN Y F,et al.Exosomal ATF3 RNA attenuates pro⁃inflammatory gene MCP⁃1 transcrip⁃ tion in renal ischemia ⁃ reperfusion[J].J Cell Physiol,2014,229(9):1202-1211

    • [18] THAKAR C V,ARRIGAIN S,WORLEY S,et al.A clini⁃ cal score to predict acute renal failure after cardiac sur⁃ gery[J].J Am Soc Nephrol,2005,16(1):162-168

    • [19] MEHTA R H,GRAB J D,O’BRIEN S M,et al.Bedside tool for predicting the risk of postoperative dialysis in pa⁃ tients undergoing cardiac surgery[J].Circulation,2006,114(21):2208-2216

    • [20] CRUZ D N,DE GEUS H R,BAGSHAW S M.Biomarker strategies to predict need for renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury[J].Semin Dial,2011,24(2):124-131

    • [21] MOLITORIS B A,MELNIKOV V Y,OKUSA M D,et al.Technology insight:biomarker development in acute kid⁃ ney injury ⁃ ⁃ what can we anticipate?[J].Nat Clin Pract Nephrol,2008,4(3):154-165

    • [22] ENDRE Z H,PICKERING J W,WALKER R J,et al.Im⁃ proved performance of urinary biomarkers of acute kidney injury in the critically ill by stratification for injury dura⁃ tion and baseline renal function[J].Kidney Int,2011,79(10):1119-1130

    • [23] KASHANI K,AL⁃KHAFAJI A,ARDILES T,et al.Discov⁃ ery and validation of cell cycle arrest biomarkers in hu⁃ man acute kidney injury[J].Crit Care,2013,17(1):R25

  • 参考文献

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    • [2] LEON M B,SMITH C R,MACK M J,et al.Transcatheter or surgical aortic ⁃valve replacement in intermediate ⁃ risk patients[J].N Engl J Med,2016,374(17):1609-1620

    • [3] HOBSON C,OZRAZGAT ⁃ BASLANTI T,KUXHAUSEN A,et al.Cost and mortality associated with postoperative acute kidney injury[J].Ann Surg,2015,261(6):1207-1214

    • [4] HIRANO D,ITO A,YAMADA A,et al.Independent risk factors and 2⁃ year outcomes of acute kidney injury after surgery for congenital heart disease[J].Am J Nephrol,2017,46(3):204-209

    • [5] LIU W,XI Z,GU C,et al.Impact of major bleeding on the risk of acute kidney injury in patients undergoing off ⁃ pump coronary artery bypass grafting[J].J Thorac Dis,2018,10(6):3381-3389

    • [6] 孙晴,万辛,谢祥成,等.体外循环及非体外循环对冠状动脉移植术后急性肾损伤的影响[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2017,37(6):733-736

    • [7] KWIATKOWSKI D M,PRICE E,AXELROD D M,et al.Incidence,risk factors,and outcomes of acute kidney inju⁃ ry in adults undergoing surgery for congenital heart dis⁃ ease[J].Cardiol Young,2017,27(6):1068-1075

    • [8] MEERSCH M,VOLMERING S,ZARBOCK A.Prevention of acute kidney injury[J].Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthe⁃ siol,2017,31(3):361-370

    • [9] JAMES M,BOUCHARD J,HO J,et al.Canadian society of nephrology commentary on the 2012 KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury[J].Am J Kid⁃ ney Dis,2013,61(5):673-685

    • [10] ZHOU H,CHERUVANKY A,HU X,et al.Urinary exo⁃ somal transcription factors,a new class of biomarkers for renal disease[J].Kidney Int,2008,74(5):613-621

    • [11] PANICH T,CHANCHAROENTHANA W,SOMPARN P,et al.Urinary exosomal activating transcriptional factor 3 as the early diagnostic biomarker for sepsis⁃induced acute kidney injury[J].BMC Nephrol,2017,18(1):10

    • [12] MORAN S M,MYERS B D.Course of acute renal failure studied by a model of creatinine kinetics[J].Kidney Int,1985,27(6):928-937

    • [13] CHEW S,HWANG N C.Acute kidney injury after cardi⁃ ac surgery:a narrative review of the literature[J].J Car⁃ diothorac Vasc Anesth,2019,33(4):1122-1138

    • [14] OSTERMANN M,CENNAMO A,MEERSCH M,et al.A narrative review of the impact of surgery and anaesthesia on acute kidney injury[J].Anaesthesia,2020,75(Suppl 1):e121-e133

    • [15] HAN W K,WAIKAR S S,JOHNSON A,et al.Urinary bio⁃ markers in the early diagnosis of acute kidney injury[J].Kidney Int,2008,73(7):863-869

    • [16] REN H Q,ZHOU X,DAI D S,et al.Assessment of uri⁃ nary kidney injury molecule ⁃1 and interleukin ⁃18 in the early post ⁃ burn period to predict acute kidney injury for various degrees of burn injury[J].BMC Nephrol,2015,16(1):142

    • [17] CHEN H H,LAI P F,LAN Y F,et al.Exosomal ATF3 RNA attenuates pro⁃inflammatory gene MCP⁃1 transcrip⁃ tion in renal ischemia ⁃ reperfusion[J].J Cell Physiol,2014,229(9):1202-1211

    • [18] THAKAR C V,ARRIGAIN S,WORLEY S,et al.A clini⁃ cal score to predict acute renal failure after cardiac sur⁃ gery[J].J Am Soc Nephrol,2005,16(1):162-168

    • [19] MEHTA R H,GRAB J D,O’BRIEN S M,et al.Bedside tool for predicting the risk of postoperative dialysis in pa⁃ tients undergoing cardiac surgery[J].Circulation,2006,114(21):2208-2216

    • [20] CRUZ D N,DE GEUS H R,BAGSHAW S M.Biomarker strategies to predict need for renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury[J].Semin Dial,2011,24(2):124-131

    • [21] MOLITORIS B A,MELNIKOV V Y,OKUSA M D,et al.Technology insight:biomarker development in acute kid⁃ ney injury ⁃ ⁃ what can we anticipate?[J].Nat Clin Pract Nephrol,2008,4(3):154-165

    • [22] ENDRE Z H,PICKERING J W,WALKER R J,et al.Im⁃ proved performance of urinary biomarkers of acute kidney injury in the critically ill by stratification for injury dura⁃ tion and baseline renal function[J].Kidney Int,2011,79(10):1119-1130

    • [23] KASHANI K,AL⁃KHAFAJI A,ARDILES T,et al.Discov⁃ ery and validation of cell cycle arrest biomarkers in hu⁃ man acute kidney injury[J].Crit Care,2013,17(1):R25

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