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通讯作者:

吴亮,E⁃mail:67469969@qq.com;

靳光付,guangfujin@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R714.51

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)05-763-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210523

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨影响胎儿孕中晚期宫内生长的母体和孕期相关因素。方法:收集在南京医科大学附属妇产医院产检并分娩的孕妇孕期B超监测数据及母体和孕期健康相关信息。纳入在2016年8月—2019年5月孕满20周并在孕22~24周、孕 30~32周和孕34~36周均有B超检查的单胎活产家庭,共计1457个家庭。本研究通过B超采集的胎儿双顶径(biparietal diame⁃ ter,BPD)、头围(head circumference,HC)、腹围(abdomen circumference,AC)和股骨长(femur length,FL)数据,计算获得胎儿估计体重(estimated fetal weight,EFW),并采用混合线性模型分析孕中晚期宫内生长的影响因素。结果:在多因素分析中发现,母亲年龄与孕22~24周、孕30~32周和孕34~36周的EFW 均呈正相关;与孕前体重指数(body mass index,BMI)在正常范围(18.5 kg/m2 ≤BMI< 24 kg/m2 )的母亲相比,孕前BMI偏低(BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 )的母亲孕30~32周和孕34~36周胎儿更小,孕前超重或肥胖的母亲(BMI>24 kg/m2 )胎儿更大;女胎EFW在孕22~24周、孕30~32周和孕34~36周始终显著小于男胎。此外,发现孕前痛经与孕期EFW呈显著负相关。结论:母亲年龄、孕前BMI、胎儿性别以及痛经可能影响胎儿估计体重。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to explore maternal factors and pregnancy related factors affecting intrauterine growth in mid and late pregnancy. Methods:We collected ultrasound data and maternal and health ⁃ related information during pregnancy of women who received antenatal examination and delivered in the Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. A total of 1457 singleton live birth whose mother had pregnancies of at least 20 gestational weeks between August 2016 and May 2019 and received ultrasound examinations at 22⁃24,30⁃32 and 34⁃36 gestational weeks. Estimated fetal weight(EFW)was calculated based on head circumference (HC),abdomen circumference(AC)and femur length(FL)measured by ultrasound,and and the related factors of intrauterine growth in the middle and late pregnancy were analyzed by mixed linear model. Results:In multivariate analysis,maternal age was positively correlated with EFW at 22⁃24,30⁃32 and 34⁃36 gestational weeks. Compared with mothers with normal pre⁃pregnancy BMI(18.5 kg/m2 ≤ BMI< 24 kg/m2 ),mothers with underweight(BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 )had smaller fetuses,and mothers with pregestational overweight/obesity (BMI>24 kg/m2 )have larger fetuses at 30⁃32 and 34⁃36 gestational weeks. EFW of girls was significantly smaller than that of boys at 22⁃ 24,30⁃32 and 34⁃36 weeks of gestation. Moreover,We found that pre⁃pregnancy dysmenorrhea was significantly negatively correlated with EFW during pregnancy.ConclusionMaternal age,pre ⁃ pregnancy BMI,fetal sex and dysmenorrhea may affect estimated fetal weight.

  • 胎儿期是人类生长发育的关键阶段,此时的生长情况与围产期结局、甚至成年期健康高度相关[1-2]。出生体重是评价新生儿生长状况的重要指标,但是监测出生体重往往具有滞后性,无法及时发现胎儿的异常生长并进行早期干预。产前超声监测胎儿生长指标,能够及时反映胎儿宫内生长情况,预测低出生体重(low birth weight,LBW)、小于胎龄儿 (small for gestational age,SGA)、早产等不良围产期结局风险[3-5]

  • “健康和疾病的发育起源”学说(DOHaD理论) 提示,在宫内发育阶段,任何不良的母体暴露因素都有可能造成胎儿的异常生长[1]。既往研究表明胎儿估计体重(estimated fetal weight,EFW)低于或高于2个标准差分别会增加70%和50%自闭症谱系障碍风险[6]。EFW的Z⁃评分每减小1,胎儿发育落后的风险增加10%~20%[7]。因此,分析影响胎儿宫内生长的影响因素,有助于阐明胎儿生长发育相关机制,对进行预防和干预具有重要的临床意义。既往针对母体因素影响胎儿宫内生长的研究多聚焦于母亲一般特征、孕期营养补充、孕期疾病(糖尿病、高血压)等[8-9]。月经史体现了母亲激素及代谢水平的差异,是女性的生殖健康重要标志之一,体现了对胎儿的潜在影响[10-11]。因此本研究基于单中心的孕妇产检数据,综合母亲一般特征、胎儿性别和月经史探讨胎儿宫内生长参数的影响因素。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 本研究从南京医科大学附属妇产医院纳入在2016年8月—2019年5月孕满20周并在孕22~24周、孕30~32周、孕34~36周这3个时间段内均进行B超检查的单胎活产家庭。在孕晚期产检时通过面对面问卷调查收集孕妇怀孕时的年龄、家庭收入、孕前体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、月经史(月经初潮年龄、平均月经周期、孕前1年中是否痛经)及孕期吸烟饮酒等信息。根据医院电子病历记录,排除极端异常B超监测数据、早产和出生缺陷后,最终1 457例孕妇纳入本研究。本研究经南京医科大学伦理委员会批准通过,所有的研究对象均签署知情同意书。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 孕妇一般信息与医院检查数据获取

  • 孕晚期产检时,由经过专业培训的调查员使用标准化问卷,通过面对面访谈形式收集孕妇年龄、家庭收入、孕前BMI、月经史及孕期吸烟饮酒等基线信息,从医院检查数据库系统中获取B超监测数据,从医院产科电子病例数据获取胎儿性别及围产期结局信息。

  • 1.2.2 B超监测信息

  • 孕妇从妊娠中期开始在研究医院进行产检并进行B超监测,该监测由医院的专业超声技师完成,通过超声波扫描3次取平均值获取胎儿宫内生长数据,宫内生长相关指标包括双顶径(biparietal diame⁃ ter,BPD)、头围(head circumference,HC)、腹围(ab⁃ dominal circumference,AC)和股骨长(femur length, FL)。使用Hadlock[12] 的公式计算获得EFW:EFW=1.326-0.003 26×AC×FL+0.010 7×HC+0.043 8×AC+ 0.158×FL。在数据整理过程中,排除了极端异常值数据和5个标准差以外的生长指标数据。根据胎儿超声检查的时间分布,确定收集3个时间点的数据 (孕22~24周、孕30~32周和孕34~36周)来反映孕中晚期胎儿生长情况。

  • 胎龄的计算取决于研究对象自报末次月经计算的胎龄与B超确定的胎龄相差的天数:二者相差7d之内使用自报末次月经计算的胎龄,相差7d以上使用B超确定的胎龄。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 连续性数据采用均数±标准差(x- ± s),分类变量采用数量和百分比[n(%)]进行统计描述。考虑到胎儿生长过程与胎龄密切相关,使用基于位置、尺度、形状参数的广义可加模型(generalized additive methods for location,scale and shape,GAMLSS)将所有胎儿估计体重指标进行了基于胎龄的标准化处理,得到校正胎龄后的Z⁃评分(Z⁃score),用于表示偏离参照人群平均水平的程度。该模型基于R软件中的GAMLSS软件包提供的Box⁃Cox幂指数分布模型、Box⁃Cox Cole and Green分布模型以及Box⁃Cox t分布模型对各参数进行拟合,再基于Akaike信息准则(Akaike’s information criterion,AIC)选择模型拟合优度最佳的分布模型估算每个胎儿生长指标的Z⁃评分[13]。采用混合线性模型分析社会人口学特征和月经史对3个时间段EFW的影响。在多因素模型中,将单因素模型中检验显著的变量与已知对胎儿生长有影响的变量[14] 一起放入模型。本文所有的分析均基于R软件(version3.6.1),采用双侧检验,检验水准α=0.05。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 基本情况

  • 纳入本研究的孕妇基本信息如表1所示。孕妇年龄为(29.78±3.90)岁。其中近70%为初产妇,大部分学历在高中以上。孕妇平均月经初潮年龄13.40岁,一半以上孕妇在孕前存在痛经的现象。孕妇在孕期吸烟(0.27%)或饮酒(1.44%)的比例均较低,而孕期被动吸烟现象较为普遍(61.24%)。孕22~24周、孕30~32周和孕34~36周3个时间点胎儿估计体重分别为(622.65±77.31)g、(1 850.72±191.57)g和(2 681.42±289.68)g,新生儿中男婴的比例稍高于女婴(51.00%vs.49.00%)(表2)。

  • 2.2 胎儿宫内生长的影响因素分析

  • 2.2.1 单因素线性混合模型分析

  • 研究发现在孕22~24周、孕30~32周和孕34~36周3个时间点,母亲年龄均与EFW呈正相关(表3),母亲孕前BMI与EFW呈正相关(孕22~24周差异无统计学意义),并且效应随着孕周增大而增大。在孕30~32周和孕34~36周,经产妇EFW分别比初产妇高0.22、0.24个Z⁃评分(P< 0.05)。孕前自报经期伴痛经的母亲孕中晚期EFW小于非痛经母亲,差异在孕30~32、孕34~36周存在统计学意义。而女婴的EFW在孕22~24周、孕30~32周和孕34~36周3个时间点均小于男婴,差异存在统计学意义(P< 0.001,表3)。

  • 2.2.2 多因素线性混合模型分析

  • 将单因素模型中具有统计学意义的变量一起纳入多因素线性混合模型(图1)。分析发现母亲年龄仍然在孕22~24周、孕30~32周和孕34~36周均与EFW呈正相关,母亲年龄每增加1岁,EFW Z⁃评分平均增加约0.02。孕前消瘦的母亲(BMI<18.5kg/m2)在孕30~32周[β(95%CI):-0.18(-0.32~-0.04)]和孕34~36周[β(95%CI):-0.15(-0.29~-0.01)]的EFW显著低于孕前BMI在正常范围(18.5≤BMI<24.0kg/m2) 的母亲,而孕前超重或肥胖的母亲(BMI≥24kg/m2) EFW则显著高于孕前BMI在正常范围的母亲[孕30~32周β(95%CI):0.19(0.06~0.33);孕34~36周: 0.36(0.22~0.49)]。女婴的EFW在孕22~24周、孕30~32周和孕34~36周始终小于男婴[孕22~24周 β(95%CI):-0.25(-0.35~-0.15);孕30~32周:-0.16(-0.25~-0.07);孕34~36周:-0.17(-0.27~-0.08)]。多因素分析中,孕前自报经期伴痛经的孕妇EFW小于非痛经的孕妇,差异在孕30~32周有统计学显著性[β(95%CI):-0.11(-0.21~-0.01)]。

  • 表1 研究人群基本信息

  • Table1 Baseline characteristics of the study population

  • 表2 研究人群中胎儿和新生儿基本特征

  • Table2 Basic characteristics of fetuses and newborns

  • 表3 3个时期EFW相关影响因素线性混合模型单因素分析结果

  • Table3 Univariate analysis of EFW related factors in three periods by linear mixed model

  • 3 讨论

  • 本研究综合评估母亲一般特征、月经史和孕期生活方式对于孕中晚期胎儿宫内生长参数的影响。单因素和多因素分析表明,母亲年龄、孕前BMI、痛经以及胎儿性别是胎儿宫内生长参数的独立影响因素。

  • 图1 3个时期EFW相关影响因素线性混合模型多因素分析结果

  • Fig.1 Multivariate analysis of EFW related factors in three periods by linear mixed model

  • 既往研究结果表明,胎儿期女婴EFW小于男婴[14-15],本研究结果也支持这一结论。另外,在本研究中母亲年龄在各个孕周均与胎儿生长参数呈正相关,这与法国的一项队列研究[16] 和瑞典的一项基于人口登记的研究[17] 结果相似。可能是由于年龄增高,脂质代谢水平衰退[18],孕妇总胆固醇、甘油三酯水平增加,通过胎盘转运至胎儿体内,EFW增加[19]。也可能因为随着年龄的增高,经济状况逐渐稳定,营养水平改善以及体育锻炼的减少,胎儿的生长轨迹受到调节的结果。

  • 研究发现母亲孕前BMI对胎儿孕中晚期EFW有显著影响,Zhang等[20] 的研究结果同样支持这一结论。在该研究中,从孕30周开始,肥胖母亲的EFW显著大于非肥胖母亲,且随着孕周的增加,差异显著增加。本研究中,在30~32孕周以及34~36孕周,BMI<18.5kg/m2组的EFW小于BMI正常组,而BMI≥24kg/m2组的EFW显著大于BMI正常组,这与既往其他报道一致[21-22]。母亲孕前BMI与胎儿宫内生长有关的机制并不清楚。肥胖的母亲可能存在胰岛素抵抗和胎儿葡萄糖暴露,导致胎儿过度生长。孕前肥胖不仅可能存在孕期胰岛素抵抗,还可能存在营养过剩、脂肪囤积、低水平的炎症反应等单独或联合作用影响胎儿宫内生长[20]

  • 本研究发现痛经母亲的胎儿在孕30~32周显著小于非痛经母亲的胎儿。痛经对胎儿宫内生长的影响机制尚不可知。事实上,痛经对女性的生活有很大的影响,可导致睡眠质量低下,进而影响女性生殖功能[23]。妊娠前和妊娠期间的激素和炎症影响在不良妊娠和新生儿结局中发挥重要作用。月经周期的特征,包括痛经和月经不规律,可能是激素失衡、炎症以及女性将来可能出现健康问题的重要指标[24]。子宫内膜异位症是严重经期疼痛的常见原因,既往报道与LBW、SGA的风险增加有关[25]。因为子宫内膜异位症的女性通常会延迟诊断[26],在本研究中,一些严重痛经的女性可能会有未被诊断的疾病,随着病情的发展,这可能会导致子宫发生瘢痕和粘连,增加以后怀孕出现不良分娩结局的风险,这还需要后续进一步研究讨论。

  • 本研究尚未发现孕期吸烟、饮酒、母亲受教育年限、家庭收入、月经初潮年龄对胎儿生长具有影响。并且产次在多因素校正之后对胎儿的影响并不显著。胎盘在胎儿生长过程中发挥宿主作用,可能是它分离了母体和胎儿的循环,在保护胎儿免受母体环境的不利影响方面起着重要作用[27]。但并不能完全否认它们可能会对胎儿的生长造成影响,也可能与吸烟、饮酒的严重程度有关,有待进一步研究。

  • 本研究通过前瞻性研究,综合母亲一般特征、月经史和胎儿性别,较为详细地研究了影响胎儿宫内生长参数的母亲相关因素。首次发现痛经对胎儿宫内生长参数的影响。因此女性在维护生殖健康方面应注重长期管理,尤其应重视预防月经异常对子代远期健康的影响。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] BARKER D J.The origins of the developmental origins theory[J].J Intern Med,2007,261(5):412-417

    • [2] ARIMA Y,FUKUOKA H.Developmental origins of health and disease theory in cardiology[J].J Cardiol,2020,76(1):14-17

    • [3] CIOBANU A,FORMUSO C,SYNGELAKI A,et al.Pre⁃ diction of small ⁃ for ⁃ gestational ⁃ age neonates at 35 ⁃ 37 weeks’gestation:contribution of maternal factors and growth velocity between 20 and 36 weeks[J].Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2019,53(4):488-495

    • [4] CIOBANU A,KHAN N,SYNGELAKI A,et al.Routine ul⁃ trasound at 32 vs 36 weeks’gestation:prediction of small⁃ for⁃gestational⁃age neonates[J].Ultrasound Obstet Gyne⁃ col,2019,53(6):761-768

    • [5] PARTAP U,SOVIO U,SMITH G C.Fetal growth and the risk of spontaneous preterm birth in a prospective cohort study of nulliparous women[J].Am J Epidemiol,2016,184(2):110-119

    • [6] ABEL K M,DALMAN C,SVENSSON A C,et al.Devi⁃ ance in fetal growth and risk of autism spectrum disorder [J].Am J Psychiatry,2013,170(4):391-398

    • [7] ALKANDARI F,ELLAHI A,AUCOTT L,et al.Fetal ul⁃ trasound measurements and associations with postnatal outcomes in infancy and childhood:a systematic review of an emerging literature [J].J Epidemiol Community Health,2015,69(1):41-48

    • [8] 陶龙芳,汪洁,陈福芳.单胎妊娠孕妇胎儿宫内发育迟缓的影响因素分析[J].中国妇幼保健,2020,35(15):2838-2840

    • [9] 黄欢,马辉莺,叶青燕.初产妇胎儿宫内发育迟缓相关因素分析[J].河北医药,2021,43(1):112-114

    • [10] 傅若金,顾卓伟,路瑶,等.不同月经模式多囊卵巢综合征患者性激素及代谢水平差异的研究[J].实用妇产科杂志,2020,36(1):48-52

    • [11] 周巧利,朱子阳,刘倩琦,等.31例青春发育延迟的病因分析及GnRH泵诊断价值的探讨[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(3):431-434

    • [12] HADLOCK F P,HARRIST R B,SHARMAN R S,et al.Estimation of fetal weight with the use of head,body,and femur measurements⁃a prospective study[J].Am J Obstet Gynecol,1985,151(3):333-337

    • [13] STASINOPOULOS D M,RIGBY R A.Generalized addi⁃ tive models for location scale and shape(GAMLSS)in R [J].J Stat Softw,2007,23(7):

    • [14] KISERUD T,PIAGGIO G,CARROLI G,et al.The World Health Organization fetal growth charts:a multinational longitudinal study of ultrasound biometric measurements and estimated fetal weight[J].PLoS Med,2017,14(1):e1002220

    • [15] KISERUD T,BENACHI A,HECHER K,et al.The World Health Organization fetal growth charts:concept,find⁃ ings,interpretation,and application[J].Am J Obstet Gy⁃ necol,2018,218(2s):S619-s629

    • [16] ALBOUY⁃LLATY M,THIEBAUGEORGES O,GOUA V,et al.Influence of fetal and parental factors on intrauter⁃ ine growth measurements:results of the EDEN mother ⁃ child cohort[J].Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2011,38(6):673-680

    • [17] LINDELL G,MARŠÁL K,KÄLLÉN K.Impact of mater⁃ nal characteristics on fetal growth in the third trimester:a population ⁃ based study[J].Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2012,40(6):680-687

    • [18] 邢晓然,余振球.年龄对脂质代谢的影响[J].中西医结合心脑血管病杂志,2015,13(2):245-246

    • [19] 李婷,段涛.母体脂代谢与胎儿生长发育[J].中国实用妇科与产科杂志,2018,34(9):963-966

    • [20] ZHANG C,HEDIGER M L,ALBERT P S,et al.Associa⁃ tion of maternal obesity with longitudinal ultrasonograph⁃ ic measures of fetal growth:findings from the NICHD fetal growth studies ⁃ singletons[J].JAMA Pediatr,2018,172(1):24-31

    • [21] TESHOME A A,LI Q,GAROMA W,et al.Gestational di⁃ abetes mellitus,pre⁃pregnancy body mass index and ges⁃ tational weight gain predicts fetal growth and neonatal out⁃ comes[J].Clin Nutr ESPEN,2021,42:307-312

    • [22] BONAKDAR S A,DOROSTY MOTLAGH A R,BAGH⁃ ERNIYA M,et al.Pre ⁃ pregnancy body mass index and maternal nutrition in relation to infant birth size[J].Clin Nutr Res,2019,8(2):129-137

    • [23] BAKER F C,LEE K A.Menstrual cycle effects on sleep [J].Sleep Med Clin,2018,13(3):283-294

    • [24] ROWLANDS I J,AYE S K K,SCHOENAKER D,et al.Menstrual symptoms and risk of preterm birth:A popula⁃ tion ⁃ based longitudinal study[J].Birth,2020,47(3):270-277

    • [25] YI K W,CHO G J,PARK K,et al.Endometriosis is asso⁃ ciated with adverse pregnancy outcomes:a national popu⁃ lation ⁃based study[J].Reprod Sci,2020,27(5):1175-1180

    • [26] SURREY E,SOLIMAN A M,TRENZ H,et al.Impact of endometriosis diagnostic delays on healthcare resource utilization and costs[J].Adv Ther,2020,37(3):1087-1099

    • [27] 郑婉珊,胡晓倩,王雁玲,等.胎盘屏障建立与维持的机制[J].生理学报,2020,72(1):115-124

  • 参考文献

    • [1] BARKER D J.The origins of the developmental origins theory[J].J Intern Med,2007,261(5):412-417

    • [2] ARIMA Y,FUKUOKA H.Developmental origins of health and disease theory in cardiology[J].J Cardiol,2020,76(1):14-17

    • [3] CIOBANU A,FORMUSO C,SYNGELAKI A,et al.Pre⁃ diction of small ⁃ for ⁃ gestational ⁃ age neonates at 35 ⁃ 37 weeks’gestation:contribution of maternal factors and growth velocity between 20 and 36 weeks[J].Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2019,53(4):488-495

    • [4] CIOBANU A,KHAN N,SYNGELAKI A,et al.Routine ul⁃ trasound at 32 vs 36 weeks’gestation:prediction of small⁃ for⁃gestational⁃age neonates[J].Ultrasound Obstet Gyne⁃ col,2019,53(6):761-768

    • [5] PARTAP U,SOVIO U,SMITH G C.Fetal growth and the risk of spontaneous preterm birth in a prospective cohort study of nulliparous women[J].Am J Epidemiol,2016,184(2):110-119

    • [6] ABEL K M,DALMAN C,SVENSSON A C,et al.Devi⁃ ance in fetal growth and risk of autism spectrum disorder [J].Am J Psychiatry,2013,170(4):391-398

    • [7] ALKANDARI F,ELLAHI A,AUCOTT L,et al.Fetal ul⁃ trasound measurements and associations with postnatal outcomes in infancy and childhood:a systematic review of an emerging literature [J].J Epidemiol Community Health,2015,69(1):41-48

    • [8] 陶龙芳,汪洁,陈福芳.单胎妊娠孕妇胎儿宫内发育迟缓的影响因素分析[J].中国妇幼保健,2020,35(15):2838-2840

    • [9] 黄欢,马辉莺,叶青燕.初产妇胎儿宫内发育迟缓相关因素分析[J].河北医药,2021,43(1):112-114

    • [10] 傅若金,顾卓伟,路瑶,等.不同月经模式多囊卵巢综合征患者性激素及代谢水平差异的研究[J].实用妇产科杂志,2020,36(1):48-52

    • [11] 周巧利,朱子阳,刘倩琦,等.31例青春发育延迟的病因分析及GnRH泵诊断价值的探讨[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(3):431-434

    • [12] HADLOCK F P,HARRIST R B,SHARMAN R S,et al.Estimation of fetal weight with the use of head,body,and femur measurements⁃a prospective study[J].Am J Obstet Gynecol,1985,151(3):333-337

    • [13] STASINOPOULOS D M,RIGBY R A.Generalized addi⁃ tive models for location scale and shape(GAMLSS)in R [J].J Stat Softw,2007,23(7):

    • [14] KISERUD T,PIAGGIO G,CARROLI G,et al.The World Health Organization fetal growth charts:a multinational longitudinal study of ultrasound biometric measurements and estimated fetal weight[J].PLoS Med,2017,14(1):e1002220

    • [15] KISERUD T,BENACHI A,HECHER K,et al.The World Health Organization fetal growth charts:concept,find⁃ ings,interpretation,and application[J].Am J Obstet Gy⁃ necol,2018,218(2s):S619-s629

    • [16] ALBOUY⁃LLATY M,THIEBAUGEORGES O,GOUA V,et al.Influence of fetal and parental factors on intrauter⁃ ine growth measurements:results of the EDEN mother ⁃ child cohort[J].Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2011,38(6):673-680

    • [17] LINDELL G,MARŠÁL K,KÄLLÉN K.Impact of mater⁃ nal characteristics on fetal growth in the third trimester:a population ⁃ based study[J].Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2012,40(6):680-687

    • [18] 邢晓然,余振球.年龄对脂质代谢的影响[J].中西医结合心脑血管病杂志,2015,13(2):245-246

    • [19] 李婷,段涛.母体脂代谢与胎儿生长发育[J].中国实用妇科与产科杂志,2018,34(9):963-966

    • [20] ZHANG C,HEDIGER M L,ALBERT P S,et al.Associa⁃ tion of maternal obesity with longitudinal ultrasonograph⁃ ic measures of fetal growth:findings from the NICHD fetal growth studies ⁃ singletons[J].JAMA Pediatr,2018,172(1):24-31

    • [21] TESHOME A A,LI Q,GAROMA W,et al.Gestational di⁃ abetes mellitus,pre⁃pregnancy body mass index and ges⁃ tational weight gain predicts fetal growth and neonatal out⁃ comes[J].Clin Nutr ESPEN,2021,42:307-312

    • [22] BONAKDAR S A,DOROSTY MOTLAGH A R,BAGH⁃ ERNIYA M,et al.Pre ⁃ pregnancy body mass index and maternal nutrition in relation to infant birth size[J].Clin Nutr Res,2019,8(2):129-137

    • [23] BAKER F C,LEE K A.Menstrual cycle effects on sleep [J].Sleep Med Clin,2018,13(3):283-294

    • [24] ROWLANDS I J,AYE S K K,SCHOENAKER D,et al.Menstrual symptoms and risk of preterm birth:A popula⁃ tion ⁃ based longitudinal study[J].Birth,2020,47(3):270-277

    • [25] YI K W,CHO G J,PARK K,et al.Endometriosis is asso⁃ ciated with adverse pregnancy outcomes:a national popu⁃ lation ⁃based study[J].Reprod Sci,2020,27(5):1175-1180

    • [26] SURREY E,SOLIMAN A M,TRENZ H,et al.Impact of endometriosis diagnostic delays on healthcare resource utilization and costs[J].Adv Ther,2020,37(3):1087-1099

    • [27] 郑婉珊,胡晓倩,王雁玲,等.胎盘屏障建立与维持的机制[J].生理学报,2020,72(1):115-124

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