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通讯作者:

刁飞扬,E⁃mail:phenix_y@163.com

中图分类号:R711.6

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)05-769-05

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210524

参考文献 1
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参考文献 2
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参考文献 9
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参考文献 10
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参考文献 11
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参考文献 12
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参考文献 13
LEE Y L,NG H P,LAU K S,et al.Increased fetal abor⁃ tion rate in autoimmune thyroid disease is related to circu⁃ lating TPO autoantibodies in an autoimmune thyroiditis animal model[J].Fertil Steril,2009,91(5 Suppl):2104-2109
参考文献 14
POPPE K,AUTIN C,VELTRI F,et al.Thyroid autoimmu⁃ nity and intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcome:a sys⁃ tematic review and meta ⁃ analysis[J].J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2018,103(5):1755-1766
参考文献 15
WEGHOFER A,HIMAYA E,KUSHNIR V A,et al.The impact of thyroid function and thyroid autoimmunity on embryo quality in women with low functional ovarian re⁃ serve:a case ⁃ control study[J].Reprod Biol Endocrinol,2015,13:43
参考文献 16
INAGAKI Y,TAKESHIMA K,NISHI M,et al.The influ⁃ ence of thyroid autoimmunity on pregnancy outcome in in⁃ fertile women:a prospective study[J].Endocr J,2020,67(8):859-868
参考文献 17
李霞,孙丽洲.甲状腺疾病对母婴妊娠结局的影响 [J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(10):1511-1514
参考文献 18
AKHTAR M A,AGRAWAL R,BROWN J,et al.Thyrox⁃ ine replacement for subfertile women with euthyroid auto⁃ immune thyroid disease or subclinical hypothyroidism [J].Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2019,6:D11009
参考文献 19
NEGRO R,MANGIERI T,COPPOLA L,et al.Levothyrox⁃ ine treatment in thyroid peroxidase antibody ⁃ positive women undergoing assisted reproduction technologies:a prospective study[J].Hum Reprod,2005,20(6):1529-1533
参考文献 20
THANGARATINAM S,TAN A,KNOX E,et al.Associa⁃ tion between thyroid autoantibodies and miscarriage and preterm birth:meta⁃analysis of evidence[J].BMJ,2011,342:d2616
参考文献 21
DONG A C,MORGAN J,KANE M,et al.Subclinical hy⁃ pothyroidism and thyroid autoimmunity in recurrent preg⁃ nancy loss:a systematic review and meta ⁃ analysis[J].Fertil Steril,2020,113(3):587-600
参考文献 22
RAHNAMA R,MAHMOUDI A R,KAZEMNEJAD S,et al.Thyroid peroxidase in human endometrium and placen⁃ ta:a potential target for anti⁃TPO antibodies[J].Clin Exp Med,2021,21(1):79-88
参考文献 23
SAFARIAN G K,GZGZYAN A M,DZHEMLIKHANOVA L K,et al.Does subclinical hypothyroidism and/or thyroid autoimmunity influence the IVF/ICSI outcome?Review of the literature[J].Gynecol Endocrinol,2019,35(sup1):56-59
参考文献 24
MIKO E,MEGGYES M,DOBA K,et al.Characteristics of peripheral blood NK and NKT ⁃like cells in euthyroid and subclinical hypothyroid women with thyroid autoim⁃ munity experiencing reproductive failure[J].J Reprod Immunol,2017,124:62-70
参考文献 25
DE GROOT L,ABALOVICH M,ALEXANDER E K,et al.Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum:an endocrine society clinical practice guideline[J].J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2012,97(8):2543-2565
参考文献 26
ALEXANDER E K,PEARCE E N,BRENT G A,et al.2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and the postpartum[J].Thyroid,2017,27(3):315-389
参考文献 27
妊娠和产后甲状腺疾病诊治指南(第2版)[J].中华内分泌代谢杂志,2019(8):636-665
参考文献 28
WANG H,GAO H,CHI H,et al.Effect of levothyroxine on miscarriage among women with normal thyroid func⁃ tion and thyroid autoimmunity undergoing in vitro fertil⁃ ization and embryo transfer[J].JAMA,2017,318(22):2190-2198
参考文献 29
DHILLON ⁃ SMITH R K,MIDDLETON L J,SUNNER K K,et al.Levothyroxine in women with thyroid peroxidase antibodies before conception[J].N Engl J Med,2019,380(14):1316-1325
参考文献 30
ALEXANDER E K,PEARCE E N,BRENT G A,et al.2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and the postpartum[J].Thyroid,2017,27(3):315-389
目录contents

    摘要

    甲状腺自身免疫是育龄妇女最常见的自身免疫性疾病。大量研究表明,甲状腺自身免疫与不孕有关,在接受辅助生殖技术治疗的妇女中,甲状腺自身免疫可能会对胚胎质量、妊娠率、流产率有影响,但其具体机制尚未完全明确。也有研究者认为,甲状腺自身免疫并不是引起辅助生殖不良妊娠结局的主要原因。文章综述甲状腺自身免疫对辅助生殖技术的影响, 以期今后的研究能进一步优化试验设计,获得更可信的研究结果,更好地指导临床实践。

    Abstract

    Thyroid autoimmunity is the most common autoimmune disturbance in women of reproductive age. Numerous studies have shown that thyroid autoimmunity has been associated with infertility. In women treated with assisted reproductive technology, thyroid autoimmunity may influence embryo quality,pregnancy rate,and miscarriage rate. But its pathogenic mechanism is not yet clear. Some investigators believe that thyroid autoimmunity is not the main cause of adverse pregnancy outcomes. This paper focused on the effect of thyroid autoimmunity on assisted reproductive technology. And it also suggested investigators to optimize the experimental design and obtain more authoritative results for guiding clinical practice.

  • 近年来,辅助生殖技术(assisted reproduction technologies,ART)从经典的体外受精(in vitro fertil⁃ ization,IVF)和胞浆内精子注射(intracytoplasmic sperm injection,ICSI)到使用人工智能预测模型时代的发展[1],引发了一场世界范围的生殖革命。不孕的病因被认为是多因素的,其中一些关键因素如遗传异常、排卵障碍、输卵管阻塞、子宫或盆腔环境问题等与女性有关,也有与精子质量差有关的男性因素。2018年,欧洲人类生殖和胚胎学会报告称, 20%~30%的不孕病例归因于男性原因,20%~35%归因于女性原因,25%~40%归因于双方原因。其余10%~20%的不孕不育被归类为不明原因或特发性病例,其中大多数夫妇遭受反复种植失败。尽管ART取得了显著的发展,但IVF尝试失败的比例仍然很高。有文献指出,一些自身免疫因素与种植失败结果相关[2]

  • 1 甲状腺自身免疫概念

  • 自身免疫性疾病多见于育龄女性,影响她们的生育力和妊娠结局。最常见的自身免疫性疾病是甲状腺自身免疫(thyroid autoimmunity,TAI),由Th1细胞介导,其特征是存在甲状腺自身抗体(thyroid autoantibodies,TAA),主要包括甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(thyroid peroxidase antibody,TPO⁃Ab)、甲状腺球蛋白抗体(thyroglobulin antibody,TG⁃Ab),伴或不伴(亚)临床甲状腺功能障碍[3]

  • 2 甲状腺自身免疫对女性生育的影响

  • 自身免疫性甲状腺疾病在育龄期妇女中的患病率为5%~20%,但在不孕妇女中达到25%[4]

  • 甲状腺激素及其受体广泛存在于卵巢、子宫、胎盘,因此甲状腺功能异常对生殖系统具有广泛的影响[5]。甲状腺功能障碍可以通过多种病理生理机制影响生育力。下丘脑⁃垂体⁃甲状腺(hypothalamic⁃ pituitary⁃thyroid,HPT)轴直接影响下丘脑⁃垂体⁃卵巢 (hypothalamic⁃pituitary⁃ovarian,HPO)轴的功能,反之亦然。因此,这两个轴就像一个合并的系统一样一起发挥作用。HPT轴和HPO轴之间的生理通讯主要是由卵巢中存在的多种特定的甲状腺激素受体介导的。此外,有研究表明雌激素直接影响下丘脑⁃垂体水平的HPT轴功能。甲状腺机能亢进和甲状腺机能减退的女性都遭受着月经紊乱和无排卵周期的困扰,这同样会损害生育能力[2]。甲状腺相关自身免疫是导致甲状腺功能障碍的主要原因。有甲状腺自身免疫性疾病的妇女,即Graves病和桥本甲状腺炎,不孕的患病率非常高,分别达到了47%和52%[2]。研究表明当不孕的原因是女性因素时,患者TPO⁃Ab的阳性率明显高于对照组(18%vs.8%),其中子宫内膜异位症患者的阳性率明显高于对照组。当甲状腺抗体呈阳性时,与TPO⁃Ab阴性的同一组女性相比,甲状腺功能减退和甲状腺功能亢进的发病率更高[6]。一项前瞻性队列研究对不孕妇女队列中自身免疫性甲状腺疾病进行了调查。结果表明,不孕症组自身免疫性甲状腺疾病的患病率(19%)高于正常育龄妇女组成的对照组(13%),差异具有统计学意义。此外,与没有自身免疫性甲状腺疾病的妇女相比,有自身免疫性甲状腺疾病的妇女血清促甲状腺激素(thyroid stimulating hor⁃ mone,TSH)和TG⁃Ab水平显著升高[2]。此外,反复流产妇女的甲状腺自身抗体阳性率更高,高达25%[7]

  • 也有研究者不认同以上观点,在Monteleone等[8] 的研究中,虽然TAA阴性的妇女妊娠率比TAA阳性妇女高(43%vs.29%),但是这一差异并没有统计学意义。另外一项回顾性研究也发现,与TPO⁃Ab阴性患者相比,TPO⁃Ab阳性与生育力受损(不孕时间)无关[9]

  • 综上所述,甲状腺自身免疫对女性生育的影响尚无定论,还需要进一步的科学研究去发现甲状腺自身免疫与不孕症之间的关系。

  • 3 甲状腺自身免疫与不孕女性辅助生育

  • 3.1 甲状腺自身免疫对ART妊娠结局的影响

  • 一项回顾性队列研究评估了123例不孕症患者的513个胚胎,得出的结论是:与TAA阴性组相比, TAA阳性组的优质胚胎数量显著减少;两组着床率、妊娠率和持续妊娠率无差异[10]。Zhong等[11] 的研究中,TAA阳性组和TAA阴性组获得卵母细胞数无显著性差异,但TAA阳性组的受精率、着床率和妊娠率均显著低于TAA阴性组。也有研究者探讨TAI对卵母细胞数量、胚胎数量和质量、受精和生化妊娠率并没有影响,但TAI组临床妊娠率较低[12]。 Monteleone等[8] 在有TAI的妇女的卵泡液中发现了甲状腺抗体,并表明这些妇女的卵母细胞受精和优质胚胎的比例显著低于没有TAI的妇女。他们推测,在卵泡液中检测到的甲状腺抗体可以通过抗体介导的细胞毒性作用降低卵母细胞的质量和受精潜力。

  • 也有研究认为甲状腺自身抗体并不影响胚胎质量,也不影响胚胎着床。甲状腺抗体可能对植入后胚胎有影响。在小鼠模型研究中,TPO⁃Ab影响植入后胚胎发育,导致胎儿丢失[12]

  • 综上所述,甲状腺自身免疫的存在对卵母细胞受精及胚胎质量的影响还没有得到明确的答案,但它已被证实与接受ART治疗妇女的妊娠率下降有关。因此,在胚胎移植前确定自身免疫性甲状腺疾病的存在对接受ART治疗的不孕妇女是有必要的。

  • 3.2 甲状腺自身免疫对IVF/ICSI的影响

  • Monteleone等[8] 证实了甲状腺自身抗体在患有甲状腺自身免疫疾病而甲状腺功能正常的不孕妇女卵泡液中存在,并推测甲状腺自身抗体对这些患者中发现的卵母细胞受精率降低和优质胚胎率减少有直接作用。在一个实验性的自身免疫性甲状腺炎小鼠模型中,TPO⁃Ab被证明存在于胚胎表面。由于甲状腺组织和透明带可能共享类似的抗原,Lee等[13] 推测不孕妇女卵泡液中甲状腺自身抗体的存在可能导致生长卵泡透明带的抗体介导的细胞毒性,降低其质量和发育和受精潜力。由于ICSI不需要精子细胞和透明带之间的相互作用,Monteleone等[8] 建议在甲状腺自身抗体阳性的不孕妇女中采用这种辅助生殖方法。Poppe等[14] 最近的荟萃分析显示,当不孕症妇女使用ICSI治疗时,TAI不是流产的危险因素。因此,他们建议将ICSI作为推荐给患有TAI的女性的技术。然而,Weghofer等[15] 则提出了不同观点,即使是TPO⁃Ab阳性的妇女采用ICSI周期,胚胎质量也受损。2020年一项前瞻性研究结果提示经IVF和ICSI治疗的妇女TPO⁃Ab滴度在分娩组和流产组之间也没有显著差异,但经宫腔内人工授精和IVF治疗的妇女TPO⁃Ab滴度在流产组高于分娩组[16]。需要进一步的研究来评估TPO⁃Ab滴度对不同治疗分娩结果的影响。

  • 同时,也需要更多研究来探讨甲状腺自身抗体与不良胚胎质量之间的关系,以及在甲状腺自身抗体阳性患者中评估IVF和ICSI这两种不同授精方式对受精率、胚胎质量和妊娠率的影响。

  • 3.3 甲状腺自身免疫与流产的关系

  • 甲状腺自身免疫的孕妇发生流产的风险更高[17]。 Akhtar等[18] 研究分析指出TAI与自然受孕的妇女流产率升高相关。在ART的不孕妇女中,TAI和流产之间的关系仍不清楚。Negro等[19] 发现在接受ART治疗的妇女中有无TPO⁃Ab的妊娠率没有任何差异,而TPO⁃Ab阳性患者流产率增加。Monteleone等 [8] 指出接受ART治疗的TAA阳性而甲状腺功能正常妇女的卵母细胞受精率和妊娠率较低,而早期流产率较高。所有自身免疫性甲状腺疾病患者的卵泡液中都存在显著的甲状腺自身抗体,TPO⁃Ab和Tg⁃Ab抗体的浓度与血清浓度呈正相关。Thangara⁃ tinam等[20] 在Meta分析中纳入了31项研究,以评估TAA与流产之间的关系,队列研究显示TAA阳性组流产率比对照组显著升高。有荟萃分析指出反复妊娠丢失与甲状腺自身免疫之间存在联系,但其机制尚不清楚[21]。2021年一项最新发表的研究发现, TPO在子宫内膜和胎盘的基因和蛋白水平上表达,这可能解释了甲状腺自身免疫患者流产率较高的原因[22]

  • 3.4 卵巢控制性促排卵与甲状腺自身免疫

  • 卵巢控制性促排卵(controlled ovarian stimula⁃ tion,COS)导致甲状腺功能的不足,特别是在甲状腺自身免疫的妇女中,引发一些亚临床甲状腺疾病,进一步影响生育结果[10]。甲状腺自身抗体的存在代表了一种系统性自身免疫失衡,尽管甲状腺功能正常,但这种失衡会对生育和妊娠结局产生不利影响。

  • 在ART周期中,COS通过使用促性腺激素释放激素(gonadotropin⁃releasing hormone,GnRH)类似物下调垂体⁃性腺轴,然后通过人绒毛促性腺激素(hu⁃man chorionic gonadotrophin,hCG)触发最终的卵母细胞成熟。COS过程中诱导雌二醇(estradiol,E2)急剧升高,进而引起甲状腺素结合球蛋白(thyroxine⁃ binding globulin,TBG)升高,导致甲状腺素结合位点增多,导致游离甲状腺激素减少,从而导致TSH代偿性增加[18]。此外,由于TSH和hCG具有相同的结构和受体,导致内源性hCG具有促甲状腺作用。 COS期间高hCG浓度可能与甲状腺功能刺激(低血清TSH浓度)和解剖学上甲状腺体积增加有关。研究显示在ART期间经过COS的妇女TSH浓度显著升高[18]。因此,妊娠前患有甲状腺免疫的甲状腺功能正常的妇女,由于这些激素变化,在ART周期中,无论是否导致妊娠,都可能出现明显的甲状腺功能减退[18]。COS导致体内E2浓度显著升高,进而可能对甲状腺激素和TSH产生不良影响。在自身免疫性甲状腺疾病存在的情况下,COS对甲状腺功能障碍的影响可能会变得更加严重。

  • 4 甲状腺自身免疫影响辅助生殖结局的机制

  • 甲状腺自身免疫与不良妊娠结局之间存在关联,目前机制并未完全了解[23]。研究提出可能是甲状腺抗体对滋养层细胞有直接的胚胎毒性作用,限制其侵袭和阻碍胎儿的正常发育。在小鼠模型中,有证据表明甲状腺自身抗体和滋养层细胞交叉反应,导致胎儿损耗增加,胎儿和胎盘重量降低[23]; 此外,在小鼠模型研究中,TPO⁃Ab影响植入后的胚胎发育,导致胎儿丢失。目前有以下三种观点被提出:第一种观点认为,TAI通过直接和间接的方式作为胎儿⁃母体界面免疫系统活动失调的一般免疫失衡的标志[24]。其作用机制可能在于子宫内膜容受性的改变,从而影响胚胎的植入。第二种理论认为,甲状腺功能正常但甲状腺抗体检测呈阳性的妇女可能发展为亚临床或明显的甲状腺功能减退,导致甲状腺对妊娠生理变化的适应能力降低,导致循环甲状腺激素浓度不足[7]。最后,产妇年龄是众所周知的流产的“独立”危险因素。

  • 甲状腺自身免疫对ART后妊娠结局产生负面影响的潜在病理生理机制尚未完全阐明,需要有更多的科学研究来验证两者之间的关系。

  • 5 女性不孕伴甲状腺自身免疫患者进行辅助生殖时的处理

  • 甲状腺素治疗的目标是使血清TSH浓度正常化。在碘含量充足的人群中,用左旋甲状腺素治疗以恢复TSH浓度是一种众所周知的甲状腺功能减退的干预措施。

  • 美国内分泌学会临床实践指南建议筛查所有30岁以上的妇女或所有寻求怀孕或两者兼得的不孕妇女,用以发现目标甲状腺疾病病例。血液循环中存在甲状腺抗体的妇女流产、早产、甲状腺功能减退和产后甲状腺炎的风险增加。因此,如果确诊,这些妇女应在怀孕前筛查血清TSH异常。如果检测时血清TSH超过2.5mU/L,则应开始左旋甲状腺素治疗。美国内分泌学会还建议,无论有或没有甲状腺抗体的亚临床甲状腺功能减退的妇女,如果已经服用左旋甲状腺素治疗的妇女,妊娠前TSH浓度不应超过2.5mU/L[25]

  • 2017年,美国甲状腺协会建议评估所有寻求不孕症治疗的女性的血清TSH浓度。它建议接受ART治疗的亚临床甲状腺功能减退的妇女应该用甲状腺素替代治疗,以达到TSH浓度低于2.5mU/L的治疗目标。另一项建议是监测甲状腺功能,在COS治疗前应检测TSH,在hCG给药后1~2周也应检测TSH,以便及时开始或调整左旋甲状腺素治疗[26]

  • 2019年中国关于妊娠和产后甲状腺疾病诊治指南提出由于甲状腺功能正常、甲状腺自身抗体阳性的妊娠妇女TSH升高的风险增加,因此应加强甲状腺功能的监测,每4周检测1次至妊娠中期末,如果发现TSH升高幅度超过了妊娠期特异性参考范围,应该及时给予治疗。左甲状腺素治疗可能使甲状腺功能正常的TPO⁃Ab阳性的妊娠妇女流产率下降,而且小剂量应用比较安全。因此,既往流产原因不明者,在妊娠早期可以考虑应用左甲状腺素[27]

  • 尽管如此,2017年一项随机临床试验指出在甲状腺功能正常而TPO⁃Ab阳性并接受IVF的中国妇女中,使用左旋甲状腺素治疗,与没有使用左旋甲状腺素治疗相比,并没有减少流产率或增加活产率[28]。 2019年在英国进行一项随机对照临床试验指出甲状腺功能正常的患者,无论是否使用左甲状腺素干预治疗,TPO⁃Ab阳性与阴性组间活产率、妊娠率、流产率、早产率及新生儿并发症发生率均无显著差异[29]。另外一项多中心、双盲、大型队列研究也显示左旋甲状腺素对有自然流产病史的TAI孕妇并不增加其34周后的活产比例。这3项研究都纳入量比较大,提供了有力证据,否定了左旋甲状腺素对ART或有自然流产史的单纯TAI孕妇妊娠结局的益处[29]

  • 美国生殖医学会实践委员会建议,有足够的证据表明亚临床甲状腺功能减退症(妊娠期间TSH水平>4mU/L)与流产有关,但没有足够的证据表明TSH水平在2.5~4.0mU/L之间与流产有关[30]。亚临床甲状腺功能减退(TSH>4.0mU/L)的妇女服用左旋甲状腺素可改善妊娠和流产率。没有足够的证据表明,TSH水平在2.5~4.0mU/L之间的妇女服用甲状腺素替代药品与妊娠和流产率的改善有关。 2020年一项前瞻性研究比较了甲状腺功能正常但未服用左旋甲状腺素和甲状腺功能减退但服用左旋甲状腺素的妇女的生育和妊娠结局,但两组间无显著差异。这些结果可能间接显示了左旋甲状腺素治疗TSH水平>4mU/L的不孕症妇女的好处[10]

  • 综上所述,甲状腺自身免疫与不孕有关,但还需要更多的科学实验来验证。甲状腺自身免疫对ART的受精率、胚胎质量、妊娠率、流产率会产生不良影响。COS过程会影响甲状腺激素水平,特别是在甲状腺自身免疫存在的情况下,COS对甲状腺功能障碍的影响会更严重。因此,建议所有寻求不孕症治疗的妇女筛查甲状腺抗体,如果发现确诊,应及时检测TSH水平,如果TSH超过4mU/L,则应及时使用左旋甲状腺素进行治疗。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] SIMOPOULOU M,SFAKIANOUDIS K,MAZIOTIS E,et al.Are computational applications the“crystal ball”in the IVF laboratory?The evolution from mathematics to ar⁃ tificial intelligence[J].J Assist Reprod Genet,2018,35(9):1545-1557

    • [2] SIMOPOULOU M,SFAKIANOUDIS K,MAZIOTIS E,et al.The impact of autoantibodies on IVF treatment and out⁃ come:a systematic review[J].Int J Mol Sci,2019,20(4):892

    • [3] DE LEO S,PEARCE E N.Autoimmune thyroid disease during pregnancy[J].Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol,2018,6(7):575-586

    • [4] ANDRISANI A,SABBADIN C,MARIN L,et al.The in⁃ fluence of thyroid autoimmunity on embryo quality in women undergoing assisted reproductive technology[J].Gynecol Endocrinol,2018,34(9):752-755

    • [5] SILVA J F,OCARINO N M,SERAKIDES R.Thyroid hor⁃ mones and female reproduction[J].Biol Reprod,2018,99(5):907-921

    • [6] SIMOPOULOU M,SFAKIANOUDIS K,MAZIOTIS E,et al.The impact of autoantibodies on IVF treatment and out⁃ come:a systematic review[J].Int J Mol Sci,2019,20(4):892

    • [7] UNUANE D,VELKENIERS B.Impact of thyroid disease on fertility and assisted conception[J].Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab,2020,34(4):101378

    • [8] MONTELEONE P,PARRINI D,FAVIANA P,et al.Fe⁃ male infertility related to thyroid autoimmunity:the ovari⁃ an follicle hypothesis[J].Am J Reprod Immunol,2011,66(2):108-114

    • [9] NEGRO R.Thyroid and assisted reproduction technolo⁃ gies:a brief clinical update with recommendations for practice[J].Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets,2018,18(3):194-200

    • [10] ANDRISANI A,SABBADIN C,MARIN L,et al.The in⁃ fluence of thyroid autoimmunity on embryo quality in women undergoing assisted reproductive technology[J].Gynecol Endocrinol,2018,34(9):752-755

    • [11] ZHONG Y P,YING Y,WU H T,et al.Relationship be⁃ tween antithyroid antibody and pregnancy outcome follow⁃ ing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer[J].Int J Med Sci,2012,9(2):121-125

    • [12] MEDENICA S,GARALEJIC E,ARSIC B,et al.Follicu⁃ lar fluid thyroid autoantibodies,thyrotropin,free thyrox⁃ ine levels and assisted reproductive technology outcome [J].PLoS One,2018,13(10):e206652

    • [13] LEE Y L,NG H P,LAU K S,et al.Increased fetal abor⁃ tion rate in autoimmune thyroid disease is related to circu⁃ lating TPO autoantibodies in an autoimmune thyroiditis animal model[J].Fertil Steril,2009,91(5 Suppl):2104-2109

    • [14] POPPE K,AUTIN C,VELTRI F,et al.Thyroid autoimmu⁃ nity and intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcome:a sys⁃ tematic review and meta ⁃ analysis[J].J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2018,103(5):1755-1766

    • [15] WEGHOFER A,HIMAYA E,KUSHNIR V A,et al.The impact of thyroid function and thyroid autoimmunity on embryo quality in women with low functional ovarian re⁃ serve:a case ⁃ control study[J].Reprod Biol Endocrinol,2015,13:43

    • [16] INAGAKI Y,TAKESHIMA K,NISHI M,et al.The influ⁃ ence of thyroid autoimmunity on pregnancy outcome in in⁃ fertile women:a prospective study[J].Endocr J,2020,67(8):859-868

    • [17] 李霞,孙丽洲.甲状腺疾病对母婴妊娠结局的影响 [J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(10):1511-1514

    • [18] AKHTAR M A,AGRAWAL R,BROWN J,et al.Thyrox⁃ ine replacement for subfertile women with euthyroid auto⁃ immune thyroid disease or subclinical hypothyroidism [J].Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2019,6:D11009

    • [19] NEGRO R,MANGIERI T,COPPOLA L,et al.Levothyrox⁃ ine treatment in thyroid peroxidase antibody ⁃ positive women undergoing assisted reproduction technologies:a prospective study[J].Hum Reprod,2005,20(6):1529-1533

    • [20] THANGARATINAM S,TAN A,KNOX E,et al.Associa⁃ tion between thyroid autoantibodies and miscarriage and preterm birth:meta⁃analysis of evidence[J].BMJ,2011,342:d2616

    • [21] DONG A C,MORGAN J,KANE M,et al.Subclinical hy⁃ pothyroidism and thyroid autoimmunity in recurrent preg⁃ nancy loss:a systematic review and meta ⁃ analysis[J].Fertil Steril,2020,113(3):587-600

    • [22] RAHNAMA R,MAHMOUDI A R,KAZEMNEJAD S,et al.Thyroid peroxidase in human endometrium and placen⁃ ta:a potential target for anti⁃TPO antibodies[J].Clin Exp Med,2021,21(1):79-88

    • [23] SAFARIAN G K,GZGZYAN A M,DZHEMLIKHANOVA L K,et al.Does subclinical hypothyroidism and/or thyroid autoimmunity influence the IVF/ICSI outcome?Review of the literature[J].Gynecol Endocrinol,2019,35(sup1):56-59

    • [24] MIKO E,MEGGYES M,DOBA K,et al.Characteristics of peripheral blood NK and NKT ⁃like cells in euthyroid and subclinical hypothyroid women with thyroid autoim⁃ munity experiencing reproductive failure[J].J Reprod Immunol,2017,124:62-70

    • [25] DE GROOT L,ABALOVICH M,ALEXANDER E K,et al.Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum:an endocrine society clinical practice guideline[J].J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2012,97(8):2543-2565

    • [26] ALEXANDER E K,PEARCE E N,BRENT G A,et al.2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and the postpartum[J].Thyroid,2017,27(3):315-389

    • [27] 妊娠和产后甲状腺疾病诊治指南(第2版)[J].中华内分泌代谢杂志,2019(8):636-665

    • [28] WANG H,GAO H,CHI H,et al.Effect of levothyroxine on miscarriage among women with normal thyroid func⁃ tion and thyroid autoimmunity undergoing in vitro fertil⁃ ization and embryo transfer[J].JAMA,2017,318(22):2190-2198

    • [29] DHILLON ⁃ SMITH R K,MIDDLETON L J,SUNNER K K,et al.Levothyroxine in women with thyroid peroxidase antibodies before conception[J].N Engl J Med,2019,380(14):1316-1325

    • [30] ALEXANDER E K,PEARCE E N,BRENT G A,et al.2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and the postpartum[J].Thyroid,2017,27(3):315-389

  • 参考文献

    • [1] SIMOPOULOU M,SFAKIANOUDIS K,MAZIOTIS E,et al.Are computational applications the“crystal ball”in the IVF laboratory?The evolution from mathematics to ar⁃ tificial intelligence[J].J Assist Reprod Genet,2018,35(9):1545-1557

    • [2] SIMOPOULOU M,SFAKIANOUDIS K,MAZIOTIS E,et al.The impact of autoantibodies on IVF treatment and out⁃ come:a systematic review[J].Int J Mol Sci,2019,20(4):892

    • [3] DE LEO S,PEARCE E N.Autoimmune thyroid disease during pregnancy[J].Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol,2018,6(7):575-586

    • [4] ANDRISANI A,SABBADIN C,MARIN L,et al.The in⁃ fluence of thyroid autoimmunity on embryo quality in women undergoing assisted reproductive technology[J].Gynecol Endocrinol,2018,34(9):752-755

    • [5] SILVA J F,OCARINO N M,SERAKIDES R.Thyroid hor⁃ mones and female reproduction[J].Biol Reprod,2018,99(5):907-921

    • [6] SIMOPOULOU M,SFAKIANOUDIS K,MAZIOTIS E,et al.The impact of autoantibodies on IVF treatment and out⁃ come:a systematic review[J].Int J Mol Sci,2019,20(4):892

    • [7] UNUANE D,VELKENIERS B.Impact of thyroid disease on fertility and assisted conception[J].Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab,2020,34(4):101378

    • [8] MONTELEONE P,PARRINI D,FAVIANA P,et al.Fe⁃ male infertility related to thyroid autoimmunity:the ovari⁃ an follicle hypothesis[J].Am J Reprod Immunol,2011,66(2):108-114

    • [9] NEGRO R.Thyroid and assisted reproduction technolo⁃ gies:a brief clinical update with recommendations for practice[J].Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets,2018,18(3):194-200

    • [10] ANDRISANI A,SABBADIN C,MARIN L,et al.The in⁃ fluence of thyroid autoimmunity on embryo quality in women undergoing assisted reproductive technology[J].Gynecol Endocrinol,2018,34(9):752-755

    • [11] ZHONG Y P,YING Y,WU H T,et al.Relationship be⁃ tween antithyroid antibody and pregnancy outcome follow⁃ ing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer[J].Int J Med Sci,2012,9(2):121-125

    • [12] MEDENICA S,GARALEJIC E,ARSIC B,et al.Follicu⁃ lar fluid thyroid autoantibodies,thyrotropin,free thyrox⁃ ine levels and assisted reproductive technology outcome [J].PLoS One,2018,13(10):e206652

    • [13] LEE Y L,NG H P,LAU K S,et al.Increased fetal abor⁃ tion rate in autoimmune thyroid disease is related to circu⁃ lating TPO autoantibodies in an autoimmune thyroiditis animal model[J].Fertil Steril,2009,91(5 Suppl):2104-2109

    • [14] POPPE K,AUTIN C,VELTRI F,et al.Thyroid autoimmu⁃ nity and intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcome:a sys⁃ tematic review and meta ⁃ analysis[J].J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2018,103(5):1755-1766

    • [15] WEGHOFER A,HIMAYA E,KUSHNIR V A,et al.The impact of thyroid function and thyroid autoimmunity on embryo quality in women with low functional ovarian re⁃ serve:a case ⁃ control study[J].Reprod Biol Endocrinol,2015,13:43

    • [16] INAGAKI Y,TAKESHIMA K,NISHI M,et al.The influ⁃ ence of thyroid autoimmunity on pregnancy outcome in in⁃ fertile women:a prospective study[J].Endocr J,2020,67(8):859-868

    • [17] 李霞,孙丽洲.甲状腺疾病对母婴妊娠结局的影响 [J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(10):1511-1514

    • [18] AKHTAR M A,AGRAWAL R,BROWN J,et al.Thyrox⁃ ine replacement for subfertile women with euthyroid auto⁃ immune thyroid disease or subclinical hypothyroidism [J].Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2019,6:D11009

    • [19] NEGRO R,MANGIERI T,COPPOLA L,et al.Levothyrox⁃ ine treatment in thyroid peroxidase antibody ⁃ positive women undergoing assisted reproduction technologies:a prospective study[J].Hum Reprod,2005,20(6):1529-1533

    • [20] THANGARATINAM S,TAN A,KNOX E,et al.Associa⁃ tion between thyroid autoantibodies and miscarriage and preterm birth:meta⁃analysis of evidence[J].BMJ,2011,342:d2616

    • [21] DONG A C,MORGAN J,KANE M,et al.Subclinical hy⁃ pothyroidism and thyroid autoimmunity in recurrent preg⁃ nancy loss:a systematic review and meta ⁃ analysis[J].Fertil Steril,2020,113(3):587-600

    • [22] RAHNAMA R,MAHMOUDI A R,KAZEMNEJAD S,et al.Thyroid peroxidase in human endometrium and placen⁃ ta:a potential target for anti⁃TPO antibodies[J].Clin Exp Med,2021,21(1):79-88

    • [23] SAFARIAN G K,GZGZYAN A M,DZHEMLIKHANOVA L K,et al.Does subclinical hypothyroidism and/or thyroid autoimmunity influence the IVF/ICSI outcome?Review of the literature[J].Gynecol Endocrinol,2019,35(sup1):56-59

    • [24] MIKO E,MEGGYES M,DOBA K,et al.Characteristics of peripheral blood NK and NKT ⁃like cells in euthyroid and subclinical hypothyroid women with thyroid autoim⁃ munity experiencing reproductive failure[J].J Reprod Immunol,2017,124:62-70

    • [25] DE GROOT L,ABALOVICH M,ALEXANDER E K,et al.Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum:an endocrine society clinical practice guideline[J].J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2012,97(8):2543-2565

    • [26] ALEXANDER E K,PEARCE E N,BRENT G A,et al.2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and the postpartum[J].Thyroid,2017,27(3):315-389

    • [27] 妊娠和产后甲状腺疾病诊治指南(第2版)[J].中华内分泌代谢杂志,2019(8):636-665

    • [28] WANG H,GAO H,CHI H,et al.Effect of levothyroxine on miscarriage among women with normal thyroid func⁃ tion and thyroid autoimmunity undergoing in vitro fertil⁃ ization and embryo transfer[J].JAMA,2017,318(22):2190-2198

    • [29] DHILLON ⁃ SMITH R K,MIDDLETON L J,SUNNER K K,et al.Levothyroxine in women with thyroid peroxidase antibodies before conception[J].N Engl J Med,2019,380(14):1316-1325

    • [30] ALEXANDER E K,PEARCE E N,BRENT G A,et al.2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and the postpartum[J].Thyroid,2017,27(3):315-389

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