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通讯作者:

张光东,E⁃mail:gd⁃zhang@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R781.31

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)06-832-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210607

参考文献 1
ZHAO X,YU Z,LV Z,et al.Activation of alpha⁃7 nicotin⁃ ic acetylcholine receptors(α7nAchR)promotes the protec⁃ tive autophagy in LPS⁃Induced acute lung injury(ALI)in vitro and in vivo[J].Inflammation,2019,42(6):2236-2245
参考文献 2
ANELISE ⁃CRISTINA ⁃PARRAS S,CAMILLA ⁃MENDES S,CAMILA ⁃LIBARDI A,et al.Short ⁃term high ⁃fat diet consumption reduces hypothalamic expression of the nico⁃ tinic acetylcholine receptor α7 subunit(α7nAChR)and affects the anti ⁃inflammatory response in a mouse model of sepsis[J].Front Immunol,2019,38(10):23-36
参考文献 3
PATEL H,MCINTIRE J,RYAN S,et al.Anti⁃inflammato⁃ ry effects of astroglial α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are mediated by inhibition of the NF⁃κB pathway and acti⁃ vation of the Nrf2 pathway[J].J Neuroinflammation,2017,14(1):192
参考文献 4
TENG P,LIU Y,DAI Y,et al.Nicotine attenuates osteoar⁃ thritis pain and matrix metalloproteinase⁃9 expression via the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor[J].J Immunol,2019,203(2):485-492
参考文献 5
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参考文献 7
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参考文献 8
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参考文献 9
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参考文献 10
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参考文献 11
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参考文献 12
HOSKIN J L,AL ⁃HASAN Y,SABBAGH M N.Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists for the treatment of al⁃ zheimer’s dementia:an update[J].Nicotine Tob Res,2019,21(3):370-376
参考文献 13
ZOLI M,PUCCI S,VILELLA A,et al.Neuronal and extra⁃ neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors[J].Curr Neu⁃ ropharmacol,2018,16(4):338-349
参考文献 14
ZHENG J,WU Z,NIU K,et al.Microbiome of deep den⁃ tinal caries from reversible pulpitis to irreversible pulpitis [J].J Endod,2019,45(3):302-309.e1
参考文献 15
汤颖,顾永春,朱琦.C57BL/6 小鼠牙齿解剖形态的显微CT观测[J].实用口腔医学杂志,2018,34(1):47-52
参考文献 16
SHANG L,XU T L,LI F,et al.Temporal dynamics of anx⁃ iety phenotypes in a dental pulp injury model[J].Mol Pain,2015,11(1):40
参考文献 17
LEE C,RAMSEY A,BRITO⁃GARIEPY B H,et al.Molec⁃ ular,cellular and behavioral changes associated with path⁃ ological pain signaling occur after dental pulp injury[J].Mol Pain,2017,13(4):1744806917715173
参考文献 18
KIM S,LEE S,JUNG H S,et al.Development of a mouse model for pulp ⁃ dentin complex regeneration research:a preliminary study[J].Restor Dent Endod,2019,44(2):e20
参考文献 19
HE Y,GAN Y,LU J,et al.Pulpal tissue inflammatory re⁃ actions after experimental pulpal exposure in mice[J].J Endod,2017,43(1):90-95
参考文献 20
JANG J H,SHIN H W,LEE J M,et al.An overview of pathogen recognition receptors for innate immunity in den⁃ tal pulp[J].Mediators Inflamm,2015(6):794143
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:构建α7烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(α7 nicotine acetylcholine receptor,α7 nAChR)基因敲除小鼠牙髓炎模型,为研究 α7 nAChR在牙髓炎发生发展过程中的作用机制提供实验模型。方法:取16只α7 nAChR基因敲除(knock out,KO)小鼠和16只野生型(wide type,WT)C57BL/6鼠的上颌第一磨牙的牙髓暴露法建立牙髓炎模型,分别在牙髓暴露后1、3、7 d处死小鼠,HE染色、免疫组化检测牙髓组织NOD样受体蛋白3(NOD⁃like receptor protein 3,NLRP3)表达情况。结果:HE染色结果显示牙髓暴露后1 d,α7 nAChR KO鼠及WT鼠的穿髓孔周围血管充血、组织水肿;牙髓暴露后3 d,炎症细胞聚集,α7 nAChR KO鼠炎症细胞聚集已达冠髓底部,WT鼠的炎症细胞主要聚集在穿髓孔周围的牙髓组织中;牙髓暴露后7 d,α7 nAChR KO鼠的牙髓炎症细胞浸润至根部牙髓,而 WT鼠的牙髓炎症细胞仍然主要聚集于冠髓底部。免疫组化染色结果显示,牙髓暴露后,α7 nAChR KO 鼠牙髓NLRP3表达高于WT鼠,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。结论:成功建立了α7 nAChR基因敲除鼠的牙髓炎模型,而且α7 nAChR基因敲除鼠牙髓炎症浸润明显快于WT小鼠。

    Abstract

    Objective:The dental pulpitis model of α7 nAChR gene knockout mice was established to provide an experimental model for studying the mechanism of α7 nAChR in the occurrence and development of dental pulpitis. Methods:Sixteen α7 nAChR knockout mice(knock out,KO)and 16 wild type(wild type,WT)in C57BL/6 were selected,and a hole was drilled on the maxillary first molars to expose dental pulp to constructed dental pulpitis model. The mice were sacrificed on 1 day,3 days,7 days after operation respectively. HE staining and immunohistochemistry were carried out for detecting NOD⁃like receptor protein 3(NLRP3). Results: HE staining showed blood congestion and tissue edema around the medullary foramen in α7 nAChR KO mice and WT mice at 1 day after medullary cavity exposure. On 3 days after the exposure of the dental pulp cavity,the inflammatory cells were aggregated,reached to the bottom of the crown pulp in α7 nAChR KO mice,while were mainly around the perforationin the pulp tissue in WT mice. On 7 days,pulpitis cells of α7 nAChR KO mice were infiltrated into root pulp,while inflammatory pulp cells of WT mice were still concentrated mainly in the crown pulp. The expression of NLRP3 in pulpitis of α7nAChR KO mice was significantly higher than that of WT mice by immunohistochemical staining(P < 0.05). Conclusion:The pulpitis model of α7 nAChR gene knockout mice was successfully constructed,and the pulpitis infiltration of α7 nAChR gene knockout mice was significantly faster than that of WT mice.

  • α7烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(α7nicotine acetylcho⁃ line receptor,α7nAChR)作为一种常见的神经递质,大量存在于神经细胞中,同时α7nAChR参与的“胆碱能抗炎途径”能够在类风湿关节炎、肺炎、毒血症等炎症性疾病中发挥重要抗炎作用[1-4]。α7nAChR受体是乙酰胆碱受体的一个亚型,它是由5个相同的α亚基组成并具有独特的活化特性和高钙渗透性,参与了一系列神经、精神和炎症性疾病发生发展过程[5-6]。研究证实,其抗炎作用的关键靶标是炎症部位免疫细胞上的α7nAChR受体[7]。研究发现大鼠的α7nAChR基因敲除后,上颌骨软骨及骨髓成骨被抑制[8]。在人类牙周炎与α7nAChR的研究中发现α7nAChR可以降低牙周炎症及减少牙槽骨吸收[9]。研究发现在小鼠胚胎期的外胚层和成年期牙髓中均有α7nAChR的表达[10]。此外,α7nAChR基因敲除鼠在高浓度尼古丁的刺激下,牙槽骨吸收加重,细菌含量增加[11]。牙髓炎是一种炎症性疾病,α 7nAChR是否也在牙髓炎发生发展的过程中起到抗炎作用,目前尚未见文献报道。因此,本研究拟构建 α7nAChR KO小鼠上颌第一磨牙牙髓炎模型,为研究 α7nAChR在牙髓炎发生发展过程中发挥的作用机制提供实验模型。

  • 1 材料和方法

  • 1.1 材料

  • 40g/L水合氯醛(分析纯AR,国药集团有限公司);牙科高速涡轮机(上海通达医疗器械);牙科手机(上海通达医疗器械);#20牙科扩孔钻(登士柏,瑞士);苏木素染色液(北京索莱宝科技有限公司); 伊红染色液(北京索莱宝科技有限公司);正置显微镜成像系统(DM4000,徕卡公司,德国);NLRP3一抗(Adipogen公司,美国);鼠二抗(Thermo Fisher公司,美国)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 实验动物

  • 选取8~10周的α7nAChR KO雄性小鼠及WT雄性小鼠各16只(来自于南京医科大学动物实验中心范益课题组),12只分为1d组、3d组、7d组进行牙髓炎模型构建实验,4只未处理组作为对照组。本研究经南京医科大学实验动物福利伦理委员会批准。

  • 1.2.2 小鼠牙髓炎模型的构建与取材

  • 对12只8~10周的α7nAChR KO小鼠及WT小鼠腹腔注射40g/L水合氯醛,进行术前麻醉,注射量为10mL/kg。小鼠深度麻醉后,手指适当按压小鼠尾尖,在小鼠无明显运动状况下,将小鼠四肢固定至手术台,用橡皮筋将小鼠的上颌切牙固定,放置到显微镜下,使用金属镊子在下颌切牙处,适当拉开下颌和小鼠舌尖,镜下可清晰观察到上颌第一磨牙后,用75%的酒精将上颌第一磨牙进行消毒,1/4球钻在涡轮机低速下磨除牙釉质和部分牙本质,清洗碎屑后吹干,使用#20牙科扩大针进行加压穿刺,形成洞孔后,停止操作,开放牙髓腔;对照组4只小鼠仅麻醉,不进行牙髓开放。术后将小鼠置于37℃恒温板上复苏,待小鼠苏醒后放回原饲养笼。分别在牙髓暴露1d、3d、7d麻醉小鼠、心脏灌注后,取上颌骨,放入含有多聚甲醛的EP管中进行固定。

  • 1.2.3 牙髓组织切片及HE染色

  • 上颌骨固定24~48h,PBS冲洗,置于4%EDTA中室温下脱钙3~4周。将标本脱水,石蜡包埋制备5 μm厚的石蜡切片后,进行脱蜡、水化、苏木素⁃伊红染色,脱水、透明、封片后镜下观察,采集图像。

  • 1.2.4 免疫组化染色

  • 5μm石蜡切片,脱蜡、脱水,PBS冲洗;室温下, 3%H2O2孵育30min封闭内源性过氧化物酶,PBS冲洗;37℃孵箱中1g/L胰蛋白酶消化30min暴露细胞内抗原,PBS冲洗;10%胎牛血清封闭30min后滴加NLRP3(1∶500)一抗,4℃过夜,PBS冲洗5min×3次; 滴加山羊抗兔二抗(1∶500),37℃避光孵育1h,PBS冲洗;DAB显色,苏木素复染,梯度乙醇脱水,二甲苯透明后中性树胶封片,显微镜下观察NLRP3阳性细胞。观察正常和炎症牙髓组织中NLRP3的表达。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 本研究测量的指标数据都是以均数±标准差 (x- ± s)表示。免疫组化的数据统计采用Image J统计,GraphPad Prism7.0软件进行Two⁃Way ANOVA检验进行分析。P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 对照组牙髓组织学表现

  • α7nAChR KO鼠与WT鼠对照组牙髓组织中 (图1),釉质及牙本质完整,高柱状的成牙本质细胞沿着牙本质排列,梭形状的成纤维细胞在成牙本质细胞层下方,细胞间质均匀染色,无圆形炎症细胞形成。NLRP3免疫组化染色结果中提示:在牙髓未暴露的情况下,牙髓细胞的胞质中未见阳性结果。

  • 2.2 髓腔开放1 d后的组织学表现

  • 髓腔开放1d,对比正常小鼠的牙髓组织(图2),α7nAChR KO鼠及WT鼠第一磨牙的穿髓点处周围血管可见少量的圆形炎症细胞,同时比较两组血管充血及炎症细胞,未见明显差异。NLRP3免疫组化染色结果显示,与WT鼠相比,α7nAChR KO鼠牙髓细胞胞质的阳性染色面积较大。

  • 图1 小鼠正常牙髓组织学表现

  • Fig.1 Normal histological appearance of mice dental pulp

  • 2.3 髓腔开放3 d后的组织学表现

  • 髓腔开放3d,小鼠穿髓孔处细胞排列紊乱,炎症细胞聚集于充血的牙髓血管周围(图3)。其中, α7nAChR KO鼠中炎症细胞聚集到近牙髓腔底部,而WT鼠的炎症细胞主要聚集在穿髓孔周围的牙髓组织。NLRP3免疫组化结果显示,α7nAChR KO鼠大部分牙髓细胞的胞质出现明显黄染。

  • 2.4 髓腔开放7 d后的组织学表现

  • 髓腔开放7d,组织切片中可见α7nAChR KO鼠的炎症细胞浸润至根部牙髓组织,而WT鼠在冠髓底部可见少量残留的炎症细胞(图4)。同时,α7nAChR KO鼠牙髓腔中牙髓细胞的柱状细胞核溶解破碎,形成组织坏死的区域较大,提示在髓腔开放7d后α7nAChR KO鼠的炎症发展较严重。NLRP3免疫组化染色结果显示,α7nAChR KO鼠牙髓细胞的胞质全部出现明显黄染色,细胞核破碎。

  • 使用Image J统计后进行双因素检验分析(图5),可见髓腔未暴露前,两组没有统计学差异;牙髓暴露1d、3d、7d后,WT组与α7nAChR组之间NLRP3相对含量差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。

  • 3 讨论

  • 乙酰胆碱受体是介导突触间快速信号传递的配体门控离子通道,广泛分布于肌肉和神经系统中,主要参与神经系统功能的调节,α7nAChR是近年来新发现的nAChR的亚型。目前,众多研究发现,α7nAChR不仅在神经系统性疾病中起到认知与减轻疼痛的作用[12-13],而且可以在肺炎、类风湿关节炎等炎症性疾病中发挥一定的抗炎作用[2-4]。牙髓炎是一种以疼痛为主要症状的炎症性疾病,α7nAChR可能参与其发生发展过程。本课题组前期研究也发现α7nAChR在人炎症牙髓组织中表达上调(未发表)。因此,本研究拟构建α7nAChR KO小鼠的牙髓炎模型,为研究其在牙髓炎发生发展中的作用机制提供实验模型。

  • 牙髓炎是细菌产物通过破损的牙体硬组织进入牙髓软组织导致的炎症性疾病[14]。汤颖等[15] 在Micro⁃CT扫描中发现小鼠上下颌骨的3个磨牙中,第一磨牙位置最靠前,牙冠最大。因为小鼠第一磨牙的这些特点,研究人员用小鼠上颌或者下颌第一磨牙暴露牙髓腔来构建牙髓炎模型,观察牙髓炎的发生发展。本研究根据Shang等[16] 和Lee等[17] 研究人员的建模方法构建小鼠上颌第一磨牙牙髓炎模型。

  • 图2 牙髓暴露1d后的组织学表现

  • Fig.2 The histological appearance of mice dental pulp 1day after pulp exposure

  • 图3 牙髓暴露3d后的组织学表现

  • Fig.3 The histological appearance of mice dental pulp 3days after pulp exposure

  • 图4 牙髓暴露7d后的组织学表现

  • Fig.4 The histological appearance of mice dental pulp 7days after pulp exposure

  • 图5 定量分析各组NLRP3的相对表达量

  • Fig.5 Quantitative analysis of the relative expression of NLRP3in each group

  • Kim等[18] 在裸鼠牙髓炎造模实验中发现,牙髓开放1d后,牙髓血管扩张充血;2d后,小鼠开髓孔和髓腔处开始出现炎症细胞,4d后,开髓孔周围出现炎症细胞聚集及轻微的脓肿坏死;7d后,牙髓组织出现了明显的干酪样坏死。He等[19] 利用WT小鼠构建牙髓炎模型后同样发现,髓腔开放3d,牙髓腔坏死组织明显,炎症细胞聚集,炎症因子明显升高。本研究发现髓腔开放1d后,牙髓血管充血扩张,髓腔开放3d后,炎症细胞聚集在穿髓孔周围; 开放7d后,组织坏死及细胞进展至根部及冠髓远处,与上述研究结果基本一致,同时因为冠部细胞核的破碎坏死,导致细胞胞质中NLRP3表达量上升。并且本研究发现将小鼠α7nAChR基因敲除后,牙髓组织中的炎症细胞浸润速度较快,细胞核破碎及组织坏死严重。

  • 目前已有研究证实NLRP3表达量在正常与炎症牙髓组织、牙髓组织与体外培养牙髓细胞之间均存在差异,提示其可能在牙髓⁃牙本质复合体的免疫防御反应中发挥作用[20]。小鼠牙髓炎实验发现, NLRP3炎症小体在细菌进入牙髓腔后表达量升高,提示NLRP3炎症小体参与了牙髓炎的免疫反应。本研究发现与WT小鼠相比,α7nAChR基因敲除小鼠牙髓暴露后,随着时间增加,炎症逐步加重,同时NLRP3表达量也随之升高。

  • 综上所述,本实验成功构建了α7nAChR KO小鼠牙髓炎模型,与WT鼠相比,α7nAChR KO鼠的炎症发展速度较快,抗炎能力下降,说明α7nAChR可能参与牙髓炎的发生发展过程。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] ZHAO X,YU Z,LV Z,et al.Activation of alpha⁃7 nicotin⁃ ic acetylcholine receptors(α7nAchR)promotes the protec⁃ tive autophagy in LPS⁃Induced acute lung injury(ALI)in vitro and in vivo[J].Inflammation,2019,42(6):2236-2245

    • [2] ANELISE ⁃CRISTINA ⁃PARRAS S,CAMILLA ⁃MENDES S,CAMILA ⁃LIBARDI A,et al.Short ⁃term high ⁃fat diet consumption reduces hypothalamic expression of the nico⁃ tinic acetylcholine receptor α7 subunit(α7nAChR)and affects the anti ⁃inflammatory response in a mouse model of sepsis[J].Front Immunol,2019,38(10):23-36

    • [3] PATEL H,MCINTIRE J,RYAN S,et al.Anti⁃inflammato⁃ ry effects of astroglial α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are mediated by inhibition of the NF⁃κB pathway and acti⁃ vation of the Nrf2 pathway[J].J Neuroinflammation,2017,14(1):192

    • [4] TENG P,LIU Y,DAI Y,et al.Nicotine attenuates osteoar⁃ thritis pain and matrix metalloproteinase⁃9 expression via the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor[J].J Immunol,2019,203(2):485-492

    • [5] BEN⁃DAVID Y,KAGAN S,BEN⁃AMI B H,et al.RIC3,the cholinergic anti ⁃inflammatory pathway,and neuroin⁃ flammation[J].Int Immunopharmacol,2020,83(7):106381

    • [6] ALZAREA S,RAHMAN S.Effects of alpha⁃7 nicotinic al⁃ losteric modulator PNU 120596 on depressive⁃like behav⁃ ior after lipopolysaccharide administration in mice[J].Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry,2018,86(10):218-228

    • [7] FUJII T,MASHIMO M,MORIWAKI Y,et al.Expression and function of the cholinergic system in immune cells [J].Front Immunol,2017,8(4):1085

    • [8] GUO J,WANG L,XU H,et al.Expression of non⁃neuro⁃ nal cholinergic system in maxilla of rat in vivo[J].Biol Res,2014,47(1):72

    • [9] ZOHEIR N,LAPPIN D F,NILE C J.Acetylcholine and the alpha 7 nicotinic receptor:a potential therapeutic tar⁃ get for the treatment of periodontal disease?[J].Inflamm Res,2012,61(9):915-926

    • [10] ROGERS S W,GAHRING L C.Nicotinic receptor Alpha7 expression during tooth morphogenesis reveals functional pleiotropy[J].PLoS One,2012,7(5):e36467

    • [11] ROGERS S W,MYERS E J,GAHRING L C.Age⁃associ⁃ ated tooth loss and oral microbial dysbiosis in a mouse ge⁃ netic model of chronic nicotine exposure[J].Front Immu⁃ nol,2020,11(4):575200

    • [12] HOSKIN J L,AL ⁃HASAN Y,SABBAGH M N.Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists for the treatment of al⁃ zheimer’s dementia:an update[J].Nicotine Tob Res,2019,21(3):370-376

    • [13] ZOLI M,PUCCI S,VILELLA A,et al.Neuronal and extra⁃ neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors[J].Curr Neu⁃ ropharmacol,2018,16(4):338-349

    • [14] ZHENG J,WU Z,NIU K,et al.Microbiome of deep den⁃ tinal caries from reversible pulpitis to irreversible pulpitis [J].J Endod,2019,45(3):302-309.e1

    • [15] 汤颖,顾永春,朱琦.C57BL/6 小鼠牙齿解剖形态的显微CT观测[J].实用口腔医学杂志,2018,34(1):47-52

    • [16] SHANG L,XU T L,LI F,et al.Temporal dynamics of anx⁃ iety phenotypes in a dental pulp injury model[J].Mol Pain,2015,11(1):40

    • [17] LEE C,RAMSEY A,BRITO⁃GARIEPY B H,et al.Molec⁃ ular,cellular and behavioral changes associated with path⁃ ological pain signaling occur after dental pulp injury[J].Mol Pain,2017,13(4):1744806917715173

    • [18] KIM S,LEE S,JUNG H S,et al.Development of a mouse model for pulp ⁃ dentin complex regeneration research:a preliminary study[J].Restor Dent Endod,2019,44(2):e20

    • [19] HE Y,GAN Y,LU J,et al.Pulpal tissue inflammatory re⁃ actions after experimental pulpal exposure in mice[J].J Endod,2017,43(1):90-95

    • [20] JANG J H,SHIN H W,LEE J M,et al.An overview of pathogen recognition receptors for innate immunity in den⁃ tal pulp[J].Mediators Inflamm,2015(6):794143

  • 参考文献

    • [1] ZHAO X,YU Z,LV Z,et al.Activation of alpha⁃7 nicotin⁃ ic acetylcholine receptors(α7nAchR)promotes the protec⁃ tive autophagy in LPS⁃Induced acute lung injury(ALI)in vitro and in vivo[J].Inflammation,2019,42(6):2236-2245

    • [2] ANELISE ⁃CRISTINA ⁃PARRAS S,CAMILLA ⁃MENDES S,CAMILA ⁃LIBARDI A,et al.Short ⁃term high ⁃fat diet consumption reduces hypothalamic expression of the nico⁃ tinic acetylcholine receptor α7 subunit(α7nAChR)and affects the anti ⁃inflammatory response in a mouse model of sepsis[J].Front Immunol,2019,38(10):23-36

    • [3] PATEL H,MCINTIRE J,RYAN S,et al.Anti⁃inflammato⁃ ry effects of astroglial α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are mediated by inhibition of the NF⁃κB pathway and acti⁃ vation of the Nrf2 pathway[J].J Neuroinflammation,2017,14(1):192

    • [4] TENG P,LIU Y,DAI Y,et al.Nicotine attenuates osteoar⁃ thritis pain and matrix metalloproteinase⁃9 expression via the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor[J].J Immunol,2019,203(2):485-492

    • [5] BEN⁃DAVID Y,KAGAN S,BEN⁃AMI B H,et al.RIC3,the cholinergic anti ⁃inflammatory pathway,and neuroin⁃ flammation[J].Int Immunopharmacol,2020,83(7):106381

    • [6] ALZAREA S,RAHMAN S.Effects of alpha⁃7 nicotinic al⁃ losteric modulator PNU 120596 on depressive⁃like behav⁃ ior after lipopolysaccharide administration in mice[J].Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry,2018,86(10):218-228

    • [7] FUJII T,MASHIMO M,MORIWAKI Y,et al.Expression and function of the cholinergic system in immune cells [J].Front Immunol,2017,8(4):1085

    • [8] GUO J,WANG L,XU H,et al.Expression of non⁃neuro⁃ nal cholinergic system in maxilla of rat in vivo[J].Biol Res,2014,47(1):72

    • [9] ZOHEIR N,LAPPIN D F,NILE C J.Acetylcholine and the alpha 7 nicotinic receptor:a potential therapeutic tar⁃ get for the treatment of periodontal disease?[J].Inflamm Res,2012,61(9):915-926

    • [10] ROGERS S W,GAHRING L C.Nicotinic receptor Alpha7 expression during tooth morphogenesis reveals functional pleiotropy[J].PLoS One,2012,7(5):e36467

    • [11] ROGERS S W,MYERS E J,GAHRING L C.Age⁃associ⁃ ated tooth loss and oral microbial dysbiosis in a mouse ge⁃ netic model of chronic nicotine exposure[J].Front Immu⁃ nol,2020,11(4):575200

    • [12] HOSKIN J L,AL ⁃HASAN Y,SABBAGH M N.Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists for the treatment of al⁃ zheimer’s dementia:an update[J].Nicotine Tob Res,2019,21(3):370-376

    • [13] ZOLI M,PUCCI S,VILELLA A,et al.Neuronal and extra⁃ neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors[J].Curr Neu⁃ ropharmacol,2018,16(4):338-349

    • [14] ZHENG J,WU Z,NIU K,et al.Microbiome of deep den⁃ tinal caries from reversible pulpitis to irreversible pulpitis [J].J Endod,2019,45(3):302-309.e1

    • [15] 汤颖,顾永春,朱琦.C57BL/6 小鼠牙齿解剖形态的显微CT观测[J].实用口腔医学杂志,2018,34(1):47-52

    • [16] SHANG L,XU T L,LI F,et al.Temporal dynamics of anx⁃ iety phenotypes in a dental pulp injury model[J].Mol Pain,2015,11(1):40

    • [17] LEE C,RAMSEY A,BRITO⁃GARIEPY B H,et al.Molec⁃ ular,cellular and behavioral changes associated with path⁃ ological pain signaling occur after dental pulp injury[J].Mol Pain,2017,13(4):1744806917715173

    • [18] KIM S,LEE S,JUNG H S,et al.Development of a mouse model for pulp ⁃ dentin complex regeneration research:a preliminary study[J].Restor Dent Endod,2019,44(2):e20

    • [19] HE Y,GAN Y,LU J,et al.Pulpal tissue inflammatory re⁃ actions after experimental pulpal exposure in mice[J].J Endod,2017,43(1):90-95

    • [20] JANG J H,SHIN H W,LEE J M,et al.An overview of pathogen recognition receptors for innate immunity in den⁃ tal pulp[J].Mediators Inflamm,2015(6):794143

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