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通讯作者:

陈仁杰,E⁃mail:renjiechenent@aliyun.com

中图分类号:R739.63

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)06-921-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210623

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目录contents

    摘要

    鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal carcinoma,NPC)与爱泼斯坦⁃巴尔病毒(Epstein Barr virus,EBV)密切相关,多发生在中国南部和东南亚国家。因为NPC解剖的特殊性及放疗敏感性,对早期患者行单纯放疗可取得令人满意的疗效。但大多NPC患者确诊时已属于局部晚期,对于这部分患者,以放疗为基础的综合治疗逐渐成为主要手段。如何提高患者的治疗效果及生存质量仍是NPC治疗的一大挑战。文章讨论NPC放化疗的发展和方案选择,及靶向治疗、免疫治疗及鼻内镜手术等新兴技术的发展状况,就近年来NPC的综合治疗作一论述。

    Abstract

    Nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC)is closely related to Epstein⁃Barr virus(EBV),which mostly occurs in south China and Southeast Asian countries. Because of the anatomical limitation of NPC and its sensitivity of radiotherapy,radiotherapy can achieve satisfactory results for early patients,However,most patients with NPC are locally advanced when they are diagnosed,for these patients,comprehensive treatment based on radiotherapy has gradually become the main means of treatment. How to improve the treatment effect and life quality of patients with NPC is still a big challenge. In this paper,the development of chemoradiotherapy and the choice of chemotherapy regimens,as well as the development of new technologies such as targeted therapy,immunotherapy and surgery are discussed.

  • 鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal carcinoma,NPC)与爱泼斯坦⁃巴尔病毒(Epstein Barr virus,EBV)密切相关,患者的5年总生存率已从1970年代的17%~35%提高到当前的80%以上。在过去的半个世纪中,医学领域取得了许多进展,包括影像学的改善,更好的全身治疗选择,支持治疗等,这为NPC提供了丰富的治疗手段。从中选取合适的治疗模式,有利于提高患者的治疗效果及预后。现就近年来NPC治疗的研究进展予以综述。

  • 1 NPC的放射疗法

  • 1.1 二维常规放疗和三维适形放疗

  • 在1950年代,常规二维放射治疗(conventional two ⁃dimensional radiotherapy,2D ⁃CRT)是NPC标准的放疗方式。由于鼻咽部周围有较多放射敏感的正常组织结构,如腮腺、脊髓和脑干等,2D⁃CRT治疗的同时会引起周围正常组织的损伤。与2D⁃CRT相比,常规三维放射治疗运用CT图像对肿瘤结构进行三维重建,治疗时可以提高靶区的照射剂量,同时减少正常组织的照射剂量,提高了放疗的有效率。

  • 1.2 调强放射治疗(intensity modulated radiation therapy,IMRT)

  • IMRT是三维适形放射治疗的显著突破,它针对靶区三维形状和周围组织的解剖关系对束强度进行了调节,对肿瘤给予较高的适形剂量,从而改善局部控制[1],同时降低对放疗危及器官(organs at risk,OAR)的剂量。Grégoire等[2] 概述了自1982年以来IMRT在头颈癌的一系列重要进展。Fang等[3] 报告,与3D适形放疗相比,IMRT治疗后3个月的总体生活质量(quality of life,QoL)、味觉、气味和口干等有着统计学和临床上的显著改善。

  • 1.3 容积弧形调强放疗(volumetric modulated arc therapy,VMAT)、螺旋断层放疗和立体定向放疗

  • 目前NPC的放疗技术依旧在不断进步,为了减少对OAR的损伤,更精准地对靶器官进行治疗,发展出各种新型技术。VMAT和螺旋断层放疗是基于螺旋或直线加速器的IMRT,有助于减少治疗时间。Lee等[4] 表明,VMAT对比IMRT和螺旋断层放疗,显著减少了总监视单元,减少了对眼睛和正常组织的剂量,并缩短了治疗时间(每位患者的效率提高3.2min)。立体定向放射外科与立体定向放射治疗使用精确聚焦的光束,通过直线加速器或伽马刀技术来治疗大脑内外的小目标,主要用于治疗残留或复发性NPC,但大多数研究规模很小,只有少数研究在治疗上显示出较好的局部控制[5]

  • 1.4 质子治疗(intensity modulated proton therapy, IMPT)、重离子疗法和硼中子俘获疗法

  • 质子疗法在治疗包括NPC在内的头颈癌方面比IMRT具有剂量优势。IMPT可以显著降低几种OAR(包括双侧耳蜗、食道、喉、下颌骨、口腔和舌) 的平均剂量[6],减少这些部位的不良反应。碳离子放射治疗作为某些复发患者的再放射治疗,急性毒性反应更加少见[7-8],对比光子,重离子对肿瘤细胞更具杀伤力,且能量分布更加集中。Hu等[8] 回顾了75例接受调强碳离子治疗方案的复发NPC患者,1年生存期(overall survival,OS)、无进展生存期(pro⁃ gression⁃free survival,PFS)、局部无复发生存期(lo⁃ cal recurrence free survival,LRFS)、无区域复发生存期和无远处转移生存期(distant metastasis free sur⁃ vival,DMFS)分别为98.1%、82.2%、86.6%、97.9% 和96.2%。没有发生2级或更高级别的不良反应,晚期重度(3级或4级)不良反应较少(黏膜坏死9.3%,口干1.3%和颞叶坏死1.3%)。

  • 2 NPC的化疗

  • 2.1 同步放化疗(concurrent chemoradiotherapy, CCRT)

  • 单纯放疗目前已不能满足NPC患者的治疗需要,联合化疗的治疗方案成为必要选择。CCRT是指在放疗的同时给予化疗,CCRT通过缩小肿瘤体积,增加放射敏感性,降低放射量来提高放疗效果,减少微转移的数量。基于顺铂的同步放化疗是局部晚期NPC(locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma, LA⁃NPC)的标准治疗方法。对比单纯放疗,CCRT可带来明显生存获益,尤其表现在LA ⁃NPC患者上。Chan等[9] 对350例Ⅱ期至Ⅳ期NPC患者的研究中,对比放疗组,CCRT组的总生存率有改善(70% vs.59%,P=0.065),同时亚组分析表明T3和T4患者在CCRT治疗中获益最大。Wu等[10] 的1项局部晚期NPC研究结果表明,LA⁃NPC患者接受CCRT的OS、LRFS、RRFS和DMFS分别为78.4%、86.8%、 88.4%、78.0%,CCRT可促进LA⁃NPC患者的局部和远处控制率以及总体存活率。目前,已经有很多研究表明CCRT治疗LA⁃NPC的临床疗效优于单纯放疗。但随着其他放化疗结合的出现,CCRT的地位也迎来了挑战。

  • 2.2 诱导化疗(induction chemotherapy,IC)

  • 近年来,IC结合放疗或CCRT逐渐成为NPC治疗的一种有效方式,结合IC的治疗具有较高的PFS及无复发生存期(recurrence ⁃ free survival,RFS)。 Wu等[11] 的1项362例晚期NPC患者的Ⅲ期临床试验中表明,IC联合CCRT不仅改善了DMFS和无病生存期(disease⁃free survival,DFS),同时也改善了5年OS。现在各种化疗药物的出现,带来了不同方案,临床常见的IC方案包括顺铂联合5⁃氟尿嘧啶 (PF)、紫杉醇联合顺铂(TP)、吉西他滨联合顺铂 (GP)及紫杉醇联合顺铂、5⁃氟尿嘧啶(TPF)方案。

  • PF是经典的IC方案,改善患者OS和PFS的同时,患者对治疗有更好的依从性及耐受性。PF方案的不良反应主要是5⁃氟尿嘧啶引起的严重黏膜炎。先前研究表明,5⁃氟尿嘧啶与3~4级口腔黏膜炎的发生有关,合并5⁃氟尿嘧啶的放疗中3~4级口腔黏膜炎的发生率会增加(15%→30%)。GP方案中合并使用了吉西他滨和顺铂,Zhang等[12] 的1项480例Ⅲ期临床研究中表明,吉西他滨和顺铂IC治疗对比单独的CCRT,NPC的无复发生存率从75.7% 提高到85.3%,但急性不良反应发生更多,晚期不良反应发生率相似。TP方案中改用紫杉醇类药物,含紫杉醇的方案可显著改善鼻咽病变的客观缓解率 (objective remission rate,ORR)。尽管对比5⁃氟尿嘧啶,紫杉醇导致更多的胃肠道反应和中性粒细胞的减少,但患者均耐受良好。尽管紫杉醇合并顺铂血液不良反应发生率较高,但对比5⁃氟尿嘧啶合并顺铂导致的中性粒细胞减少,紫杉醇合并顺铂方案在使用粒细胞集落刺激因子处理后患者恢复较快,同时也减少了中断治疗的机会[13]。对于TPF方案, Yan等[14] 对PF、TP和TPF诱导化疗方案的7项随机试验共计1 570例患者进行荟萃分析,仅考虑OS, TPF是LA⁃NPC治疗的最佳选择,但晚期血液学不良反应和口腔黏膜炎发生率更高,可能会影响同期放化疗的进行。三药联合的TPF诱导化疗方案带来了更好的治疗效果,同时也发生了更多的不良反应,主要是血液不良反应风险增加,如白细胞减少症和中性粒细胞减少症,但对患者来说,尚可耐受及可控[15]。由于化疗方案的不同作用机制及不良反应,需要临床医生对不同的患者做出合适的选择。

  • 2.3 晚期NPC的化疗方案

  • 诱导化疗加同步放化疗(IC+CCRT)是LA⁃NPC的标准治疗方案。但是,这种强化化学疗法增加的急性毒性可能会抵消它带来的获益,目前越来越多的研究侧重使用诱导化疗加放射疗法(IC+RT)的方案。Wang等[16] 对IC+RT和IC+CCRT的8项研究共计2 605例患者进行荟萃分析,结果表明IC+RT和IC+CCRT在DFS(HR=1.09,95%CI:0.85~1.39,P=0.50),OS(HR=0.92,95%CI:0.78~1.09,P=0.34), LRFS(HR=1.26,95%CI:0.95~1.67;P=0.10)和DMFS (HR=1.03,95%CI:0.84~1.26,P=0.79)方面差异无统计学意义,而IC + CCRT组与放射治疗相关的3~4级急性血液学不良反应发生率更高。目前这类研究多是非随机对照试验,IC+CCRT能否被IC+RT替代,这需要更多的多中心和Ⅲ期的对照试验结果。

  • 复发或转移的NPC患者预后通常较差,化疗是一种可行的治疗手段。中山大学附属肿瘤医院的1项362例复发转移性NPC患者的Ⅲ期临床试验中,患者1∶1随机分为吉西他滨联合顺铂治疗组和5⁃ 氟尿嘧定联合顺铂对照组。治疗组与对照组的中位PFS、ORR和OS比较,分别为7.0个月vs.5.6个月 (P< 0.000 1),64%vs.42%(P< 0.000 1)和29.1个月vs.20.1个月(P=0.002 5),两组总的不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义,吉西他滨组的不良反应主要表现为血液学不良反应[17]。这表明吉西他滨联合顺铂的化疗方案会是复发或转移NPC治疗的较佳方案。

  • 3 NPC的分子靶向疗法

  • 近年来,分子靶向疗法在NPC治疗中显示出令人满意的疗效。分子靶向治疗包括表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)与血管内皮生长因子及其受体通路的靶向治疗。靶向EGFR疗法,包括EGFR单克隆抗体和EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(epidermal growth factor receptor⁃tyrosine kinases inhibitor,EGFR⁃TKI)。EGFR单克隆抗体中西妥昔单抗(cetuximab,CTX)与尼妥珠单抗(nimotu⁃ zumab,NTZ)最为常用,目前已经进行了许多研究来评估CTX和NTZ联合放疗或化疗在LA⁃NPC中的疗效和不良反应,结果并不一致。Peng等[18] 的一项回顾性研究表明,IC+CRRT或IC+RT中添加CTX/NTZ治疗的研究组与对照组的3年OS、DFS、DMFS比较,分别为94.0% vs.92.1%(P=0.673),84.3% vs.74.3%(P=0.027)和88.0% vs.81.8%(P=0.147)。多因素分析显示,研究组有更好的DFS,而OS和DMFS没有显著差异。研究组和对照组的3~4级不良反应事件相当(58.4% vs.58.5%,P=0.984)。Lin等[19] 表明抗EGFR药物(CTX/NTZ)与CCRT的组合在LA⁃ NPC患者的生存结局方面与IC+CCRT治疗相当,具有更小的血液学不良反应。对于LA⁃NPC患者,在CCRT中添加CTX/NTZ是一种有效且安全的替代治疗策略。Li等[20] 回顾性分析了186例NPC患者。合并CTX治疗与单独使用CCRT相比会发生更多的3~4级黏膜炎,而生存获益并没有增加。使用汇总数据进行的荟萃分析得出一个综合结论,即CTX与NTZ治疗晚期NPC与常规疗法相比可提高疗效,但3~4级皮疹的发生率更高[21],同时对比CTX,NTZ具有更高的完全缓解率或ORR,但1年和2年生存期无明显差异。与CTX相比,NTZ似乎可为NPC患者带来更好的疗效,但CTX的大多数研究都是小型回顾性研究,需要更多大型、多中心的前瞻研究来证明疗效。EGFR⁃TKI包括拉帕替尼、吉非替尼、厄洛替尼。目前研究表明EGFR⁃TKI治疗未能给患者带来明显益处。一项Ⅱ期研究显示,吉非替尼在LA⁃ NPC的治疗中,缓解率很差[22]。同样,另一种TKI厄洛替尼也没有改善治疗效果[23]。目前并不推荐EG⁃ FR⁃TKI在临床上大量使用。

  • 4 NPC的免疫疗法

  • 复发或转移性NPC(recurrent or metastatic naso⁃ pharyngeal carcinoma,RM⁃NPC)一直是NPC治疗的挑战,免疫疗法为这些患者提供了一种治疗选择。众所周知,EBV在NPC中发挥着重要作用,这为免疫疗法提供了良好靶标,但因为淋巴细胞对肿瘤的密集浸润,NPC同时也有掩盖宿主免疫系统的能力。目前免疫治疗的主要方式包括过继性免疫细胞疗法、免疫检查点抑制剂(immunological check⁃ point inhibitor,ICI)、肿瘤疫苗、裂解诱导疗法和病毒免疫疗法等。

  • 在过继性免疫细胞疗法中,具有EBV特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(totoxic T lymphocyt,CTL)的过继免疫疗法已被证明具有临床疗效,Straathof[24]与Smith等[25] 的研究表明EBV⁃CTL治疗可改善OS,但总体上RM⁃NPC患者对EBV⁃CTL的反应率很低。研究显示,RM⁃NPC患者的一线治疗采用化学疗法 (吉西他滨联合卡铂),然后采用过继性EBV⁃CTL治疗,与以往的化学疗法治疗对照组相比,OS升高[26]。 35例接受了EBV⁃CTL治疗的总缓解率为71.4%,其中3个完全缓解和22个部分缓解。平均随访29.9个月,其2年、3年OS率为62.9%、37.1%。这项研究表明,EBV⁃CTL可能提高化疗应答。Zhao等[27] 对85例NPC患者进行根治性治疗并连续注入细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞(cytokine⁃induced killer,CIK),对比只接受根治性治疗的85例NPC患者,包括DFS和OS在内的生存率得到了显著改善。同时CIK具有易培养生产,毒性小,可以靶向多种没有MHC限制的肿瘤等优势,进行同种异体CIK细胞输注时,也不会发生移植物抗宿主病。CAR⁃T细胞能够特异性地识别相应的肿瘤抗原,能更加精准、快速、持久、高效地清除肿瘤细胞。治疗NPC的CAR⁃T细胞靶标选择上,陈渊等[28] 构建的LMP2A CAR⁃T细胞,体外和体内实验证实,对比CD19CAR⁃T细胞,其对LMP2A阳性NPC细胞具有明显的靶向毒性,并且能有效抑制肿瘤生长。过继免疫细胞治疗的免疫细胞选择很多,抗肿瘤作用较好,期望能出现更多高效的免疫效应细胞,并应用到临床。

  • 近年来,ICI治疗的研究成为一个热点,较多研究是针对复发性或转移性疾病中的程序性细胞死亡蛋白⁃1(programmed cell death 1protein,PD1)或程序性细胞死亡蛋白⁃1配体(programmed cell death protein⁃1ligand,PD⁃L1)途径,并已显示出令人鼓舞的临床疗效,而关于CTLA⁃4抑制剂的研究目前仍较少。研究表明,派姆单抗在复发或转移性NPC患者中显示出抗肿瘤活性并具有可控的安全性[29]。纳武单抗同样具有良好的活性[30],其1年OS率59% (95%CI:44.3%~78.5%)优于类似人群的Ⅱ期研究,并且没有产生额外的不良反应。1项关于抗PD⁃ 1治疗安全性和有效性的研究表明,一线治疗中纳武单抗的ORR达到40%。作为二线或后线治疗,卡瑞利珠单抗的ORR较高(34.1%)[31]。此外,一线卡瑞利珠单抗+化疗比单独化疗的ORR更高(90.9% vs.64.1%)。安全性方面,纳武单抗和派姆单抗的总体安全性高,而卡瑞利珠单抗和纳武单抗的3~5级不良事件发生率相对较低。目前抗PD⁃1治疗比标准化疗更安全,但一旦将其与化学疗法相结合, 3~5级不良事件发生率与不良事件相关的停药率比单纯化学疗法增加了1倍,表明其潜在的协同毒性。将其与化学疗法的结合可能不会在NPC患者中获得协同作用(缓解率相似),但大幅提高的部分缓解率仍可能转化为患者的生存受益。但考虑到抗PD⁃1单一疗法完全缓解率有限,仍需要与化学疗法结合来提高对肿瘤的杀伤能力。ICI的一大挑战仍然是它只能使一部分患者受益。现有的试验数据都表明在RM⁃NPC的治疗中,PD⁃L1阳性患者比PD⁃L1阴性患者有较高ORR,并且仅PD⁃L1表达可能也不是决定治疗效果的唯一因素,有必要进行进一步的研究以鉴定可靠的生物标志物来定制抗PD⁃1疗法。目前ICI的研究大部分在临床试验阶段,但依旧显示出其在RM⁃NPC患者中的广阔临床应用前景。

  • 5 NPC的手术

  • 随着鼻内镜手术的发展,手术治疗在NPC治疗领域中显示越来越重要的地位,鼻内镜手术不仅可以实现鼻咽肿瘤的完全切除,而且具有微创性和术后恢复快的优点。王剑祁等[32] 的1项荟萃分析表明,对比开放术式治疗局部复发NPC,经鼻内镜术式的总体生存率、无疾病生存率和局部复发率更低,并且严重并发症更少。同时机器人辅助手术在头颈部肿瘤手术中显示出色的灵活性,这项技术的发展一定会为NPC带来更好的疗效。

  • 在残留或复发性肿瘤的治疗中,多采用再程放疗和手术治疗。但由于放射性抵抗肿瘤细胞的存在,往往再程放疗需要加大剂量,这带来了更严重的不良反应,影响了患者的生存受益。为了避免这些严重的不良反应,可以采用手术治疗。过去大多数研究专注于早期复发性NPC的内镜下鼻咽切除术(endoscopic nasopharyngectomy,ENPG)治疗,有较高的生存率[33],但忽略了晚期复发NPC(rT3⁃rT4)。近年来,ENPG的OS率可与传统手术相媲美,已逐渐应用于晚期肿瘤的治疗。Wong等[34] 对12例晚期复发性NPC(2个rT3和10个rT4肿瘤)患者进行研究,采用内镜下鼻腔NPC切除术,其5年OS、DFS和疾病特异性生存率分别为50.0%、25.0%和58.3%,患者预后较好。肿瘤侵犯海绵窦或颈内动脉(internal carotid artery,ICA)通常会在内镜肿瘤切除术中造成困难。可以使用中鼻甲或鼻中隔皮瓣覆盖ICA以防止其延迟破裂,或者球囊闭塞试验等评估后采取颅外⁃颅内血管搭桥术切除同侧ICA来进行手术。同时许多研究讨论了颅底重建术对降低术后患者病死率的重要性,采用移植物进行颅底重建,防止了术后颅内感染和颅底骨坏死,从而保护颅腔内重要的神经和血管组织。如何降低这类手术风险,一定要选择适当的患者和进行详细的术前计划,来保证晚期复发性NPC患者ENPG治疗的安全性。

  • 尽管手术已被确定为治疗残留或复发性肿瘤的有效方式,但其作为NPC的初始治疗方式的功效尚不清楚。可以肯定的是,早期NPC患者的放疗预后令人满意,但放疗后遗症严重影响患者的生活质量,这是目前亟待解决的紧急问题之一。Liu等[35] 研究提出,与同期IMRT治疗的患者相比,单独使用内镜NPC切除术可以带来相似的生存结果、较低的医疗费用以及令人满意的QoL,这表明内镜NPC切除术可能作为一种有效治疗方法用于I期NPC患者。但这项研究对患者的选择较局限,也无法说明若NPC复发对QoL带来的影响。Weng等[36] 纳入156例早期NPC患者(内镜鼻咽切除术+常规放化疗58例,常规放化疗98例)进行倾向评分匹配分析,手术组的5年OS率(98.30% vs.91.70%),DFS率(98.30% vs.81.40%)和RFS率(100.00% vs.90.10%)明显高于非手术组(P均<0.05)。这表明手术结合放化疗可以提高NPC患者的生存率,尤其对Ⅱ期疾病的患者,多元Cox回归分析还显示,手术是影响NPC患者DFS的独立因素,这可能与手术切除了对放化疗不敏感的残留肿瘤有关。手术结合放化疗可以为早期NPC患者带来生存受益,但单纯内镜NPC切除术治疗还需要更多的前瞻性研究来证明其安全性和有效性。

  • 6 总结与展望

  • NPC治疗最佳方案究竟如何选择,目前放化疗相结合的综合治疗成为NPC治疗的主流,IC表现出良好的生存受益,但化疗方案的选择需要进一步探讨。CCRT带来了更多的不良反应,IC+RT的方案是否可以成为新主流。同时个体化的分子靶向治疗结合放化疗也进一步提高了NPC患者的生存获益,新型的免疫治疗也为RM⁃NPC患者带来新选择,可根据患者分期和免疫状态,选择出最佳的治疗组合。鼻内镜手术是否能应用在早期NPC患者中,以及如何对晚期复发性NPC患者更好地施展鼻内镜手术,这都需要更多的研究和临床应用来证明疗效。目前,各种方案为NPC的治疗提供了广阔前景,个体化综合治疗将会为患者带来更多受益。

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