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通讯作者:

王朝霞,E⁃mail:wangzhaoxia@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R734.2

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)07-1084-11

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210725

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目录contents

    摘要

    免疫治疗已经在肺癌治疗策略中占据重要地位,其中PD⁃1/PD⁃L1免疫检查点抑制剂成为该领域的研究热点。PD⁃ 1/PD⁃L1抑制剂可通过阻断PD⁃1/PD⁃L1通路重新激活宿主的抗肿瘤免疫应答,已有大量临床研究证明其可以显著改善多种类型癌症包括肺癌的临床终点。基于各项临床研究成果,目前已有 4 个 PD⁃1/PD⁃L1 抑制剂——Pembrolizumab、Nivolumab、 Atezolizumab、Durvalumab经FDA批准用于非小细胞肺癌或小细胞肺癌的一二线治疗或巩固治疗。文章将对PD⁃1/PD⁃L1抑制剂在肺癌临床研究中的进展,包括单药或联合用药的疗效、安全性、疗效预测标志物等方面进行综述,旨在为肺癌免疫治疗的临床应用提供依据。

    Abstract

    Immunotherapy has been playing an important role in the treatment strategy of lung cancer,among which PD⁃1/PD⁃L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors have become a research hotspot in this field. PD⁃1/PD⁃L1 inhibitors can reactivate the host’s antitumor immune response by blocking the PD ⁃1/PD ⁃L1 pathway. Numerous clinical studies have shown that it can significantly improve the clinical endpoint of multiple types of cancers,including lung cancer. Based on the results of various clinical studies,there are four PD⁃ 1/PD⁃L1 inhibitors ⁃⁃ Pembrolizumab,Nivolumab,Atezolizumab,and Durvalumab have been approved by the FDA for the first⁃line, second⁃line or consolidation treatment of non⁃small cell lung cancer or small cell lung cancer. This article reviews the progress of PD⁃1/ PD⁃L1 inhibitors in clinical trials of lung cancer,including the efficacy,safety and predictive biomarkers of single or combined drugs, in order to provide evidence for the clinical application of lung cancer immunotherapy.

  • 目前在全球范围内,肺癌仍然是癌症相关死亡的主要原因,居男性癌症死亡率第一位,女性癌症死亡率第二位。据WHO统计,2018年约有210万肺癌新发病例和180万肺癌死亡病例,分别占新癌症病例总数的11.6%和癌症死亡总数的18.4%,5年生存率仅为10%~20%[1]。肺癌主要包括非小细胞肺癌(non⁃small cell lung cancer,NSCLC,83%)和小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer,SCLC,13%),早期NSCLC以手术为主要治疗手段,局部晚期/晚期NSCLC及SCLC主要采用化疗、放疗、靶向治疗等内科治疗手段[2],但患者的生存获益仍不理想。近年来,免疫治疗成为肺癌治疗的新兴热点,其中以程序性细胞死亡受体1(programmed cell death receptor 1,PD⁃1)及其配体(programmed cell death receptor⁃li⁃ gand 1,PD⁃L1)抑制剂为代表的免疫检查点抑制剂在肺癌治疗中不断取得突破性进展,从一、二线治疗到巩固治疗,免疫治疗在肺癌个体化精准治疗中表现出巨大潜力。本篇综述将介绍PD⁃1/PD⁃L1抑制剂的生物学机制,并对其在肺癌临床研究中的进展进行梳理和总结,旨在为肺癌免疫治疗的临床应用提供依据。

  • 1 PD⁃1/PD⁃L1的生物学作用

  • PD⁃1是一种由288个氨基酸组成的与细胞凋亡相关的抑制性蛋白受体[3],其广泛表达于活化的T细胞(包括CD4+ T细胞、CD8+ T细胞)、调节性T细胞 (regulatory cell,Treg)、B细胞、树突状细胞(dendritic cell,DC)、自然杀伤细胞(natural killer cell,NK细胞)、单核细胞等细胞表面[4],在各种生理反应参与调节效应T细胞功能。PD⁃1配体包括PD⁃L1和PD⁃ L2,PD⁃L2主要在单核细胞、DC上表达,但在稳定状态下表达通常较低,目前调节机制尚不明确[5]。PD⁃ L1表达更为广泛,在多种不同的细胞类型中均有表达,包括免疫细胞(T细胞、B细胞、DC、巨噬细胞)和非免疫的健康组织细胞(上皮细胞、内皮细胞、胰岛细胞等),并在炎症刺激诱导下表达上调[6]

  • 在生理条件下,PD⁃1与PD⁃L1结合后,通过抑制T细胞增殖或诱导T细胞凋亡来调节效应T细胞的数量,还可抑制原始T细胞向多功能细胞毒性T细胞分化,从而负性调节免疫反应。这一调节作用在维持宿主免疫稳态,避免急慢性感染中过度免疫反应导致的组织损伤,以及调节自身耐受(即预防自身免疫)中起重要作用。因此,PD⁃1/PD⁃L1通路被定位为次级淋巴器官和非淋巴组织中免疫细胞功能的关键调节剂[7-9]

  • 2 肿瘤免疫逃逸及PD⁃1/PD⁃L1抑制剂的作用机制

  • Dong等[10] 研究发现PD⁃L1在多种肿瘤细胞或抗原提呈细胞表面表达上调,包括黑色素瘤、肺癌、肾细胞癌、前列腺癌等,并通过小鼠实验证实小鼠肿瘤中表达的PD⁃L1增加了肿瘤反应性T细胞的凋亡,促进了体内肿瘤的生长。这表明PD⁃1/PD⁃L1通路是肿瘤免疫逃逸的潜在机制,肿瘤细胞可通过上调自身PD⁃L1的表达来逃避免疫监视。恶性肿瘤细胞可通过两种机制表达PD⁃L1:一是先天性免疫抵抗,即某些肿瘤中,组成型致癌信号转导直接上调所有肿瘤细胞上的PD⁃L1表达,属于遗传事件,与炎症刺激无关;二是适应性免疫抵抗,即抗肿瘤免疫应答所产生的炎症信号(如干扰素γ)诱导的PD⁃L1表达[11-12]。在肿瘤微环境中,肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞(tu⁃ mor infiltrating lymphocyte,TIL)受到肿瘤抗原的持续刺激,呈现PD⁃1持续性高表达,并释放炎症信号上调肿瘤细胞表面的PD⁃L1表达,持续激活PD⁃1/PD⁃ L1通路,从而诱导T细胞功能耗竭或无反应状态,促进适应性抗性,发生免疫逃逸[13-15]。另外,Noguchi等[14] 研究还发现,虽然肿瘤细胞上的PD⁃L1是促进肿瘤逃逸的关键,但其表达具有干扰素γ依赖性和瞬时性,而宿主细胞,尤其是肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(tu⁃ mor⁃associated macrophage,TAM)是维持PD⁃L1表达的主要来源,延长了肿瘤微环境中的免疫抑制状态。 TIL中PD⁃1高表达、肿瘤细胞或宿主细胞中PD⁃L1表达上调的发现为阻断该途径以增强抗肿瘤免疫应答提供了理论依据,PD⁃1/PD⁃L1抑制剂应运而生。多种临床前癌症模型[16-17] 已证实阻断PD⁃1/PD⁃L1通路可改善效应T细胞功能,重新激活抗肿瘤免疫监视,并在多种癌症的临床研究中显示出有希望的结果[18-19]

  • 3 PD⁃1/PD⁃L1抑制剂治疗肺癌的临床研究进展

  • PD⁃1/PD⁃L1抑制剂分为PD⁃1抑制剂和PD⁃L1抑制剂,已上市的PD⁃1抑制剂包括Pembrolizumab、 Nivolumab,PD ⁃ L1抑制剂包括Atezolizumab、Dur⁃ valumab和Avelumab。目前已经开展了多项关于PD ⁃1/PD⁃L1抑制剂治疗肺癌的临床研究,部分PD⁃1/PD⁃L1抑制剂已经美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)批准用于目标人群的一线、二线治疗或巩固治疗。

  • 3.1 晚期NSCLC治疗

  • 由于疾病早期多无明显症状,多数NSCLC患者被诊断时即为晚期,约占新诊断NSCLC的40%,5年生存率约为13%。过去10年内,晚期NSCLC的标准治疗方案包括姑息性放化疗、化疗联合靶向治疗等,一定程度上提高了患者的生存率,但较重的不良反应和不可避免的肿瘤耐药等问题仍待进一步解决[20-21]。近年来,免疫治疗逐渐在晚期NSCLC的治疗中占据重要地位。

  • 3.1.1 单药治疗

  • Pembrolizumab是针对PD⁃1的人源化IgG4单克隆抗体。Ⅰb期临床研究KEYNOTE⁃001首次评估了Pembrolizumab治疗晚期NSCLC的有效性和安全性,并发现其在PD⁃L1表达升高的患者中疗效更好[22]。2019年美国临床肿瘤学会(American Society of Clinical Oncology,ASCO)会议上公布了该研究的5年总生存期(overall survival,OS)和安全性结果,截至2018年11月5日,该研究共招募了550例晚期NSCLC患者,其中初治101例,经治449例,5年OS率分别为23.2%和15.5%。有60例患者接受了≥2年的Pembrolizumab治疗,该部分患者5年OS率为77%,客观缓解率(objective response rate,ORR)超过85%。与既往标准方案治疗的数据相比,Pembroli⁃ zumab表现出显著的OS改善,其中初治者效果更优。安全性分析显示,71%出现治疗相关不良事件 (adverse event,AE),13%出现3~5级AE,17%发生过免疫介导的AE,总体安全性可耐受[23]。Ⅱ/Ⅲ期临床研究KEYNOTE⁃010在更大样本的基础上(n=1 033),对比了Pembrolizumab和多西他赛二线治疗PD⁃L1阳性晚期NSCLC的疗效,结果显示各PD⁃L1亚组中,Pembrolizumab组较多西他赛组有显著OS获益 (10.4/12.7个月 vs.8.5个月),PD⁃L1表达≥50%者获益更明显,进一步确定Pembrolizumab疗效的同时,也提示PD⁃L1可作为疗效预测标志物[24]。2015年10月,FDA批准Pembrolizumab用于PD⁃L1[肿瘤细胞阳性比例分数(tumor proportion score,TPS)≥1%] NSCLC的二线治疗。在Pembrolizumab二线治疗效果获得肯定的基础上,一项Ⅲ期研究KEYNOTE⁃024将Pembrolizumab与化疗一线治疗PD⁃L1表达≥50%的晚期NSCLC的疗效进行了对比,以无进展生存期 (progression free survival,PFS)为研究主要终点。结果显示,与化疗相比,Pembrolizumab显著延长患者PFS(10.3个月 vs.6.0个月),ORR为44.8%vs.27.8%,任何级别AE发生率73.4%vs.90.0%,证实在该部分人群中Pembrolizumab具有更好的疗效和安全性[25]。基于此研究,FDA批准Pembrolizumab单药用于PD⁃L1表达≥50%的晚期NSCLC的一线治疗。 KEYNOTE⁃042是首项以OS为主要终点,对比Pem⁃ brolizumab和含铂双药化疗一线治疗PD⁃L1表达≥ 1%且无敏感性EGFR或ALK突变的晚期/转移性NSCLC的Ⅲ期临床研究。该研究结果显示在3个PD ⁃ L1表达人群中(TPS≥50%、TPS≥20%、TPS≥ 1%),Pembrolizumab组均较化疗组显著延长OS, PD ⁃L1表达越高获益越显著,18个月缓解率为53.4%vs.30.4%。此数据支持Pembrolizumab单药一线治疗可延伸至无EGFR或ALK突变且PD⁃L1表达较低的晚期/转移性NSCLC患者[26]。以上研究表明,Pembrolizumab可在晚期NSCLC的一二线治疗中发挥重要效用。

  • Nivolumab也是一种抗PD⁃1的全人源化IgG4单克隆抗体。迄今,多项Ⅲ期临床研究对Nivolumab单药在晚期NSCLC的一二线治疗中的疗效进行了评估。CheckMate⁃017和CheckMate⁃057两项国际临床试验分别评估了Nivolumab在晚期鳞癌和晚期非鳞癌中的疗效和安全性,结果显示Nivolumab组对比多西他赛组,鳞癌中1年OS率为42%vs.24%,缓解率20%vs.9%,3~4级AE 7%vs.55%,非鳞癌中1年OS率为51%vs.39%,缓解率19%vs.12%,3~4级AE 10%vs.54%,表明不论在晚期鳞癌还是非鳞癌中,Nivolumab单药二线治疗的疗效和安全性均明显优于多西他赛[27-28]。2015年,Nivolumab获批用于化疗后转移性NSCLC的二线治疗,为转移性NSCLC患者提供了一种新的治疗选择[29]。首项面向中国人群的Ⅲ期临床试验CheckMate⁃078报告了Nivolumab在化疗后进展的晚期无EGFR/ALK突变的NSCLC患者中同样获益,Nivolumab组和多西他赛组中位OS分别为12个月和9.6个月,与全球性研究结果一致[30]。基于该研究结果,Nivolumab于2018年6月获得中国食品药品监督管理局(China Food and Drug Administration,CFDA)的批准,作为无EGFR/ALK突变的晚期NSCLC的二线治疗,成为中国首个获批的PD⁃1抑制剂。而一线治疗方面,Nivolumab单药尚未获得满意结果。既往CheckMate⁃026研究将Niv⁃ olumab与含铂化疗在PD⁃L1阳性晚期NSCLC中的疗效进行对比分析,结果显示Nivolumab较化疗无明显优势(中位PFS 4.2个月 vs.5.9个月,中位OS 14.4个月vs.13.2个月,ORR 26.1%vs.33.5%),一线治疗探索暂以失败告终[31]

  • Atezolizumab是一种人源化抗PD⁃L1单克隆抗体。Ⅱ期临床研究POPLAR及Ⅲ期临床研究OAK都对Atezolizumab和多西他赛二线治疗晚期NSCLC的疗效和安全性进行了评估。POPLAR共纳入287例含铂化疗后进展的患者,结果显示Atezolizumab组OS 12.6个月,多西他赛组9.7个月,OS率与PD⁃L1表达呈正相关性[32]。OAK共纳入患者1 225例,并在意向性分析(intention⁃to⁃treat analysis,ITT)人群(n=850)中进行了疗效评估。结果表明对比多西他赛, Atezolizumab组OS得到明显改善(13.8个月vs.9.6个月),并且3~4级AE发生率更低(15%vs.43%),与 Ⅱ期研究结果一致。该研究的亚组分析还表明, Atezolizumab在低或无PD⁃L1表达的患者中仍有获益[33]。基于以上两项研究结果,2016年10月FDA批准Atezolizumab用于NSCLC的二线治疗。

  • Pembrolizumab、Nivolumab和Atezolizumab单药在晚期NSCLC的治疗中的疗效和安全性已经得到认可,并通过FDA批准应用到临床一二线治疗中。依据目前的研究数据,PD⁃L1高表达的人群接受免疫单药治疗的生存获益可能更佳。

  • 3.1.2 联合治疗

  • 3.1.2.1PD⁃1/PD⁃L1抑制剂联合化疗

  • 有证据表明,化疗除了具有细胞毒性作用外,还可介导免疫反应,包括减少免疫抑制性细胞的数量和活性,增强抗原提呈,以及增强T细胞杀伤作用等[34],此外,还有研究证明化疗可诱导肿瘤细胞上PD⁃L1的表达[35],因此,将PD⁃1/PD⁃L1抑制剂与化疗联合可能具有协同抗肿瘤作用。一项随机多队列临床研究KEYNOTE⁃021的第二阶段G队列结果显示,与单独使用卡铂+培美曲塞化疗相比,加用Pem⁃ brolizumab可显著提高患者ORR(55%vs.29%)和延长PFS(13.0个月vs.8.9个月),表明联合疗法可能是一种有效的治疗选择[36]。在此研究基础上,两项Ⅲ 期临床研究KEYNOTE ⁃ 189和KEYNOTE ⁃ 407对Pembrolizumab联合标准化疗一线治疗晚期NSCLC的疗效进行了进一步的评估。KEYNOTE⁃189研究共纳入616例无EGFR/ALK突变的转移性非鳞状NSCLC初治患者,随机分配予Pembrolizumab+卡铂/顺铂+培美曲塞或安慰剂+卡铂/顺铂+培美曲塞,随后Pembrolizumab或安慰剂维持治疗。中期随访结果显示,Pembrolizumab联合治疗组较安慰剂组显著改善PFS(8.8个月 vs.4.9个月),OS(69.2%vs.49.4%),且安全性可控(3~4级AE:67.2%vs.65.8%)。该研究还在对PD⁃L1表达与疗效是否关联的探索中发现,无论患者PD⁃L1表达如何,Pembroli⁃ zumab联合化疗均有获益[37]。2019年更新的长期随访数据显示,Pembrolizumab联合化疗组有持续显著的生存获益(45.5%vs.29.9%),进入二线治疗的PFS (PFS2)仍有明显改善(38.4%vs.13.8%),证实该治疗方案可在很大程度上改善转移性非鳞状NSCLC患者的结局[38]。根据该研究结果,美国国立综合癌症网络(National Comprehensive Cancer Network, NCCN)、欧洲肿瘤内科学会(European Society for Medical Oncology,ESMO)和癌症免疫治疗学会(So⁃ ciety for Immunotheapy of Carcer,SITC)指南推荐Pembrolizumab联合含铂化疗作为无EGFR/ALK突变的非鳞状NSCLC的首选一线治疗。随机、双盲、 Ⅲ期研究KEYNOTE⁃407对比了Pembrolizumab+卡铂+紫杉醇/纳米紫杉醇和安慰剂+卡铂+紫杉醇/纳米紫杉醇在转移性鳞状NSCLC患者中的疗效,结果显示联合方案在鳞癌中亦有显著优势,且与PD⁃L1表达水平无关[39]

  • 此外,两项Ⅲ期临床研究IMpower130和IMpow⁃ er131分别评估了Atezolizumab用于一线治疗无EG⁃ FR/ALK突变晚期非鳞状NSCLC和晚期鳞状NSCLC的疗效。入组人群被随机分配接受Atezolizumab+ 卡铂+纳米紫杉醇或卡铂+纳米紫杉醇,中位随访结果显示,在晚期非鳞状NSCLC中,Atezolizumab联合含铂化疗相比单纯化疗有明显的PFS(7.0个月 vs.5.5个月)和OS(18.6个月vs.13.9个月)改善,该数据支持Atezolizumab联合含铂化疗作为晚期非鳞状NSCLC的一线治疗[40]。而在晚期鳞状NSCLC中仅PFS(6.3个月 vs.5.6个月)获益,其中PD⁃L1高表达亚组获益更明显。虽然总体OS无统计学差异,但亚组分析显示PD⁃L1高表达人群可能OS获益(23.6个月vs.14.1个月)[41]

  • 综上,Pembrolizumab联合化疗在晚期NSCLC的一线治疗中表现出显著的生存获益,且不受PD⁃L1表达水平的限制,成为新的标准治疗选择。Atezoli⁃ zumab联合化疗在晚期非鳞状NSCLC及PD⁃L1高表达的鳞状NSCLC中具有较好的疗效。

  • 3.1.2.2PD⁃1/PD⁃L1抑制剂联合CTLA⁃4抑制剂双免疫治疗

  • PD⁃1/PD⁃L1抑制剂和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原⁃4(cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4,CTLA⁃4)抑制剂是目前应用最广泛的免疫检查点抑制剂,二者通过不同的机制作用于免疫调节的不同阶段,联合使用可能产生协同效应[42],并在关于黑色素瘤的临床研究中得到了验证[43]。CheckMate⁃227是一项关于双免疫检查点抑制剂联合治疗晚期NSCLC的Ⅲ 期临床研究,旨在评估Nivolumab+Ipilimumab(CTLA ⁃ 4抑制剂)一线治疗晚期无EGFR/ALK突变的NSCLC患者的疗效及安全性,并探究了肿瘤突变负荷(tumor mutation burden,TMB)的生物标志物效用。结果显示与化疗相比,在高TMB(≥10mut/Mb) 的患者中,无论PD⁃L1表达水平如何,Nivolumab+ Ipilimumab可显著延长PFS(中位PFS 7.2个月vs.5.4个月);在PD⁃L1表达≥1%的患者中,可延长OS(中位OS 23.0个月 vs.16.4个月),总体安全性可控[44]。另一项Ⅲb期临床研究CheckMate⁃817的初步结果显示,固定剂量Nivolumab+小剂量Ipilimumab一线治疗晚期NSCLC的安全性与CheckMate⁃227一致,总体患者中位PFS为5.8个月,1年持续缓解率69%,队列A1中TMB≥10mut/Mb和PD⁃L1≥50%的患者获益更显著[45-46]。上述研究肯定了Nivolumab+Ipili⁃ mumab在晚期NSCLC一线治疗中的作用,并提示TMB可用于疗效预测,具备作为生物标志物的潜力。

  • Durvalumab是一种选择性、高亲和力的抗PD⁃ L1人源化IgG1单克隆抗体。一项随机、开放标签的 Ⅲ期临床研究MYSTIC,比较了一线使用Durvalum⁃ ab联合或不联合Tremelimumab(CTLA⁃4抑制剂)与铂类双药化疗治疗晚期NSCLC患者的疗效和安全性。研究结果显示Durvalumab联合Tremelimumab一线治疗对比双药化疗无疗效优势[47],但2019年世界肺癌大会(World Conference on Lung Cancer,WCLC) 公布的临床报告结局表明,在主要分析人群中(PD⁃ L1≥25%),该双免疫联合方案可持续减少患者的症状负担,较化疗患者在多种症状、功能维度以及整体健康/生命质量均具有明显改善[48]

  • 3.1.2.3PD⁃1/PD⁃L1抑制剂联合抗血管靶向治疗

  • 贝伐单抗作为抗血管生成的靶向药物,通过与血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth fac⁃ tor,VEGF)结合发挥抑制血管生成及提高抗肿瘤免疫反应等作用[49],贝伐单抗联合化疗已被FDA批准用于治疗晚期非鳞状NSCLC的一线治疗[50-51],近来有研究发现贝伐单抗可增强免疫检查点抑制剂的疗效[4952]。一项开放标签的随机Ⅲ期研究IMpow⁃ er150评估了Atezolizumab+贝伐单抗+卡铂+紫杉醇四药联合一线治疗未经过化疗的转移性NSCLC患者的临床疗效。结果显示,在不同亚组患者中,包括伴有肝转移和EGFR/ALK突变阳性的患者,与贝伐单抗联合化疗相比,在贝伐单抗联合化疗中加入Atezolizumab均可观察到显著而持久的临床获益,且安全性可控[53-54]。该研究结果表明,Atezolizum⁃ ab+贝伐单抗+卡铂+紫杉醇将成为转移性非鳞状NSCLC,尤其是肝转移和EGFR/ALK阳性患者的一种重要的新标准治疗方案。

  • 3.1.2.4PD⁃1/PD⁃L1抑制剂联合酪氨酸激酶抑制剂 (TKI)靶向治疗

  • 目前,TKI靶向治疗已被证明可显著改善存在EGFR/ALK驱动基因突变的晚期NSCLC患者的临床结局,ORR及PFS均较化疗显著提高,且耐受性良好,成为该部分患者新的标准一线治疗方案[55-56]。但是,多数使用EGFR⁃TKI治疗的患者会不可避免地产生耐药,其后续治疗的选择以及耐药性问题亟待进一步解决。多项临床前研究显示,PD⁃1/PD⁃L1在EGFR突变细胞系中表达上调[57-59],其中一项回顾性研究[59] 报道了在EGFR⁃TKI治疗的NSCLC患者中,PD⁃L1阳性患者的反应率、疾病进展时间及OS均高于PD⁃L1阴性患者,这表明对于具有EGFR突变的EGFR⁃TKI耐药NSCLC患者,抗PD⁃1/PD⁃L1免疫治疗可能是一种可选择的疗法,并为PD⁃1/PD⁃L1抑制剂联合EGFR⁃TKI靶向治疗提供了依据。

  • 然而,一项涉及5项大型临床试验(KEYNOTE⁃ 010、CheckMate ⁃ 017、CheckMate ⁃ 057、POPLAR和OAK)的Meta分析结果显示,在经治的(包括EGFR⁃ TKI治疗或化疗)EGFR突变NSCLC患者中,与多西他赛相比,二线使用PD⁃1/PD⁃L1抑制剂单药治疗未观察到OS获益(HR=1.11,95%CI:0.80~1.53,P=0.54)[60]。免疫单药治疗在EGFR突变患者中作用减弱的潜在生物学机制仍待阐明。

  • 近年来,几项早期临床研究对PD⁃1/PD⁃L1抑制剂联合EGFR⁃TKI靶向治疗的临床疗效和安全性进行了初步评估。一项Ⅰ期临床研究[61] 评估了Niv⁃ olumab联合厄洛替尼在晚期EGFR突变NSCLC患者中的疗效和安全性,研究共纳入20例经TKI治疗进展的患者和1例TKI初治患者。结果显示总体ORR为19%,反应持续时间延长至60个月以上。 24%的患者发生3级AE。在一项使用Atezolizumab联合厄洛替尼治疗EGFR突变NSCLC TKI初治患者的Ⅰb期临床研究中,ORR为75%,中位反应持续时间为9.7个月,其中39%的患者出现3~4级AE,但无间质性肺炎的报道[62]。另一项Ⅰ期临床研究对两种Durvalumab+吉非替尼联合治疗方案在EGFR突变NSCLC TKI初治患者中的疗效进行了评估[63]。其中,10例患者接受了Durvalumab+吉非替尼联合治疗,另外10例患者接受了4周的吉非替尼单药治疗,随后联合使用Durvalumab+吉非替尼治疗。研究结果显示,第1组和第2组患者的ORR分别为77.8%和80.0%,在第2组患者中,有4例患者因3~4级AE终止治疗。Ⅰb期TATTON研究[64]评估了Durvalumab联合奥西替尼在EGFR突变NSCLC患者中的安全性。研究共纳入34例患者,分为EGFR⁃ TKI经治组(n=23,A组)和EGFR⁃TKI初治组(n=11, B组)。结果显示,38%(13/34)的患者出现间质性肺病(A组26%,B组64%),其中15%(5/34)为3~4级间质性肺病,59%的患者因治疗相关不良反应而终止治疗。由于间质性肺病发病率显著增加,针对联合使用Durvalumab和奥西替尼治疗NSCLC的临床试验已经停止。尽管免疫治疗联合靶向治疗在NSCLC中显示出了一定的疗效,但鉴于明显增加的毒性反应,尚不建议将PD⁃1/PD⁃L1抑制剂与EGFR⁃TKI联合使用。目前,相关的临床研究仍处于早期阶段,需要进一步的研究来探索这种联合疗法的最佳给药剂量、给药顺序及药物组合方式,以解决安全性问题和提高疗效。

  • 3.2 局部晚期NSCLC治疗

  • 局部晚期NSCLC指不可切除的Ⅲ期NSCLC,可能表现为不同的原发灶和淋巴结状态(单灶或多灶,淋巴结是否受累等),治疗策略的管理也较为复杂[20]。既往标准治疗方式一般为含铂化疗或同步放化疗,但该部分患者的5年生存率也仅有15%~30%[65]。Ⅲ期临床研究PACIFIC对比了Durvalumab与安慰剂用于巩固治疗同步放化疗后无疾病进展的局部晚期NSCLC的疗效,主要研究终点为PFS和OS。既往中期分析结果显示,与安慰剂组相比, Durvalumab组中位PFS(17.2个月 vs.5.6个月)及中位死亡或远处转移时间(28.3个月 vs.16.2个月)均显著延长,降低新发病灶率(33.8%vs.22.5%)[66-67]。截至2019年1月31日,3年OS数据中Durvalumab组和安慰剂组第12、24和36个月OS率分别为83.1%vs.74.6%、66.3%vs.55.3%、57.0%vs.43.5%,这些结果表明在同步放化疗后给予Durvalumab治疗可以使患者生存期显著延长[68]。因该研究方案疗效显著, 2018年初Durvalumab获批该适应证,Ⅲ期不可切除的NSCLC同步放化疗后无疾病进展使用Durvalum⁃ ab巩固治疗成为新的标准治疗方案。

  • 在Durvalumab用于巩固治疗局部晚期NSCLC取得显著获益的背景下,一项Ⅱ期研究对Atezoli⁃ zumab联合同步放化疗治疗局部晚期NSCLC的可行性进行了探索分析。研究分为两个阶段,第一阶段 (n=10)常规同步放化疗后使用巩固化疗+Atezoli⁃ zumab治疗,而后Atezolizumab单药巩固治疗1年,第二阶段(n=30)同步放化疗+Atezolizumab治疗后使用巩固化疗+Atezolizumab治疗,而后Atezolizum⁃ ab单药巩固治疗1年,主要观察治疗安全性。最新安全性结果显示,与第一阶段相比,第二阶段的毒性反应未显著增加,第一阶段和第二阶段中Atezoli⁃ zumab相关的严重不良事件发生率分别为30%和20%,该结果表明Atezolizumab联合同步放化疗后使用Atezolizumab联合化疗巩固治疗局部晚期NSCLC患者的方案是安全可行的[69]

  • 3.3 SCLC治疗

  • 与NSCLC相比,SCLC具有早发转移、生存期短等特点,多数SCLC患者(70%)被诊断时即为广泛期[21],总体5年生存率仅有7%[2],局限期SCLC的5年生存率也只有10%[20]。尽管SCLC对放化疗敏感,初始治疗反应较好,但疾病复发率高,二线治疗药物拓扑替康有效率仅有15%~20%,患者的生存改善甚微[21]。近年来,免疫治疗特别是免疫检查点抑制剂出现,给SCLC患者带来了新的希望。

  • 复发性SCLC可选择的治疗药物少且有效率低,导致治疗更加困难[21]。一项Ⅰb期临床研究KEYNOTE ⁃ 028探索了Pembrolizumab在广泛期SCLC中的潜在治疗作用,结果显示Pembrolizumab在经过标准治疗的PD⁃L1阳性SCLC患者中显示出抗肿瘤活性(ORR 33%)[70]。Ⅱ期临床研究KEY⁃ NOTE ⁃158进一步评估了Pembrolizumab作为晚期SCLC二或三线治疗的疗效。该研究入组了标准治疗后进展或不耐受的晚期SCLC患者共107例,给予每3周Pembrolizumab200mg静脉注射治疗。2018年ASCO会议公布的中期数据显示中位OS 8.7个月,其中PD⁃L1阳性者14.9个月,中位PFS 2个月, ORR为18.7%,并预计73%的患者反应持续时间可超过1年。该研究表明在晚期SCLC中,Pembroli⁃ zumab具有较好的抗肿瘤作用[71]。基于上述两项临床研究结果,2019年6月17日,FDA批准Pembroli⁃ zumab用于铂类化疗中或铂类化疗后病情进展的晚期SCLC患者。另一项临床研究CheckMate⁃032探索了Nivolumab单药或Nivolumab联合Ipilimumab双免疫疗法在复发性SCLC中的疗效和安全性。结果显示Nivolumab单药作为复发性SCLC三线治疗的中位随访时间为28.3个月,ORR 11.9%,平均持续反应时间(duration of response,DOR)为17.9个月。而联合治疗的疗效优于单药治疗,但3~4级AE比例更高(37%)。该研究证实Nivolumab单药和Niv⁃ olumab+Ipilimumab联合治疗在复发性SCLC患者中有较好的抗肿瘤活性,治疗反应持久,这可能转化为长期的生存获益[72-73]。基于此项研究,2018年8月16日Nivolumab单药治疗获FDA批准用于治疗复发性SCLC患者的三线治疗。此外,另一种双免疫治疗方案Durvalumab+Tremelimumab在晚期SCLC的临床研究中也显示出初步疗效,安全可耐受,但研究结果具有一定的局限性,仍需与既往二线化疗方案进行对比[74]

  • 免疫治疗在SCLC的二、三线治疗中取得成功的同时,在晚期SCLC的一线治疗中也取得了突破性进展。IMpower133研究评估了Atezolizumab联合常规一线化疗(卡铂+依托泊苷)对初治的广泛期SCLC患者的疗效和安全性。该研究2016—2017年共纳入患者403例,主要终点为PFS和OS。最终结果显示,对比安慰剂组,Atezolizumab联合化疗显著延长PFS(中位PFS 5.2个月 vs.4.3个月)和OS(中位OS 12.3个月 vs.10.3个月),安全性与单纯化疗无显著差异,这是近二十年来首个显著改善患者生存率的治疗方案,Atezolizumab联合卡铂+依托泊苷有望成为一线治疗广泛期SCLC的新标准[75]。2019年3月18日,FDA批准Atezolizumab联合卡铂+依托泊苷用于广泛期SCLC的一线治疗。Ⅲ期临床研究CAS⁃ PIAN也对Durvalumab联合铂⁃依托泊苷一线治疗广泛期SCLC的OS进行了评估,结果显示对比单纯化疗组,Durvalumab联合化疗组有显著的OS改善,中位OS为13.0个月 vs.10.3个月,12个月OS率为53.7%vs.39.8%,18个月OS率为33.9%vs.24.7%,所有疗效终点包括PFS、ORR中均观察到临床获益,且安全性可靠[76]。免疫治疗联合化疗用于一线治疗SCLC获得成功,为晚期SCLC的治疗提供了更多选择。

  • 4 疗效预测标志物

  • 尽管PD⁃1/PD⁃L1免疫检查点抑制剂在NSCLC和SCLC的治疗中表现出了良好抗肿瘤活性,但仅有小部分患者对免疫治疗有反应,目前仍缺乏有效的生物标志物来确定可受益的目标人群,这成为免疫治疗面临的一项重要挑战。大量关于PD⁃1/PD⁃ L1抑制剂疗效预测标志物的研究正在进行中,多项研究结果显示出以下有希望的疗效预测标志物:PD ⁃ L1表达[1424]、TMB[4477]、DNA错配修复缺陷 (dMMR)、高度微卫星不稳定性(MSI⁃H)[78]、肿瘤新生抗原负荷(TNB)[79]、预先存在的CD8+ T细胞浸润[80]、外周血细胞分析[18-19]、驱动基因突变[81⁃82] 等,其中PD ⁃L1表达已被批准作为NSCLC选择PD⁃1/PD⁃L1抑制剂治疗的生物标志物,也是目前评估抗PD⁃1/PD⁃L1单药治疗获益的最佳标志物[83]。最近有研究进一步指出,PD⁃L1表达具有时空异质性,不同组织学部位PD⁃L1表达水平不同,淋巴结活检组织中的PD⁃ L1表达用于疗效预测可能并不可靠,并强烈建议使用新的活检组织进行PD⁃L1检测[84]。dMMR会导致MSI⁃H,二者具有高度相关性,Pembrolizumab已获FDA批准用于具有dMMR或MSI⁃H的实体瘤患者,这是首个依据生物标志物而非肿瘤类型批准的泛肿瘤适应证[85]。目前研究发现,dMMR和MSI⁃H在肺癌中的发生率较低,可能难以发挥实际预测价值[86-87]。此外,TMB也表现出作为疗效预测标志物的巨大潜力,尤其是在PD⁃1/PD⁃L1抑制剂联合CT⁃LA⁃4抑制剂的治疗中,且独立于PD⁃L1表达,但目前的数据仍局限于小样本量,仍需更多的试验证明其疗效预测的准确性[4447]

  • 5 总结

  • 近年来PD⁃1/PD⁃L1抑制剂在肺癌的临床应用中不断取得突破性的进展,改变了肺癌治疗的传统模式,成为肺癌综合治疗的新支柱。但在PD⁃1/PD⁃ L1抑制剂为肺癌患者带来生存希望的同时,也面临着许多新的挑战:①可靠的疗效预测标志物。目前可使用的疗效预测标志物十分有限,且单个标志物仍有各自的局限性,急需一个统一标准来选择出合适的目标人群以避免不必要的经济负担,这对于免疫治疗的成功至关重要。②最佳的用药时机。目前早期应用PD⁃1/PD⁃L1抑制剂的研究已初见成果,但仍需更多的研究数据来验证其能否带来长期获益。③如何选择最佳的联合方案、药物剂量和给药顺序以获得最大的治疗效果和最小的不良反应。因此,PD⁃1/PD⁃L1抑制剂的临床应用价值已被多项临床实验肯定,但仍需进一步的探索以拓宽其适应证,为肺癌患者带来更大获益。

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