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通讯作者:

肇毅,E⁃mail:doctorzhaoyi@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R737.9

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)08-1166-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210809

参考文献 1
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参考文献 8
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参考文献 9
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参考文献 10
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参考文献 11
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参考文献 12
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参考文献 13
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参考文献 14
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参考文献 17
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参考文献 20
BAIJU T V,ALMEIDA R G,SIVANANDAN S T,et al.Quinonoid compounds via reactions of lawsone and 2⁃ami⁃ nonaphthoquinone with α⁃bromonitroalkenes and nitroal⁃ lylic acetates:Structural diversity by C ⁃ ring modification and cytotoxic evaluation against cancer cells[J].Eur J Med Chem,2018,151:686-704
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨中草药散沫花中活性成分散沫花素(lawsone)在三阴性乳腺癌(triple negative breast cancer,TNBC)治疗中的应用前景。方法:选取2株TNBC细胞系MDA⁃MB⁃231和SUM1315作为研究对象,通过CCK⁃8实验、划痕实验、Transwell实验、平板克隆、EdU以及细胞周期检测等实验探讨散沫花素对乳腺癌细胞的作用。结果:MDA⁃MB⁃231和SUM1315的72 h半数抑制浓度(IC50)分别为249.87 μmol/L和158.34 μmol/L,散沫花素能明显抑制乳腺癌细胞迁移、侵袭及增殖,同时能延长乳腺癌细胞周期的G1期。结论:散沫花素可能通过抑制乳腺癌细胞迁移、侵袭及增殖来影响乳腺癌的发生发展。

    Abstract

    Objective:This stndy aims to investigate the application prospect of lawsone in the treatment of triple negative breast cancer(TNBC). Methods:Two TNBC cell lines,MDA⁃MB⁃231 and SUM1315,were selected as the research subjects. The effects of lawsone on breast cancer cells were investigated by CCK⁃8 assay,wound⁃healing assay,cellular invasion assay,colony formation assay, EdU assay and cell cycle assay. Results:The 72⁃hour IC50 values of MDA ⁃MB ⁃231 and SUM1315 were 249.87 μmol/L and 158.34 μmol/L,respectively. Lawsone could significantly inhibit the migration,invasion and proliferation of breast cancer cells,and prolong the G1 phase of breast cancer cell cycle. Conclusion:Lawsone may affect the occurrence and development of breast cancer by inhibiting the migration,invasion and proliferation of breast cancer cells.

  • 乳腺癌是女性发病率最高的恶性肿瘤,导致全世界每年约50万女性死亡[1]。根据不同乳腺癌之间基因表达的差异,其至少可以分为4种不同的分子亚型[2]。三阴性乳腺癌(triple negative breast can⁃ cer,TNBC)是指雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)、孕激素受体(progesterone receptor,PR)及人表皮生长因子受体2(human epidermal growthfactor receptor 2,HER⁃2)均为阴性的一类乳腺癌,占乳腺癌相关死亡人数的25%[3]。即使接受了规范的手术及放化疗,TNBC患者在术后2~3年内仍处于高复发转移风险期[4],其预后明显差于其他乳腺癌亚型。由于TNBC缺乏特异性的分子靶点,不能从针对ER、PR的内分泌治疗及针对HER⁃2的分子靶向治疗中获益,因此,寻找新的治疗药物及治疗方法来有效控制TNBC患者术后复发转移是目前乳腺癌研究领域的热点[5]。散沫花(Lawsoniainermis L.)又称指甲花[6],中药典籍中最早记载于西晋嵇含所著《南方草木状》,其具有抗肿瘤、抗感染、抗寄生虫等药理功效。散沫花中活性成分散沫花素(lawsone),又称指甲花醌,有较强的抗肿瘤活性,对包括肺癌、肝癌、肠癌、黑色素瘤及白血病等[7-12] 在内的多种肿瘤均有抑制作用。本研究通过体外实验检测散沫花素对TNBC细胞的作用,探讨散沫花素治疗TNBC的潜力。

  • 1 材料和方法

  • 1.1 材料

  • 散沫花素(2⁃羟基⁃1,4⁃萘醌,分子式:C10H6O3) 粉剂(上海Topscience生物科技有限公司);人乳腺癌细胞MDA⁃MB⁃231(ATCC公司,美国);人乳腺癌细胞SUM1315由Stephen Ethier教授(美国密歇根大学)赠予。DMEM培养基、PBS缓冲液、胎牛血清、 0.25%胰酶和青链霉素(Gibco公司,美国);CCK⁃8试剂盒(Dojindo公司,日本);Transwell生物膜基质凝胶包被的侵袭小室(Costar公司,美国);结晶紫、细胞周期与细胞凋亡检测试剂盒(上海碧云天生物技术有限公司)。

  • Thermo 3111CO2培养箱、MUTiskan GO酶标仪 (Thermo Fisher公司,美国);Axiovert 40CFL荧光倒置显微镜(Zeiss公司,德国);BD FACSCalibur流式细胞仪(BD Bioscience公司,美国)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 细胞培养与分组

  • 用含10%胎牛血清的DMEM培养液培养MDA⁃ MB⁃231和SUM1315细胞。功能实验分组:①散沫花素处理组:MDA⁃MB⁃231和SUM1315细胞分别用含有200 μmol/L、150 μmol/L散沫花素的DMEM培养基预处理24h后收集细胞培养;②对照组:含0.1%DMSO的DMEM培养基预处理24h后收集细胞。

  • 1.2.2 抑制增殖活性检测(CCK⁃8法)

  • 在96孔板中接种对数生长期的MDA⁃MB⁃231和SUM1315细胞,每孔接种约2 000个,待细胞贴壁后加入不同浓度散沫花素DMEM培养基(含10%胎牛血清),以含0.1%DMSO的DMEM培养基(含10%胎牛血清)为空白对照。在处理72h后,吸除旧培养基,加入10 μL的CCK⁃8及90 μL无血清培养基,放入CO2培养箱静置2h后,用酶标仪读取450nm吸光度。按照下列公式计算细胞活力:

  • 细胞活力=[A(加药)-A(空白)][/A(0加药)-A(空白)]×100%

  • A(加药):具有细胞、CCK⁃8溶液和药物溶液的孔的吸光度;A(空白):具有培养基和CCK⁃8溶液而没有细胞的孔的吸光度;A(0加药):具有细胞、CCK⁃8溶液而没有药物溶液的孔的吸光度。用Graphpad Prism 8软件以提取物浓度的对数值log(X)为横坐标,提取物的吸光度与空白对照吸光度的百分比值为纵坐标,做非线性回归分析,获得抑制细胞增殖的半数抑制浓度(IC50)。

  • 1.2.3 细胞迁移活性检测(划痕实验)

  • 收集预处理后的两组细胞,以每孔5×105 个细胞接种于6孔板,CO2培养箱培养24h,待细胞贴壁后用枪头(200 μL)划痕,用PBS缓冲液洗去漂浮细胞,加入DMEM培养基(含10%胎牛血清),分别于划痕后的0、24h后在显微镜下拍照,用Image J软件分析处理前后划痕面积变化,计算抑制迁移率。

  • 1.2.4 细胞侵袭实验

  • 收集预处理后的两组细胞,用不含胎牛血清的培养基制备成含4×104 个/mL的细胞悬液加入Tran⁃ swell生物膜基质凝胶包被的侵袭小室(置于24孔板中),Transwell小室的下层加入含10%胎牛血清的培养基,37℃培养箱培养24h,用棉签擦去孔内细胞,75%乙醇固定0.5h后用结晶紫染色1h,洗去多余染液,在显微镜下随机选取5个视野拍照,并计数细胞个数,取5个视野的平均数表示肿瘤细胞的体外侵袭数。

  • 1.2.5 平板克隆形成实验

  • 收集预处理后的两组细胞,以500个/孔均匀接种至6孔板上,培育14d后用70%乙醇固定3min, 1%结晶紫染色15min,PBS洗涤2次并拍照。

  • 1.2.6 EdU实验检测癌细胞DNA合成能力

  • 收集预处理后的两组细胞,以2 000个/孔均匀接种至96孔板中。按EdU试剂盒配制染色液和进行实验操作,结束后置于显微镜下观察并拍照。

  • 1.2.7 流式细胞仪检测细胞周期变化

  • 收集预处理后的两组细胞,以每孔5×105 个细胞接种至6孔板,以不含EDTA的胰蛋白酶使细胞脱壁,收集细胞,按细胞周期试剂盒中说明进行实验操作,用流式细胞仪进行细胞周期检测。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 应用SPSS22.0和Graphpad5.0软件对实验数据进行分析。所有定量数据以均数±标准差(x- ± s)表示,两组比较采用 t 检验,多组间比较采用方差分析,两两比较采用SNK法。P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 散沫花素对乳腺癌细胞增殖的抑制

  • 将散沫花素粉剂用DMSO溶解至10mmol/L配置为母液,再用DMEM培养基稀释至不同浓度,测试其对MDA⁃MB⁃231和SUM1315乳腺癌细胞的增殖抑制活性(图1)。进一步分析散沫花素在不同浓度时对MDA⁃MB⁃231和SUM1315细胞增殖的抑制作用,计算得出其作用72h的IC50分别为249.87 μmol/L和158.34 μmol/L。

  • 2.2 散沫花素对乳腺癌细胞迁移的影响

  • 与对照组相比,散沫花素处理后MDA⁃MB⁃231和SUM1315细胞迁移的平均抑制率分别达67.85%和56.54%(P< 0.000 1,图2)。

  • 2.3 散沫花素对乳腺癌细胞侵袭的影响

  • 与对照组相比,散沫花素处理组的细胞侵袭能力受到明显抑制,散沫花素处理后MDA⁃MB⁃231和SUM1315细胞穿过膜孔的细胞数量分别为对照组的28.52%和18.06%(P< 0.05,图3)。

  • 2.4 散沫花素对乳腺癌细胞增殖的影响

  • 平板克隆实验检测结果发现,与空白对照组比较,散沫花素处理组的细胞克隆数明显减少(P< 0.001,图4A、B)。EdU实验结果也发现,散沫花素处理组细胞的DNA合成能力受到显著抑制[(87± 13)vs.(42±9),P< 0.001,图4C;(103±24)vs.(33± 12),P< 0.001,图4D]。

  • 图1 不同浓度散沫花素培养72h后乳腺癌细胞增殖活性

  • Fig.1 Proliferative activity of breast cancer cells cul⁃ tured with different concentrations of lawsone

  • 图2 划痕实验检测乳腺癌细胞迁移活性(×40)

  • Fig.2 Results of wound⁃healing assay(×40)

  • 图3 侵袭实验结果(×100)

  • Fig.3 Results of cellular invasion assay(×100)

  • 图4 散沫花素对三阴性乳腺癌细胞增殖能力的影响

  • Fig.4 Effect of lawsone on proliferation of triple negative breast cancer cells

  • 2.5 散沫花素对乳腺癌细胞周期的影响

  • 通过流式细胞仪检测散沫花素对MDA⁃MB⁃231和SUM1315细胞周期的影响。由结果可知,散沫花素处理组与空白对照组相比,MDA⁃MB⁃231的G0/G1期细胞的数量平均由48.78%增加至55.7%,S期细胞数由44.72%减少至42.57%,G2期细胞数量由6.5%减少至1.73%;SUM1315的G0/G1期细胞的数量平均由48.78%增加至55.7%,S期细胞数由44.72%减少至42.57%,G2期细胞数量由6.5%减少至1.73%(图5)。

  • 3 讨论

  • 目前,乳腺癌的全身治疗手段主要包括化疗、内分泌治疗和抗HER⁃2靶向治疗。由于内分泌治疗和抗HER⁃2靶向治疗对TNBC无效,化疗是目前TNBC唯一有效的全身治疗手段[2]。虽然TNBC相对于非TNBC对化疗的初始反应更加敏感,但较易形成耐药[13]。因此,研究人员一直在不断探索针对三阴性乳腺癌的有效治疗方法。以靶向程序性死亡受体1(PD⁃1)或其配体(PD⁃L1)为代表的免疫治疗在多种晚期恶性肿瘤中都显示出了良好的治疗效果[14]。然而,针对TNBC的临床试验结果表明抗PD ⁃L1/PD ⁃L1单药治疗TNBC的客观反应率只有10%~20%[15]。另外,靶向PARP、mTOR、Src等靶点的药物也被用于TNBC治疗的体内外研究。其中单药PARP抑制剂在携带BRCA1突变的TNBC患者治疗上取得一定效果,但尚未获得能提高TNBC患者预后的临床数据。靶向mTOR的抑制剂在PTEN基因缺陷的TNBC细胞中显示出了更高的抑制作用[16],然而现有的临床实验表明mTOR抑制剂联合化疗并没有改善TNBC患者的病理缓解率[17]。本课题组既往开展了Src抑制剂PP2用于TNBC治疗的临床前研究,发现波形蛋白高表达的TNBC细胞系对Src抑制剂更加敏感[18],提示TNBC内在的异质性可能会影响药物的预期治疗效果。总体来说,目前多数单药治疗TNBC的研究结果并不理想,对患者预后生存无明显改善。

  • 图5 流式细胞仪检测细胞周期结果

  • Fig.5 Results of cell cycle analysis

  • 散沫花素是中草药散沫花中主要的活性成分之一,有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗真菌和细菌等活性。散沫花素能通过多种机制来发挥抗肿瘤作用,在体外实验中,散沫花素可通过抑制酪氨酸酶活性及降低相关转录因子(MITF)表达来减少黑素瘤细胞中黑色素的产生[12],还可通过降低NF⁃κB活性来抑制结直肠癌细胞周期[8],并能在动物实验中明显抑制皮肤癌的发生[19]。此外,Lee等[11] 研究发现散沫花素的衍生物能靶向作用于多药耐药的急性淋巴细胞白血病细胞中的Wnt/β⁃catenin信号通路来抑制白血病细胞。此前,尚无研究涉及散沫花素在TNBC治疗中的作用。

  • 本研究首先通过CCK⁃8、EDU和平板克隆实验明确了散沫花素对TNBC的非选择性抑制作用,能同时抑制MDA⁃MB⁃231和SUM1315细胞的增殖活性,且两者IC50处相同数量级,均>150 μmol/L。在Baiju等[20] 的研究中,将散沫花素合成杂环稠合醌类化合物,处理人结肠癌、人前列腺癌、人早幼粒细胞白血病、人胶质母细胞瘤和人肺癌细胞,证实其对多种肿瘤细胞具有抑制作用,且IC50值<2 μmol/L,远小于散沫花素的IC50值,提示该化合物可能具有更强的细胞毒性,但这一结论尚未得到循证医学证实。 Oliveira等[21] 的研究将散沫花素与以其为基础的6种钌(Ⅱ)配合物处理前列腺癌细胞及乳腺癌细胞,发现6种钌(Ⅱ)配合物的IC50值均小于散沫花素的IC50 值;该研究中散沫花素的IC50值均>100 μmol/L,与本研究的结果相仿。

  • 通过划痕实验和侵袭实验进一步探讨散沫花素是否具有抑制TNBC转移的能力,结果表明,散沫花素能有效抑制TNBC的迁移和侵袭。De Grandis等[22] 的研究中用以散沫花素为基础的化合物处理前列腺癌细胞,与对照组相比,暴露于化合物浓度为0.5 μmol/L的细胞48h后,80%的细胞迁移受到抑制。Romão等[23] 的研究中用与多胺结合的散沫花素处理多形性胶质母细胞瘤细胞后,与对照组相比该化合物能显著降低肿瘤侵袭力。由此可见,无论是散沫花素单体还是基于散沫花素的化合物都有明显抑制肿瘤细胞侵袭转移的作用。

  • 本研究细胞周期分析还发现散沫花素能有效阻断TNBC细胞由G1期进入S期。Wang等[8] 用散沫花素处理结肠癌DLD⁃1细胞,结果显示处于G2/M期的细胞数量显著增加,向下一个S期过渡的时间有所延迟。提示散沫花素虽然对各类肿瘤细胞都具有抑制作用,但在不同肿瘤细胞间发挥作用的原理不同,可以进一步设计相关实验研究散沫花素在TNBC细胞中的作用靶点。

  • 综上研究表明,散沫花素能有效抑制包括TN⁃ BC细胞在内的恶性肿瘤细胞的生长和侵袭转移,其抑制TNBC细胞的分子机制以及对活体TNBC乳腺癌的作用有待进一步探索。

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    • [2] WAKS A G,WINER E P.Breast cancer treatment:a re⁃ view[J].JAMA,2019,321:288-300

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    • [6] YIN L,DUAN J J,BIAN X W,et al.Triple ⁃ negative breast cancer molecular subtyping and treatment progress [J].Breast Cancer Res,2020,22:61

    • [7] 李倩,高文芹,赵余庆.散沫花化学成分和生物活性研究进展[J].中国中药杂志,2013,38(6):795-799

    • [8] WANG S B,TAO Z Z,LI P,Lawsone suppresses azoxy⁃ methane mediated colon cancer in rats and reduces prolif⁃ eration of DLD ⁃ 1 cells via NF ⁃ κB pathway[J].Biomed Pharmacother,2017,89:152-161

    • [9] ISHTEYAQUE S,MISHRA A,MOHAPATRA S,et al.Cy⁃ totoxicity,apoptosis and ameliorative potential of lawson⁃ ia inermis extract in human lung,colon and liver cancer cell line[J].Cancer Invest,2020,38(8⁃9):476-485

    • [10] HAMDOUN S,FLEISCHER E,KLINGER A,et al.Law⁃ sone derivatives target the Wnt/β⁃catenin signaling path⁃ way in multidrug ⁃ resistant acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells[J].Biochem Pharmacol,2017,146:63-73

    • [11] LEE S M,CHEN Y S,LIN C C,et al.Hair dyes resorcinol and lawsone reduce production of melanin in melanoma cells by tyrosinase activity inhibition and decreasing ty⁃ rosinase and microphthalmia ⁃associated transcription fac⁃ tor(MITF)expression.[J].Int J Mol Sci,2015,16:1495-508

    • [12] ALLEMANI C,MATSUDA T,DI CARLTO V,et al.Glob⁃ al surveillance of trends in cancer survival 2000⁃14(CON⁃ CORD ⁃3):analysis of individual records for 37 513 025 patients diagnosed with one of 18 cancers from 322 popu⁃ lation⁃based registries in 71 countries[J].Lancet,2018,391(10125):1023-1075

    • [13] GARRIDO⁃CASTRO A C,LIN N U,POLYAK K.Insights into molecular classifications of triple⁃negative breast can⁃ cer:improving patient selection for treatment[J].Cancer Discov,2019,9:176-198

    • [14] KHAN F,ESNAKULA A,RICKS⁃SANTI L J,et al.Loss of PTEN in high grade advanced stage triple negative breast ductal cancers in African American women[J].Pathol Res Pract,2018,214:673-678

    • [15] LOU L Q,YU Z Y,WANG Y,et al.c⁃Src inhibitor selec⁃ tively inhibits triple⁃negative breast cancer overexpressed Vimentin in vitro and in vivo[J].Cancer Sci,2018,109:1648-1659

    • [16] ISHTEYAQUE S,MISHRA A,MOHAPATRA S,et al.Cy⁃ totoxicity,apoptosis and ameliorative potential of extract in human lung,colon and liver cancer cell line[J].Can⁃ cer Invest,2020,38:476-485

    • [17] KAPADIA G J,RAO G S,SRIDHAR R,et al.Chemopre⁃ vention of skin cancer:effect of Lawsonia inermis L.(Hen⁃ na)leaf powder and its pigment artifact,lawsone in the Epstein ⁃ Barr virus early antigen activation assay and in two⁃stage mouse skin carcinogenesis models[J].Antican⁃ cer Agents Med Chem,2013,13:1500-1507

    • [18] KAMEI H,KOIDE T,KOJIMA T,et al.Inhibition of cell growth in culture by quinones[J].Cancer Biother Radio⁃ pharm,1998,13(3):185-188

    • [19] CHIEN C M,LIN K L,SU J C,et al.Naphtho[1,2⁃b]fu⁃ ran ⁃ 4,5 ⁃ dione induces apoptosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma:involvement of EGF receptor/PI3K/Akt signal⁃ ing pathway[J].Eur j pharmacol,2010,636(1⁃3):52-58

    • [20] BAIJU T V,ALMEIDA R G,SIVANANDAN S T,et al.Quinonoid compounds via reactions of lawsone and 2⁃ami⁃ nonaphthoquinone with α⁃bromonitroalkenes and nitroal⁃ lylic acetates:Structural diversity by C ⁃ ring modification and cytotoxic evaluation against cancer cells[J].Eur J Med Chem,2018,151:686-704

    • [21] OLIVEIRA K M,PETERSON E J,CARROCCIA M C,et al.Ru(Ⅱ)⁃naphthoquinone complexes with high selectiv⁃ ity for triple ⁃ negative breast cancer[J].Dalton Trans,2020,49(45):16193-16203

    • [22] DE GRANDIS R A,SANTOS P W D S D,OLIVEIRA K M,et al.Novel lawsone ⁃ containing ruthenium(Ⅱ)com⁃ plexes:synthesis,characterization and anticancer activity on 2D and 3D spheroid models of prostate cancer cells [J].Bioorg Chem,2019,85:455-468

    • [23] ROMÃO L,DO CANTO VP,NETZ PA,et al.Conjugation with polyamines enhances the antitumor activity of naph⁃ thoquinones against human glioblastoma cells[J].Anti⁃ cancer Drugs,2018,29(6):520-529

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 师金,梁迪,李道娟,等.全球女性乳腺癌流行情况研究[J].中国肿瘤,2017,26(9):683-690

    • [2] WAKS A G,WINER E P.Breast cancer treatment:a re⁃ view[J].JAMA,2019,321:288-300

    • [3] KUMAR P,AGGARWAL R.An overview of triple ⁃nega⁃ tive breast cancer[J].Arch Gynecol Obstet,2016,293(2):247-269

    • [4] BIANCHINI G,BALKO J M,MAYER I A,et al.Triple ⁃ negative breast cancer:challenges and opportunities of a heterogeneous disease[J].Nat Rev Clin Oncol,2016,13(11):674-690

    • [5] YAO H,HE G C,YAN S C,et al.Triple⁃negative breast cancer:is there a treatment on the horizon[J].Oncotar⁃ get,2017,8(1):1913-1924

    • [6] YIN L,DUAN J J,BIAN X W,et al.Triple ⁃ negative breast cancer molecular subtyping and treatment progress [J].Breast Cancer Res,2020,22:61

    • [7] 李倩,高文芹,赵余庆.散沫花化学成分和生物活性研究进展[J].中国中药杂志,2013,38(6):795-799

    • [8] WANG S B,TAO Z Z,LI P,Lawsone suppresses azoxy⁃ methane mediated colon cancer in rats and reduces prolif⁃ eration of DLD ⁃ 1 cells via NF ⁃ κB pathway[J].Biomed Pharmacother,2017,89:152-161

    • [9] ISHTEYAQUE S,MISHRA A,MOHAPATRA S,et al.Cy⁃ totoxicity,apoptosis and ameliorative potential of lawson⁃ ia inermis extract in human lung,colon and liver cancer cell line[J].Cancer Invest,2020,38(8⁃9):476-485

    • [10] HAMDOUN S,FLEISCHER E,KLINGER A,et al.Law⁃ sone derivatives target the Wnt/β⁃catenin signaling path⁃ way in multidrug ⁃ resistant acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells[J].Biochem Pharmacol,2017,146:63-73

    • [11] LEE S M,CHEN Y S,LIN C C,et al.Hair dyes resorcinol and lawsone reduce production of melanin in melanoma cells by tyrosinase activity inhibition and decreasing ty⁃ rosinase and microphthalmia ⁃associated transcription fac⁃ tor(MITF)expression.[J].Int J Mol Sci,2015,16:1495-508

    • [12] ALLEMANI C,MATSUDA T,DI CARLTO V,et al.Glob⁃ al surveillance of trends in cancer survival 2000⁃14(CON⁃ CORD ⁃3):analysis of individual records for 37 513 025 patients diagnosed with one of 18 cancers from 322 popu⁃ lation⁃based registries in 71 countries[J].Lancet,2018,391(10125):1023-1075

    • [13] GARRIDO⁃CASTRO A C,LIN N U,POLYAK K.Insights into molecular classifications of triple⁃negative breast can⁃ cer:improving patient selection for treatment[J].Cancer Discov,2019,9:176-198

    • [14] KHAN F,ESNAKULA A,RICKS⁃SANTI L J,et al.Loss of PTEN in high grade advanced stage triple negative breast ductal cancers in African American women[J].Pathol Res Pract,2018,214:673-678

    • [15] LOU L Q,YU Z Y,WANG Y,et al.c⁃Src inhibitor selec⁃ tively inhibits triple⁃negative breast cancer overexpressed Vimentin in vitro and in vivo[J].Cancer Sci,2018,109:1648-1659

    • [16] ISHTEYAQUE S,MISHRA A,MOHAPATRA S,et al.Cy⁃ totoxicity,apoptosis and ameliorative potential of extract in human lung,colon and liver cancer cell line[J].Can⁃ cer Invest,2020,38:476-485

    • [17] KAPADIA G J,RAO G S,SRIDHAR R,et al.Chemopre⁃ vention of skin cancer:effect of Lawsonia inermis L.(Hen⁃ na)leaf powder and its pigment artifact,lawsone in the Epstein ⁃ Barr virus early antigen activation assay and in two⁃stage mouse skin carcinogenesis models[J].Antican⁃ cer Agents Med Chem,2013,13:1500-1507

    • [18] KAMEI H,KOIDE T,KOJIMA T,et al.Inhibition of cell growth in culture by quinones[J].Cancer Biother Radio⁃ pharm,1998,13(3):185-188

    • [19] CHIEN C M,LIN K L,SU J C,et al.Naphtho[1,2⁃b]fu⁃ ran ⁃ 4,5 ⁃ dione induces apoptosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma:involvement of EGF receptor/PI3K/Akt signal⁃ ing pathway[J].Eur j pharmacol,2010,636(1⁃3):52-58

    • [20] BAIJU T V,ALMEIDA R G,SIVANANDAN S T,et al.Quinonoid compounds via reactions of lawsone and 2⁃ami⁃ nonaphthoquinone with α⁃bromonitroalkenes and nitroal⁃ lylic acetates:Structural diversity by C ⁃ ring modification and cytotoxic evaluation against cancer cells[J].Eur J Med Chem,2018,151:686-704

    • [21] OLIVEIRA K M,PETERSON E J,CARROCCIA M C,et al.Ru(Ⅱ)⁃naphthoquinone complexes with high selectiv⁃ ity for triple ⁃ negative breast cancer[J].Dalton Trans,2020,49(45):16193-16203

    • [22] DE GRANDIS R A,SANTOS P W D S D,OLIVEIRA K M,et al.Novel lawsone ⁃ containing ruthenium(Ⅱ)com⁃ plexes:synthesis,characterization and anticancer activity on 2D and 3D spheroid models of prostate cancer cells [J].Bioorg Chem,2019,85:455-468

    • [23] ROMÃO L,DO CANTO VP,NETZ PA,et al.Conjugation with polyamines enhances the antitumor activity of naph⁃ thoquinones against human glioblastoma cells[J].Anti⁃ cancer Drugs,2018,29(6):520-529

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