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通讯作者:

孙敏,E⁃mail:drsunm@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R541.4

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)08-1173-05

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210810

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参考文献 12
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参考文献 13
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参考文献 14
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参考文献 19
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参考文献 20
张军,张琦,吴艳艳,等.半乳糖凝集素3与2型糖尿病患者颈动脉粥样硬化相关性的研究[J].中国糖尿病杂志,2020,28(3):197-201
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探索人血清半乳糖凝集素⁃3(galectin⁃3,Gal⁃3)水平对中老年人群颈动脉粥样硬化(carotid atherosclerosis, CAS)的预测价值。方法:收集2017年9月—2018年3月在无锡市南禅寺卫生服务中心体检人群95例受试者的一般资料及临床生化指标,检测其 Gal⁃3 水平。并于 2020 年 12 月利用颈动脉超声评估受试者颈动脉内膜中层厚度(carotid intima⁃media thickness,cIMT)。以Gal⁃3水平的四分位数法将受试者分为4组,分析不同组别的临床资料特点,分别探索所有受试者和其中诊断为2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes,T2DM)患者cIMT与临床资料的相关性,最后使用多元线性回归分析探索T2DM患者cIMT 的影响因素。结果:Gal⁃3水平低的受试者,其相应的空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose,FBG)和糖化血红蛋白(glycated hemoglo⁃ bin,HbA1c)较低,cIMT也较低。T2DM患者的双侧cIMT和Gal⁃3正相关(P<0.05),其Gal⁃3是CAS的影响因素(P<0.05)。结论:T2DM患者的Gal⁃3与cIMT相关,对CAS的发展有一定预测价值。

    Abstract

    Objective:To investigate the predictive value of galectin⁃3(Gal⁃3)on carotid atherosclerosis(CAS)in middle⁃aged and elderly people. Methods:The general data and clinical biochemical indexes of 95 subjects who underwent physical examination in the community health service center of Nanchan temple in Wuxi from September 2017 to March 2018 were collected,and their Gal⁃3 level was detected. In December 2020,carotid artery ultrasound was used to assess carotid intima media thickness(cIMT). The subjects were divided into 4 groups by the quartile method of Gal ⁃ 3 level,and the characteristics of different groups were analyzed. The correlation between cIMT and clinical characteristics in all subjects and then particularly in patients who diagnosed with type 2 diabetes(T2DM)was explored,respectively. Finally,multiple linear regression analysis was used to explore the affecting factors of cIMT in T2DM patients. Results:Subjects with low Gal ⁃ 3 level had corresponding lower fasting blood glucose(FBG)and glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c),as well as lower cIMT. Gal⁃3 was related with bilateral cIMT and found as affecting factor of CAS in patients with T2DM(P < 0.05). Conclusion:Gal ⁃3 is correlated with cIMT and has predictive value for the development of CAS in patients with T2DM.

  • 半乳糖凝集素⁃3(galectin⁃3,Gal⁃3)广泛存在于人体各组织中,参与细胞生长、凋亡、炎症反应等多种生物学过程[1]。从已有研究来看,Gal⁃3介导了巨噬细胞分化、泡沫细胞形成、血管内皮功能障碍、血管平滑肌增殖迁徙从而促进动脉粥样硬化的发生[2]。颈动脉粥样硬化(carotid atherosclerosis,CAS)作为动脉粥样硬化在局部血管的表现,其持续发展是缺血性脑卒中的重要原因,如何及早预测CAS的发展对预防缺血性脑卒中具有重要价值。现有的超声成像技术可以理想地量化颈动脉内膜中层厚度(ca⁃ rotid intima ⁃ media thickness,cIMT)从而达到检测CAS的目的[3]。本研究分析了中老年社区人群血清Gal⁃3水平,并通过颈动脉超声检测了受试者2年后的CAS情况,初步探究Gal⁃3对CAS发展的预测价值,为筛选CAS发生发展的预测因子,及时预防脑血管疾病提供参考数据。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 收集2017年9月—2018年3月在无锡市南禅寺卫生服务中心体检人群共95例受试者的一般资料及临床生化指标,并于2020年对受试者进行颈动脉超声检查。排除标准:①使用利尿剂或糖皮质激素的患者;②患有甲亢、慢性胰腺炎等影响血糖的疾病;③患有严重心功能不全和既往有心肌梗死病史;④合并有肝肾功能不全、肿瘤或重症感染者;⑤显著影响cIMT的相关疾病。诊断标准:糖尿病诊断采用WHO1999年诊断标准。本研究纳入的2型糖尿病(type2diabe⁃ tes,T2DM)患者均为首次确诊糖尿病患者。

  • 本研究通过南京医科大学第一附属医院的伦理委员会批准(伦审号:2014⁃SR⁃095),并获得了所有受试者的知情同意书。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 生物学指标检测

  • 采集受试者的空腹静脉血,3 000r/min离心15min后分装保存于-70°冰箱。使用人血清Gal⁃3酶联免疫试剂盒检测样本Gal ⁃3水平(DGAL30, R&D公司,美国),使用葡萄糖氧化酶法试剂盒检测样本血糖水平(GL8526,上海执诚生物科技有限公司),使用高效液相色谱法糖化血红蛋白试剂盒检测样本糖化血红蛋白(21070,上海华臣生物试剂有限公司),使用电化学发光法C肽检测试剂盒检测C肽(03184897190),使用胰岛素检测电化学发光法试剂盒检测空腹胰岛素(12017547122)(Roche Diag⁃nostics GmbH,瑞士),其余生化指标使用罗氏全自动化学发光分析仪e602完成检测。

  • 1.2.2 颈动脉超声检测

  • 超声检查使用彩色多普勒超声系统(DC ⁃ 70Exp,深圳迈瑞生物电子有限公司),受试者取仰卧位,探头频率5MHz,测量双侧cIMT,而后依据其颈动脉超声结果判断是否患CAS。根据2009年血管超声检查指南[4],CAS定义为cIMT≥1.0mm和 (或)存在1个及以上斑块。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 统计学分析软件使用SPSS 26.0,计量正态分布资料用平均数±标准差(x- ± s)表示,计量非正态分布资料使用中位数和四分位数[MP25P75)]表示,计数资料用百分比表示。两组间正态分布资料的比较使用 t 检验,两组间非正态分布资料的比较使用Mann⁃Whitney检验,多组间正态分布资料的比较采用单因素方差分析,两两比较采用LSD法,多组间非正态分布资料的比较采用Kruskal⁃Wallis H检验,计数资料的比较采用χ2 检验。采用Pearson相关分析正态分布资料间的相关性,采用Spearman相关分析非正态分布资料间的相关性,采用多元线性回归分析T2DM合并CAS的影响因素。P <0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 一般资料的比较

  • 依据所有受试者的血清Gal⁃3水平以四分位数法划分为4组,分别为Q1、Q2、Q3、Q4。一般生物学资料见表1,组间空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose, FBG)、糖化血红蛋白(glycated hemoglobin,HbA1c)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein choles⁃ terol,LDL⁃C)存在组间差异,虽然未发现CAS发生率的差异,但是两侧cIMT存在显著组间差异,其他指标如收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、体重指数 (BMI)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、空腹C肽、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、胰岛素抵指数(HOMA⁃ IR)等没有明显组间差异。进一步各组间比较,发现,Q3和Q4组的FBG及HbA1c水平较Q2组更高 (P=0.034,P=0.001),HbA1c水平小较Q2组高(P=0.048,P=0.003);Q1组的LDL⁃C水平较另外3组更高(P=0.039、0.006、0.025),左侧cIMT水平较另外3组更低(P=0.007,0.031,0.004),右侧cIMT水平也较另外3组更低(P=0.037,0.027,0.001)。

  • 表1 Gal⁃3四分位数分组的一般资料及血生化指标比较

  • Table1 Comparison of general data and blood biochemical indexes of gal⁃3quartile grouping

  • 2.2 全部受试者cIMT相关因素分析

  • 将全部受试者的上述临床资料、颈动脉超声时期的糖代谢和血脂情况分别与cIMT行相关分析,发现双侧cIMT与Gal ⁃3、年龄分别正相关,此外右侧cIMT还与患者行颈动脉超声检查时的LDL⁃C负相关 (表2)。以cIMT为因变量,Gal⁃3、年龄和LDL⁃C为自变量进行多元线性回归分析,发现除年龄外,Gal⁃3及颈动脉超声检查时LDL⁃C水平对cIMT无明显影响。

  • 表2 颈动脉内膜中层厚度相关因素分析

  • Table2 Correlation analysis of carotid intima media thickness in all subjects

  • 2.3 T2DM患者cIMT相关因素分析

  • 从上述受试者中筛选出T2DM患者,分析其CAS的影响因素。左侧cIMT与Gal⁃3、年龄正相关,而右侧cIMT与Gal⁃3明显正相关(表3)。以cIMT为因变量,Gal⁃3和年龄为自变量进行多元线性回归分析,发现年龄和Gal⁃3为T2DM患者左侧cIMT进展的影响因素(表4)。

  • 3 讨论

  • Gal⁃3作为广谱生物学应答因子介导多种应答机制,参与多种病理生理过程,许多作用机制目前仍不完全明确[5]。本次研究中以Gal⁃3水平划分四分位区间观察其与中老年人群CAS相关指标之间的关系。

  • 表3 T2DM患者cIMT相关性分析

  • Table3 Correlation analysis of carotid intima media thickness in T2DM patients

  • 表4 T2DM患者cIMT的回归分析

  • Table4 Regression analysis of carotid intima media thickness in T2DM patients

  • 脑卒中在中国目前死亡和致残的主要原因中占据首位[6],我国卒中一级预防研究分析结果显示,高血压患者cIMT与首次脑卒中风险显著相关[7],如何早期预防和监测动脉粥样硬化的进展很有必要性。但是cIMT检测需要合适型号的超声仪器和专业的超声医生,操作相对耗时,在广大人群脑卒中一级预防中的应用受限。因此,利用简单易行的指标,先将cIMT增高的人群筛选出来,再进行必要的超声检查,可提高一级预防的效率。

  • Gal⁃3在动脉粥样硬化斑块中沉积并随着动脉粥样硬化斑块范围和炎症程度增加而升高[8-9],此前就有横断面的临床研究显示Gal⁃3水平与冠状动脉粥样硬化密切相关[10-12]。在Gal⁃3与CAS方面,既往的一项横断面研究中,研究者以Gal⁃3的5分位数为分组依据描述受试者基线特征,在校正年龄、血脂等相关影响因素后发现cIMT仍然与Gal⁃3相关,且随着Gal⁃3水平的升高而升高[13],该研究表明Gal⁃3可能是预防或管理动脉粥样硬化疾病的一个靶点。另有横断面研究发现,与对照组相比,CAS患者的血Gal⁃3升高,即使校正相关风险因素,Gal⁃3水平升高与动脉粥样硬化之间的显著关联持续存在[14]。此外,一项前瞻性队列研究[15] 纳入了558例接受颈动脉内膜切除术的患者,术前1d采集血浆检测其Gal⁃3水平,并以登记形式确定术后神经缺血事件。在平均随访42.6个月后发现,即使调整了已知的动脉粥样硬化危险因素,高血浆Gal⁃3水平仍可预测缺血性脑血管事件,尤其是在女性患者中。因此作者认为这种新的标志物可用来筛选发生动脉粥样硬化血栓性脑血管事件的高风险患者,从而更好地指导临床工作。本次研究首次在中国社区中老年人群中探索了Gal⁃3和CAS的关系,分析发现Gal⁃3水平高的受试者具有较高的cIMT,然而校正相关因素后发现Gal⁃3和双侧cIMT不再具有相关性,结果不一致的原因可能主要是样本量的差异。事实上,由于本研究的例数相对较少,不能否认结果的可靠性可能相对弱于上述研究。此外,种族的差异不能忽视,因此后期需要国内更大规模随访研究来进一步探索Gal⁃3和CAS的关系。

  • 糖尿病患者脑血管疾病发生率远高于非糖尿病人群,长期的高血糖水平引起的血管内皮氧化应激和炎症会加速动脉粥样硬化发生[16]。此前的研究提示Gal⁃3与糖尿病患病率及糖代谢指标密切相关[17-19],本研究也显示Gal⁃3水平较高的受试者,其相应的FBG、HbA1c也较高。此外,我们发现T2DM患者Gal⁃3和双侧cIMT显著正相关,在校正相关影响因素后,Gal⁃3仍然是T2DM患者左侧cIMT的影响因素,这与之前的研究发现Gal⁃3是新诊断T2DM患者的cIMT的影响因素一致[20],说明Gal⁃3对CAS的影响在T2DM患者中更明显,对T2DM患者的CAS的预测作用更加准确,有助于快速方便的筛查T2DM患者的CAS。

  • 本研究显示,双侧cIMT与年龄和LDL⁃C相关,与既往研究相符[21-22]。有研究提示冠心病患者的Gal⁃3与LDL⁃C正相关[23],这可能与Gal⁃3与糖基化终末产物修饰的脂质结合,影响LDL⁃C的清除有关[24]。本研究发现Q1组的LDL⁃C水平较另外3组更高,然而并未发现Gal⁃3与LDL⁃C之间的相关性,本研究和徐旺等[23] 的研究均发现Gal⁃3与年龄明显正相关,而两个研究受试对象的年龄差异较大,且徐旺等[23] 的研究对象特定为冠心病患者,这都可能导致结果不一致。因而需要更大量的样本来进一步探索两者之间的关系。

  • 众所周知,CAS患者发生脑血管事件的风险更高,然而并不是所有CAS患者都会出现脑血管意外,因此需要新的标志物来识别那些将受益于强烈药物治疗的患者。本研究在社区中老年人群中发现Gal⁃3是T2DM患者左侧cIMT的独立影响因素,对CAS有一定预测价值,有助于T2DM患者警惕脑血管意外的发生。

  • 本研究的优势为首次在中国社区中老年人群中探索了Gal⁃3和CAS的关系,并且发现T2DM患者中Gal⁃3与cIMT呈正相关,提示了血Gal⁃3作为CAS生物学标志物的价值,为临床CAS的预测提供了重要信息。然而,本次研究总体样本量较少,可能产生抽样误差,且缺少基线颈动脉超声的资料。

  • T2DM患者中Gal⁃3与cIMT相关,可能成为临床预测和评估T2DM患者CAS的发生风险的指标, Gal⁃3与cIMT相结合,可更早、更全面地评估CAS的发生发展。后期特别需要更大规模随访研究以更准确的判断Gal⁃3对CAS发生风险的影响。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] LIU F T,PATTERSON R J,WANG J L.Intracellular func⁃ tions of galectins[J].Biochim Biophys Acta,2002,1572(2⁃3):263-273

    • [2] GAO Z Y,LIU Z N,WANG R,et al.Galectin⁃3 Is a Po⁃ tential Mediator for Atherosclerosis[J].J Immunol Res,2020,2020:5284728

    • [3] DE KORTE C L,FEKKES S,NEDERVEEN A J,et al.Mechanical characterization of carotid arteries and athero⁃ sclerotic plaques[J].IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control,2016,63(10):1613-1623

    • [4] 中国医师协会超声医师分会.血管超声检查指南[J].中华超声影像学杂志,2009,18(11):993-1012

    • [5] DUMIC J,DABELIC S,FLOGEL M.Galectin⁃3:an open⁃ ended story[J].Biochim Biop⁃hys Acta,2006,1760(4):616-635

    • [6] ZHOU M G,WANG H D,ZENG X Y,et al.Mortality,morbidity,and risk factors in China and its provinces,1990⁃2017:a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017[J].Lancet,2019,394(10204):1145-1158

    • [7] SUN P F,LIU L S,LIU C Z,et al.Carotid intima ⁃media thickness and the risk of first stroke in patients with hy⁃ pertension[J].Stroke,2020,51(2):379-386

    • [8] LEE Y J,KOH Y S,PARK H E,et al.Spatial and tempo⁃ ral expression,and statin responsiveness of galectin ⁃ 1 and galectin⁃3 in murine atherosclerosis[J].Korean Circ J,2013,43(4):223-230

    • [9] 彭进,王玉,张琼,等.人冠状动脉内半乳糖凝集素3水平与斑块稳定性的相关性研究[J].中国病理生理杂志,2020,36(9):1557-1564

    • [10] FALCONE C,LUCIBELLO S,MAZZUCCHELLI I,et al.Galectin ⁃ 3 plasma levels and coronary artery disease a new possible biomarker of acute coronary syndrome[J].Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol,2011,24(4):905-913

    • [11] AKSAN G,GEDIKLI O,KESKIN K,et al.Is galectin⁃3 a biomarker,a player ⁃ or both ⁃in the presence of coronary atherosclerosis?[J].J Investig Med,2016,64(3):764-770

    • [12] HE X W,LI W L,LI C,et al.Serum levels of galectin⁃1,galectin⁃3,and galectin⁃9 are associated with large artery atherosclerotic stroke[J].Sci Rep,2017,7:40994

    • [13] OYENUGA A,FOLSOM A R,FASHANU O,et al.Plas⁃ ma galectin⁃3 and sonographic measures of carotid athero⁃ sclerosis in the atherosclerosis risk in communities study [J].Angiology,2019,70(1):47-55

    • [14] MADRIGAL⁃MATUTE J,LINDHLOT J S,FERNANDEZ⁃ GARCIA C E,et al.Galectin⁃3,a biomarker linking oxi⁃ dative stress and inflammation with the clinical outcomes of patients with atherothrombosis[J].J Am Heart Assoc,2014,3(4):e000785

    • [15] EDSFELDT A,BENGTSSON E,ASCIUTTO G,et al.High plasma levels of galectin ⁃3 are associated with increased risk for stroke after carotid endarterectomy[J].Cerebro⁃ vasc Dis,2016,41(3⁃4):199-203

    • [16] YUAN T,YANG T,CHEN H,et al.New insights into oxi⁃ dative stress and inflammation during diabetes mellitus ⁃ accelerated atherosclerosis[J].Redox Biol,2019,20:247-260

    • [17] VORA A,DE LEMOS J A,AYERS C,et al.Association of galectin ⁃ 3 with diabetes mellitus in the dallas heart study[J].J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2019,104(10):4449-4458

    • [18] OZTURK D,CELIK O,SATILMIS S,et al.Association be⁃ tween serum galectin ⁃3 levels and coronary atherosclero⁃ sis and plaque burden/structure in patients with type 2 di⁃ abetes mellitus[J].Coron Artery Dis,2015,26(5):396-401

    • [19] YILMAZ H,CAKMAK M,INAN O,et al.Increased lev⁃ els of galectin⁃3 were associated with prediabetes and dia⁃ betes:new risk factor?[J].J Endocrinol Invest,2015,38(5):527-533

    • [20] 张军,张琦,吴艳艳,等.半乳糖凝集素3与2型糖尿病患者颈动脉粥样硬化相关性的研究[J].中国糖尿病杂志,2020,28(3):197-201

    • [21] QURESHI A I,CAPLAN L R.Intracranial atherosclerosis [J].Lancet,2014,383(9921):984-998

    • [22] GOLDSTEIN J L,BROWN M S.A century of cholesterol and coronaries:from plaques to genes to statins[J].Cell,2015,161(1):161-172

    • [23] 徐旺,曾芳,马超,等.血清半乳糖凝集素⁃3与冠心病患者造影剂肾病的关系研究[J].中国医学创新,2019,16(33):44-47

    • [24] AL⁃ANSARI S,ZEEBREGTS C J,SLART R H,et al.Ga⁃ lectins in atherosclerotic disease[J].Trends Cardiovasc Med,2009,19(5):164-169

  • 参考文献

    • [1] LIU F T,PATTERSON R J,WANG J L.Intracellular func⁃ tions of galectins[J].Biochim Biophys Acta,2002,1572(2⁃3):263-273

    • [2] GAO Z Y,LIU Z N,WANG R,et al.Galectin⁃3 Is a Po⁃ tential Mediator for Atherosclerosis[J].J Immunol Res,2020,2020:5284728

    • [3] DE KORTE C L,FEKKES S,NEDERVEEN A J,et al.Mechanical characterization of carotid arteries and athero⁃ sclerotic plaques[J].IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control,2016,63(10):1613-1623

    • [4] 中国医师协会超声医师分会.血管超声检查指南[J].中华超声影像学杂志,2009,18(11):993-1012

    • [5] DUMIC J,DABELIC S,FLOGEL M.Galectin⁃3:an open⁃ ended story[J].Biochim Biop⁃hys Acta,2006,1760(4):616-635

    • [6] ZHOU M G,WANG H D,ZENG X Y,et al.Mortality,morbidity,and risk factors in China and its provinces,1990⁃2017:a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017[J].Lancet,2019,394(10204):1145-1158

    • [7] SUN P F,LIU L S,LIU C Z,et al.Carotid intima ⁃media thickness and the risk of first stroke in patients with hy⁃ pertension[J].Stroke,2020,51(2):379-386

    • [8] LEE Y J,KOH Y S,PARK H E,et al.Spatial and tempo⁃ ral expression,and statin responsiveness of galectin ⁃ 1 and galectin⁃3 in murine atherosclerosis[J].Korean Circ J,2013,43(4):223-230

    • [9] 彭进,王玉,张琼,等.人冠状动脉内半乳糖凝集素3水平与斑块稳定性的相关性研究[J].中国病理生理杂志,2020,36(9):1557-1564

    • [10] FALCONE C,LUCIBELLO S,MAZZUCCHELLI I,et al.Galectin ⁃ 3 plasma levels and coronary artery disease a new possible biomarker of acute coronary syndrome[J].Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol,2011,24(4):905-913

    • [11] AKSAN G,GEDIKLI O,KESKIN K,et al.Is galectin⁃3 a biomarker,a player ⁃ or both ⁃in the presence of coronary atherosclerosis?[J].J Investig Med,2016,64(3):764-770

    • [12] HE X W,LI W L,LI C,et al.Serum levels of galectin⁃1,galectin⁃3,and galectin⁃9 are associated with large artery atherosclerotic stroke[J].Sci Rep,2017,7:40994

    • [13] OYENUGA A,FOLSOM A R,FASHANU O,et al.Plas⁃ ma galectin⁃3 and sonographic measures of carotid athero⁃ sclerosis in the atherosclerosis risk in communities study [J].Angiology,2019,70(1):47-55

    • [14] MADRIGAL⁃MATUTE J,LINDHLOT J S,FERNANDEZ⁃ GARCIA C E,et al.Galectin⁃3,a biomarker linking oxi⁃ dative stress and inflammation with the clinical outcomes of patients with atherothrombosis[J].J Am Heart Assoc,2014,3(4):e000785

    • [15] EDSFELDT A,BENGTSSON E,ASCIUTTO G,et al.High plasma levels of galectin ⁃3 are associated with increased risk for stroke after carotid endarterectomy[J].Cerebro⁃ vasc Dis,2016,41(3⁃4):199-203

    • [16] YUAN T,YANG T,CHEN H,et al.New insights into oxi⁃ dative stress and inflammation during diabetes mellitus ⁃ accelerated atherosclerosis[J].Redox Biol,2019,20:247-260

    • [17] VORA A,DE LEMOS J A,AYERS C,et al.Association of galectin ⁃ 3 with diabetes mellitus in the dallas heart study[J].J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2019,104(10):4449-4458

    • [18] OZTURK D,CELIK O,SATILMIS S,et al.Association be⁃ tween serum galectin ⁃3 levels and coronary atherosclero⁃ sis and plaque burden/structure in patients with type 2 di⁃ abetes mellitus[J].Coron Artery Dis,2015,26(5):396-401

    • [19] YILMAZ H,CAKMAK M,INAN O,et al.Increased lev⁃ els of galectin⁃3 were associated with prediabetes and dia⁃ betes:new risk factor?[J].J Endocrinol Invest,2015,38(5):527-533

    • [20] 张军,张琦,吴艳艳,等.半乳糖凝集素3与2型糖尿病患者颈动脉粥样硬化相关性的研究[J].中国糖尿病杂志,2020,28(3):197-201

    • [21] QURESHI A I,CAPLAN L R.Intracranial atherosclerosis [J].Lancet,2014,383(9921):984-998

    • [22] GOLDSTEIN J L,BROWN M S.A century of cholesterol and coronaries:from plaques to genes to statins[J].Cell,2015,161(1):161-172

    • [23] 徐旺,曾芳,马超,等.血清半乳糖凝集素⁃3与冠心病患者造影剂肾病的关系研究[J].中国医学创新,2019,16(33):44-47

    • [24] AL⁃ANSARI S,ZEEBREGTS C J,SLART R H,et al.Ga⁃ lectins in atherosclerotic disease[J].Trends Cardiovasc Med,2009,19(5):164-169

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