en
×

分享给微信好友或者朋友圈

使用微信“扫一扫”功能。
通讯作者:

葛剑青,E⁃mail:872945853@qq.com

中图分类号:R512.3

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)08-1185-05

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210812

参考文献 1
DALMAU J,TUZUN E,WU H Y,et al.Paraneoplastic anti⁃N⁃methyld⁃ aspartate receptor encephalitis associat⁃ ed with ovarian teratoma[J].Ann Neurol,2007,61(1):25-36
参考文献 2
VENKATESAN A,ADATIA K.Anti⁃NMDA⁃receptor en⁃ cephalitis:from bench to clinic[J].ACS Chem Neurosci,2017,8(12):2586-2595
参考文献 3
WANG Y,MIAO A,SHI Y,et al.Influencing electroclini⁃ cal features and prognostic factors in patients with anti ⁃ NMDAR encephalitis:a cohort follow⁃up study in Chinese patients[J].Sci Rep,2020,10(1):10753
参考文献 4
GRAUS F,TITULAER M J,BALU R,et al.A clinical ap⁃ proach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis[J].Lan⁃ cet Neurol,2016,15(4):391-404
参考文献 5
MIAO A,DU M,WANG L,et al.Analysis of relation be⁃ tween electroclinical features and cerebrospinal fluid anti⁃ body titers in patients with anti⁃NMDAR encephalitis[J].Clin EEG Neurosci,2019,50(1):56-62
参考文献 6
MIAO A,WANG X.Ictal rhythmic alpha sinusoidal waves in three cases of anti⁃NMDAR encephalitis[J].Clin EEG Neurosci,2018,49(5):302-305
参考文献 7
MIAO A,LIU Q,LI Z,et al.Altered cerebral blood flow in patients with anti ⁃ NMDAR encephalitis[J].J Neurol,2020,267(6):1760-1773
参考文献 8
MIAO A,SHI Y,XIANG J,et al.Using EEG and MEG to characterize extreme delta brush in a patient with anti ⁃ NMDA receptor encephalitis[J].BMC Neurol,2021,21(1):134
参考文献 9
GRAUS F,TITULAER M J,BALU R,et al.A clinical ap⁃ proach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis[J].Lan⁃ cet Neurol,2016,15(4),391-404
参考文献 10
ZHANG Y,LIU G,JIANG M D,et al.Analysis of electro⁃ encephalogram characteristics of anti⁃NMDA receptor en⁃ cephalitis patients in China[J].Clin Neurophysiol,2017,128(7):1227-1233
参考文献 11
NOACHTAR S,ACHARYA J,BENICKZY S,et al.A re⁃ vised glossary of terms most commonly used by clinical electroencephalographers and updated proposal for the re⁃ port format of the EEG findings.Revision 2017[J].Clin Neurophysiol Pract,2017,2:170-185
参考文献 12
HABERLANDT E,ENSSLEN M,GRUBER⁃SEDLMAYR U,et al.Epileptic phenotypes,electroclinical features and clinical characteristics in 17 children with anti ⁃NMDAR encephalitis[J].Eur J Paediatr Neurol,2017,21(3):457-4564
参考文献 13
ARMANGUE T,TITULAER M J,MALAGA I,et al.Pedi⁃ atric anti⁃N⁃methyl⁃D⁃aspartate receptor encephalitis⁃clin⁃ ical analysis and novel findings in a series of 20 patients [J].J Pediatr,2013,162(4):850-856
参考文献 14
TITULAER M J,MCCRACKEN L,GABILONDO I,et al.Treatment and prognostic factors for long⁃term outcome in patients with anti⁃NMDA receptor encephalitis:an obser⁃ vational cohort study[J].Lancet Neurol,2013,12(2):157-165
参考文献 15
DALMAU J,GLEICHMAN A J,HUGHES E G,et al.Anti⁃ NMDA ⁃ receptor encephalitis:case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies[J].Lancet Neurol,2008,7(12):1091-1098
参考文献 16
WANG R,LAI X H,LIU X,et al.Brain magnetic reso⁃ nance⁃imaging findings of anti N methyld aspartate recep⁃ tor encephalitis:a cohort follow up study in Chinese pa⁃ tients[J].J Neurol,2018,265(2):362-369
参考文献 17
SONDEREN A V,ARENDS S,TAVY D L J,et al.Predic⁃ tive value of electroencephalography in anti⁃NMDA recep⁃ tor encephalitis[J].J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2018,89(10):1101-1106
参考文献 18
王凌玲,王小姗,葛剑青,等.抗N⁃甲基⁃D⁃天冬氨酸受体脑炎患者脑电图分析[J].脑与神经病学杂志,2020,28(12):752-756
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:分析华东地区抗N⁃甲基⁃D⁃天冬氨酸受体(N⁃methyl⁃D⁃aspartate receptor,NMDAR)脑炎患者的临床表现及影响预后的因素。方法:对2015年6月—2020年2月南京脑科医院就诊的106例抗NMDAR脑炎患者(男48例,女58例)临床特点及影响预后的因素进行回顾性研究。结果:74.5%(79/106)的抗NMDAR脑炎患者出现行为异常,61.3%(65/106)患者起始症状为行为异常。67.0%(71/106)患者出现癫痫发作,31.1%(33/106)患者首发症状为癫痫发作。54.9%(39/71)癫痫发作为局灶性发作。脑脊液(cerebrospinal fluid,CSF)抗体滴度高的患者出现临床症状的数量多于CSF抗体滴度低的患者。分析92例患者的114次脑电图(electroencephalography,EEG),发现在起病12 d时EEG背景活动明显加重。72.5%(74/102)患者磁共振正常,27.45%(28/102)患者出现脑损伤。在疾病高峰期,23例患者接受动脉自旋标记(arterial spin labeling,ASL)。其中9例大脑结构异常的患者ASL显示高灌注。13例大脑结构正常的患者ASL也显示局灶性高灌注。二元Logistic回归分析显示,抗NMDAR 脑炎患者预后不良相关的因素包括意识障碍,EEG背景活动,临床症状数量和CSF抗体滴度增高。结论:抗NMDAR脑炎患者临床症状数与CSF抗体滴度有关。意识障碍、EEG背景活动恶化、临床症状数量和CSF抗体滴度增加是预后不佳的预测因素。

    Abstract

    Objective:The clinical manifestations of patients with anti⁃N⁃methyl⁃D⁃aspartate receptor(anti⁃NMDAR)encephalitis in East China and factors associated with prognosis were analyzed. Methods:A retrospective study of 106 patients(58 females,48 males)with anti ⁃NMDAR encephalitis in East China was carried out from June 2015 to February 2020. Clinical features and factors influencing outcomes were reviewed. Results:Behavioral changes were observed in 74.5%(79/106)of patients,and comprised the initial symptoms in 61.3%(65/106). Seizures were observed in 67%(71/106)of patients,and served as initial symptoms in 31.1%(33/106). A total of 54.9%(39/71)of seizures were focal seizures. The patients with high cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)antibody titers experienced more clinical symptoms than those with low CSF antibody titers. One hundred and fourteen electroencephalography(EEG)or video EEG recordings were obtained from 92 patients. EEG background activity(BA)was significantly aggravated at 12 days. A total of 72.5%(74/ 102)of patients showed normal magnetic resonance imagings(MRIs). Brain lesions were observed in 27.45% of patients(28/102). During the peak stage of the disease,focal high blood flow with normal MRIs were observed from 56.52%(13/23)arterial spin labeling(ASL)of anti⁃NMDAR encephalitis patients. Focal high blood flow with brain lesions were observed in 39.13%(9/23)ASL of patients. The binary logistic regression analyses revealed the factors associated with poor outcomes included consciousness disturbance,EEG BA,number of symptoms and CSF antibody titer. Conclusion:EEG BA and number of symptoms are associated with CSF antibody titers. Consciousness disturbances,EEG BA,number of symptoms and increasing CSF antibody titers served as predictors of poor outcomes.

  • 抗N⁃甲基⁃D⁃天冬氨酸受体(N⁃methyl⁃D⁃aspar⁃ tate receptor encephalitis,NMDAR)脑炎于2007年由Dalmau等[1] 首次提出,是一种与抗NMDAR抗体相关的自身免疫性脑炎。NMDAR是由2个1型谷氨酸亚单位,1个2型谷氨酸亚单位和1个3型谷氨酸亚单位组成的异聚体,参与神经系统中记忆学习形成、突触传递调节、触发突触重塑等过程,抗NMDAR抗体攻击大脑相关脑区,从而引起特征性临床表现[2]。抗NMDAR脑炎分为前驱期、急性期、恢复期、慢性期[3]。急性期抗NMDAR脑炎主要临床表现为精神症状、记忆力减退、癫痫发作、意识障碍、不自主运动、语言障碍[13-8]。目前,该病的大样本随访研究少见,本文对南京医科大学附属脑科医院神经内科收治的抗NMDAR脑炎患者的临床特征进行回顾性分析,并进行随访和预后评估,为本病的诊断和治疗提供参考。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 收集南京医科大学附属脑科医院诊断的106例抗NMDAR脑炎患者(男48例,女58例),诊断标准如下:快速出现(病程<3个月)的以下1项或多项症状:精神行为异常、认知障碍、语言障碍、意识障碍、癫痫、不自主运动、自主神经功能异常、中枢性低通气;脑脊液(cerebrospinal fluid,CSF)NMDAR抗体IgG阳性伴或不伴有血NMDAR抗体IgG阳性,抗体由间接免疫荧光法检测;同时排除其他诊断,包括病毒性脑炎、脑肿瘤、代谢性疾病、药物中毒等[9]。本研究通过南京医科大学附属脑科医院伦理委员会的批准(2020⁃KY031⁃01)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 收集患者临床资料,包括年龄、性别、临床症状、CSF抗体滴度、脑电图(electroencephalography, EEG)、动脉自旋标记(arterial spin labeling,ASL)、磁共振(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)、腰穿结果、是否合并肿瘤、是否收入重症监护室(intensive care unit,ICU)、是否复发、免疫治疗。根据研究[10] 及我们临床观察,1∶1和1∶3.2CSF抗体滴度为低抗体滴度;1∶10、1∶32和1∶100CSF抗体滴度为高抗体滴度。根据Noachtar等分类标准将EEG背景活动分为正常,轻度异常,中度异常及重度异常[11]。免疫治疗至少12个月后采用改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin scale,mRS)进行评估预后,mRS≤1为预后良好,mRS≥2为预后不良。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计分析。两组间比较采用t检验。采用二分类Logistic回归分析影响抗NMDAR脑炎患者预后相关因素。P< 0.05为差异有统计意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 一般情况

  • 回顾分析106例抗NMDAR脑炎,男性患者年龄大于女性[(36.49±2.3)岁 vs.(25.94±1.64)岁,P< 0.001]。60例抗NMDAR脑炎患者CSF抗体滴度 ≥1∶10,37例抗NMDAR脑炎患者CSF抗体滴度为1∶1或1∶3.2。其余9例未能成功收集CSF,但2次血清抗体阳性。6例抗NMDAR脑炎患者合并畸胎瘤; 1例合并垂体微腺瘤。

  • 2.2 临床表现

  • 抗NMDAR脑炎患者典型临床症状主要包括精神行为异常、认知障碍、语言障碍、意识障碍、癫痫、不自主运动、自主神经功能异常、中枢性低通气。 74.5%(79/106)抗NMDAR脑炎患者出现行为异常;61.3%患者以行为异常起病。癫痫见于67.0%(71/106)抗NMDAR脑炎患者;31.1%患者以癫痫发作起病。口周不自主动作见于10例高CSF抗体滴度的女性患者高峰期。统计每位患者出现典型临床症状的数量,发现伴有高CSF抗体滴度抗NM⁃ DAR脑炎患者出现临床症状的数量多于伴有低CSF抗体滴度的患者(女性:4.06±0.98 vs.1.88± 0.86,P < 0.001;男性:2.29±1.0 vs.1.50 ±0.79,P=0.006)。同样,女性患者出现的症状明显多于男性患者(4.06± 0.98 vs.2.29±1.0,P <0.001,图1)。

  • 图1 抗NMDAR脑炎患者临床症状数量与性别、脑脊液抗体滴度的关系

  • Fig.1 The association between number of clinical symptoms and gender,CSF antibody titers

  • 2.3 影像学

  • 72.5%(74/102)抗NMDAR脑炎患者T2/液体衰减反转恢复(fluid ⁃ attenuated inversion recovery, FLAIR)正常;27.45%患者T2/FLAIR异常。病灶主要位于海马(11.8%,12/102),颞叶(12.7%,13/102),岛叶(6.9%,7/102),顶叶(7.8%,8/102),额叶(3.9%, 4/102),枕叶(0.98%,1/102),白质(3.9%,4/102),基底节区(2.9%,3/102),丘脑(0.98%,1/102),脑干 (0.98%,1/102),小脑(0.98%,1/102)及胼胝体 (0.98%,1/102)(图2)。23例进行ASL检查,均出现高灌注,其中13例患者T2/FLAIR正常,9例患者T2/FLAIR异常信号,1例未成功采集T2/FLAIR。伴有T2/FLAIR异常信号的患者CSF有核细胞数明显高于T2/FLAIR正常的患者(89.63±29.53 vs.18.44± 7.42,P <0.001)。同样,伴有T2/FLAIR异常信号的患者CSF蛋白明显高于T2/FLAIR正常患者(0.63± 0.06 vs.0.40±0.03,P=0.002)。

  • 2.4 脑电图

  • 共收集来自92例患者的114份不同时期EEG。发现EEG背景活动在起病12d时明显加重 (图3)。85例患者同时收集到CSF抗体滴度和EEG (107份)。在疾病高峰期(12~60d)76例患者同时收集到CSF抗体滴度和EEG(91份)。分析来自76例患者高峰期(平均19.5d)EEG。重度异常背景活动15例患者;中度异常背景活动32例患者;轻度异常背景活动25例患者;正常背景活动4例患者(图3)。

  • 图2 抗NMDAR脑炎患者脑损伤区域

  • Fig.2 Brain lesions in patients with anti ⁃NMDAR en⁃ cephalitis

  • 2.5 影像预后相关因素分析

  • 103例患者接受一线免疫治疗;3例接受二线免疫治疗;1例行畸胎瘤切除术,并接受免疫治疗。免疫治疗至少12个月后(平均19个月),37例mRS<2分, 53例mRS≥2分。16例免疫治疗后未达到12个月。使用二元Logistic回归分析性别、年龄、EEG背景活动、临床症状数量、CSF抗体滴度、是否出现意识障碍、影像学、是否复发、是否收入ICU、回访时间与预后之间关系。分析结果提示意识障碍(P=0.004)、 EEG背景活动(P=0.001)、临床症状数(P <0.001)、 CSF抗体滴度(P <0.001)为预后差的独立危险因素 (表1)。

  • 图3 抗NMDAR脑炎患者脑电图结果

  • Fig.3 EEG from patients with anti⁃NMDAR encephalitis

  • 3 讨论

  • 本研究主要集中在抗NMDAR脑炎的临床特征和预后相关因素。男性患者年龄大于女性患者(P <0.001)。抗NMDAR脑炎患者主要临床症状包括行为异常和癫痫发作。在本研究中,61.3%(65/106)的抗NMDAR脑炎患者的初始症状为行为异常。以癫痫发作为首发症状的患者占31.3%(33/106)。此外,54.9%(39/71)的癫痫是局灶性的。大多数患者的初始症状是行为改变和癫痫发作,这与先前的研究结果一致[12]。在一项观察性队列研究中,87%的患者在第1个月末表现出4种或4种以上的症状[13]。本研究探讨抗NMDAR脑炎患者临床症状数是否与CSF抗体滴度及性别有关。CSF抗体滴度高的患者比CSF抗体滴度低的患者出现更多的临床症状,这与本课题组以前的研究结果一致[5]。连续口周不自主动作主要见于高CSF抗体滴度女性患者的疾病高峰期,这可能是该病高峰时期的一个特征性的症状。在持续咀嚼过程中,同步EEG记录中未见癫痫样放电,且抗癫痫药物无效[5]

  • 表1 影响抗NMDAR脑炎患者预后相关因素

  • Table1 Factors associated with prognosis in patients with anti⁃NMDAR encephalitis

  • 在既往研究中,37.2%~50.0%的患者MRI为异常[14-15]。本研究发现在疾病的高峰期27.45%(28/102)患者MRI为异常。病灶主要位于海马、颞叶、岛叶等。本研究发现13例T2/FLAIR正常的患者ASL却显示局灶性高灌注。或许,ASL对抗NMDAR脑炎患者大脑病灶识别高于T2/FLAIR[7]。既往研究发现,头颅MRI异常与疾病预后无相关性[16]。此外,伴有T2/FLAIR异常的抗NMDAR脑炎患者CSF细胞数、蛋白明显高于T2/FLAIR正常的抗NMDAR脑炎患者。

  • 脑电图出现的δ刷以及颞区类α节律对抗NM⁃ DAR脑炎患者诊断有着重要的意义[17-18]。一项基于成人的队列研究发现,若发病19d左右的第1份EEG显示正常的后头部节律,往往预示着良好的临床结果。而重度EEG异常提示预后较差[17]。在本研究中,用二元Logistic回归分析疾病高峰期(平均19.5d)EEG背景活动与预后关系,发现EEG背景活动越差,预后也越差。抗NMDAR抗体主要攻击NMDAR中的1型谷氨酸亚单位,导致突触后膜NMDAR数量减少,这种损害可以通过去除抗体来逆转[15]。研究还发现CSF抗体滴度高的患者比CSF抗体滴度低的患者有更多的临床症状。CSF抗体滴度及临床症状数量也是预后较差的独立危险因素。另外,研究发现病程中出现意识障碍往往提示预后不佳。既往研究发现早期治疗和未收入ICU治疗提示预后较好[14]。本研究发现是否收入ICU并不是预后不良的预测因素。因为ICU床位的短缺,很多重型抗NMDAR脑炎患者并未收入ICU。但所有收入ICU治疗的患者预后不佳(mRS≥2)。复发被定义为出现新的症状,或在至少2个月的改善或稳定后症状恶化。虽然在本研究中,复发不是预后不良的预测因素,但所有复发患者的预后都很差 (mRS≥2)。Titulaer等[14] 对抗NMDAR脑炎患者进行了中位持续时间为24个月的随访,该研究中有7.8%的患者经历了1次或多次临床复发。

  • 抗NMDAR脑炎患者病程中出现的临床症状数与CSF抗体滴度有关。T2/FLAIR异常的患者CSF有核细胞和蛋白高于T2/FLAIR正常患者。意识障碍、EEG背景活动恶化、病程中出现的临床症状数量和CSF抗体滴度增高是预后不良的预测因素。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] DALMAU J,TUZUN E,WU H Y,et al.Paraneoplastic anti⁃N⁃methyld⁃ aspartate receptor encephalitis associat⁃ ed with ovarian teratoma[J].Ann Neurol,2007,61(1):25-36

    • [2] VENKATESAN A,ADATIA K.Anti⁃NMDA⁃receptor en⁃ cephalitis:from bench to clinic[J].ACS Chem Neurosci,2017,8(12):2586-2595

    • [3] WANG Y,MIAO A,SHI Y,et al.Influencing electroclini⁃ cal features and prognostic factors in patients with anti ⁃ NMDAR encephalitis:a cohort follow⁃up study in Chinese patients[J].Sci Rep,2020,10(1):10753

    • [4] GRAUS F,TITULAER M J,BALU R,et al.A clinical ap⁃ proach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis[J].Lan⁃ cet Neurol,2016,15(4):391-404

    • [5] MIAO A,DU M,WANG L,et al.Analysis of relation be⁃ tween electroclinical features and cerebrospinal fluid anti⁃ body titers in patients with anti⁃NMDAR encephalitis[J].Clin EEG Neurosci,2019,50(1):56-62

    • [6] MIAO A,WANG X.Ictal rhythmic alpha sinusoidal waves in three cases of anti⁃NMDAR encephalitis[J].Clin EEG Neurosci,2018,49(5):302-305

    • [7] MIAO A,LIU Q,LI Z,et al.Altered cerebral blood flow in patients with anti ⁃ NMDAR encephalitis[J].J Neurol,2020,267(6):1760-1773

    • [8] MIAO A,SHI Y,XIANG J,et al.Using EEG and MEG to characterize extreme delta brush in a patient with anti ⁃ NMDA receptor encephalitis[J].BMC Neurol,2021,21(1):134

    • [9] GRAUS F,TITULAER M J,BALU R,et al.A clinical ap⁃ proach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis[J].Lan⁃ cet Neurol,2016,15(4),391-404

    • [10] ZHANG Y,LIU G,JIANG M D,et al.Analysis of electro⁃ encephalogram characteristics of anti⁃NMDA receptor en⁃ cephalitis patients in China[J].Clin Neurophysiol,2017,128(7):1227-1233

    • [11] NOACHTAR S,ACHARYA J,BENICKZY S,et al.A re⁃ vised glossary of terms most commonly used by clinical electroencephalographers and updated proposal for the re⁃ port format of the EEG findings.Revision 2017[J].Clin Neurophysiol Pract,2017,2:170-185

    • [12] HABERLANDT E,ENSSLEN M,GRUBER⁃SEDLMAYR U,et al.Epileptic phenotypes,electroclinical features and clinical characteristics in 17 children with anti ⁃NMDAR encephalitis[J].Eur J Paediatr Neurol,2017,21(3):457-4564

    • [13] ARMANGUE T,TITULAER M J,MALAGA I,et al.Pedi⁃ atric anti⁃N⁃methyl⁃D⁃aspartate receptor encephalitis⁃clin⁃ ical analysis and novel findings in a series of 20 patients [J].J Pediatr,2013,162(4):850-856

    • [14] TITULAER M J,MCCRACKEN L,GABILONDO I,et al.Treatment and prognostic factors for long⁃term outcome in patients with anti⁃NMDA receptor encephalitis:an obser⁃ vational cohort study[J].Lancet Neurol,2013,12(2):157-165

    • [15] DALMAU J,GLEICHMAN A J,HUGHES E G,et al.Anti⁃ NMDA ⁃ receptor encephalitis:case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies[J].Lancet Neurol,2008,7(12):1091-1098

    • [16] WANG R,LAI X H,LIU X,et al.Brain magnetic reso⁃ nance⁃imaging findings of anti N methyld aspartate recep⁃ tor encephalitis:a cohort follow up study in Chinese pa⁃ tients[J].J Neurol,2018,265(2):362-369

    • [17] SONDEREN A V,ARENDS S,TAVY D L J,et al.Predic⁃ tive value of electroencephalography in anti⁃NMDA recep⁃ tor encephalitis[J].J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2018,89(10):1101-1106

    • [18] 王凌玲,王小姗,葛剑青,等.抗N⁃甲基⁃D⁃天冬氨酸受体脑炎患者脑电图分析[J].脑与神经病学杂志,2020,28(12):752-756

  • 参考文献

    • [1] DALMAU J,TUZUN E,WU H Y,et al.Paraneoplastic anti⁃N⁃methyld⁃ aspartate receptor encephalitis associat⁃ ed with ovarian teratoma[J].Ann Neurol,2007,61(1):25-36

    • [2] VENKATESAN A,ADATIA K.Anti⁃NMDA⁃receptor en⁃ cephalitis:from bench to clinic[J].ACS Chem Neurosci,2017,8(12):2586-2595

    • [3] WANG Y,MIAO A,SHI Y,et al.Influencing electroclini⁃ cal features and prognostic factors in patients with anti ⁃ NMDAR encephalitis:a cohort follow⁃up study in Chinese patients[J].Sci Rep,2020,10(1):10753

    • [4] GRAUS F,TITULAER M J,BALU R,et al.A clinical ap⁃ proach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis[J].Lan⁃ cet Neurol,2016,15(4):391-404

    • [5] MIAO A,DU M,WANG L,et al.Analysis of relation be⁃ tween electroclinical features and cerebrospinal fluid anti⁃ body titers in patients with anti⁃NMDAR encephalitis[J].Clin EEG Neurosci,2019,50(1):56-62

    • [6] MIAO A,WANG X.Ictal rhythmic alpha sinusoidal waves in three cases of anti⁃NMDAR encephalitis[J].Clin EEG Neurosci,2018,49(5):302-305

    • [7] MIAO A,LIU Q,LI Z,et al.Altered cerebral blood flow in patients with anti ⁃ NMDAR encephalitis[J].J Neurol,2020,267(6):1760-1773

    • [8] MIAO A,SHI Y,XIANG J,et al.Using EEG and MEG to characterize extreme delta brush in a patient with anti ⁃ NMDA receptor encephalitis[J].BMC Neurol,2021,21(1):134

    • [9] GRAUS F,TITULAER M J,BALU R,et al.A clinical ap⁃ proach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis[J].Lan⁃ cet Neurol,2016,15(4),391-404

    • [10] ZHANG Y,LIU G,JIANG M D,et al.Analysis of electro⁃ encephalogram characteristics of anti⁃NMDA receptor en⁃ cephalitis patients in China[J].Clin Neurophysiol,2017,128(7):1227-1233

    • [11] NOACHTAR S,ACHARYA J,BENICKZY S,et al.A re⁃ vised glossary of terms most commonly used by clinical electroencephalographers and updated proposal for the re⁃ port format of the EEG findings.Revision 2017[J].Clin Neurophysiol Pract,2017,2:170-185

    • [12] HABERLANDT E,ENSSLEN M,GRUBER⁃SEDLMAYR U,et al.Epileptic phenotypes,electroclinical features and clinical characteristics in 17 children with anti ⁃NMDAR encephalitis[J].Eur J Paediatr Neurol,2017,21(3):457-4564

    • [13] ARMANGUE T,TITULAER M J,MALAGA I,et al.Pedi⁃ atric anti⁃N⁃methyl⁃D⁃aspartate receptor encephalitis⁃clin⁃ ical analysis and novel findings in a series of 20 patients [J].J Pediatr,2013,162(4):850-856

    • [14] TITULAER M J,MCCRACKEN L,GABILONDO I,et al.Treatment and prognostic factors for long⁃term outcome in patients with anti⁃NMDA receptor encephalitis:an obser⁃ vational cohort study[J].Lancet Neurol,2013,12(2):157-165

    • [15] DALMAU J,GLEICHMAN A J,HUGHES E G,et al.Anti⁃ NMDA ⁃ receptor encephalitis:case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies[J].Lancet Neurol,2008,7(12):1091-1098

    • [16] WANG R,LAI X H,LIU X,et al.Brain magnetic reso⁃ nance⁃imaging findings of anti N methyld aspartate recep⁃ tor encephalitis:a cohort follow up study in Chinese pa⁃ tients[J].J Neurol,2018,265(2):362-369

    • [17] SONDEREN A V,ARENDS S,TAVY D L J,et al.Predic⁃ tive value of electroencephalography in anti⁃NMDA recep⁃ tor encephalitis[J].J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2018,89(10):1101-1106

    • [18] 王凌玲,王小姗,葛剑青,等.抗N⁃甲基⁃D⁃天冬氨酸受体脑炎患者脑电图分析[J].脑与神经病学杂志,2020,28(12):752-756

  • 通知关闭
    郑重声明