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通讯作者:

张群,E⁃mail:lucyqzhang@126.com

中图分类号:R563.3

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)08-1239-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210821

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陈佳娣,张雅文,陈良玉,等.运动指脉氧监测在稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病中管理价值探讨[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2017,37(10):1288-1292
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨非吸烟人群慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)的相关因素,为制定早期筛查指标提供依据。方法:从南京医科大学第一附属医院健康管理中心和呼吸内科共招募2440例30岁以上既往无COPD确诊史的非吸烟人群为调查对象,采用问卷调查收集相关因素,应用症状结合肺功能检测诊断COPD。组间比较连续变量采用独立样本t检验,类别变量采用卡方检验或Kruskal⁃ Wallis H检验,关联强度采用Logistic回归模型估计并用OR(95%CI)表示。结果:单因素Logistic回归分析校正年龄性别后,文化程度低、低收入、居住在农村或郊区、长期接触粉尘或化学毒物、长期接触生物燃料或油烟等室内空气污染、儿童期有慢性呼吸道疾病史、天气变化时经常咳嗽、喘憋、活动后易气短与COPD关联具有统计学意义。多因素逐步回归分析显示,年龄60岁及以上、体重指数(BMI)较低、儿童期有慢性呼吸道疾病史、长期接触粉尘或化学毒物、不感冒时经常咳嗽、喘憋、活动后易气短与COPD的关联具有统计学意义。论:年龄60岁及以上、BMI较低、儿童期有慢性呼吸道疾病史、长期接触粉尘或化学毒物、不感冒时经常咳嗽、喘憋、活动后易气短与非吸烟人群COPD有关,可针对具有这类特征的人群开展早期筛查和干预。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to explore the related factors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)in non ⁃ smokers,and provide a basis for the development of early screening indicators. Methods:A total of 2440 non⁃smokers above 30 years old without history of COPD were recruited from the Health Management Center and Department of Respiratory Medicine of the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University. Questionnaires were used to collect related factors. Symptoms combined with lung function test were used to diagnose COPD. The independent⁃sample t test was used to compare continuous variables between groups, and the chi ⁃ square test or Kruskal ⁃Wallis H test was used for categorical variables,and the correlation strength was estimated by logistic regression model and expressed by OR(95% CI). Results:After adjusting for age and gender by single factor logistic regression analysis,low education level,low income,living in rural or suburban areas,long⁃term exposure to dust or chemical poisons, long⁃term exposure to indoor air pollution such as bio⁃fuels or oil fume,history of chronic respiratory diseases in childhood,frequent coughing,wheezing and shortness of breath after activities were significantly associated with COPD. Multivariate stepwise regression analysis showed that age of 60 and above,low BMI,history of chronic respiratory disease in childhood,long⁃term exposure to dust or chemical toxins,frequent coughing when not having a cold,wheezing,and shortness of breath after activities were significantly associated with COPD. Conclusion:Age of 60 and above,low BMI,history of chronic respiratory diseases in childhood,long ⁃term exposure to dust or chemical poisons,frequent coughing when not having a cold,wheezing,shortness of breath after activities are related to COPD in non⁃smokers. Early screening and intervention should be carried out for people with such characteristics.

  • 慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmo⁃ nary disease,COPD)是一种以气流受限为特征的慢性肺部疾病,呈进行性发展,除了对肺功能本身造成损害外,还可引起各种肺外效应,严重影响患者生存时间和生活质量,已成为全球主要健康问题[1-2]。 2018年发表的中国肺部健康研究(the China pulmo⁃ nary health study,CPH)结果显示,40岁以上人群COPD患病率高达13.7%,总患病人数近1亿[3]。引起COPD的因素有很多,其中吸烟是COPD发生发展最重要的危险因素。因此,先前关于COPD的研究更多是集中在吸烟方面[4-7],COPD筛查对象重点也放在吸烟人群。

  • 近年来研究发现,无论是发达国家还是发展中国家,非吸烟人群的COPD疾病负担也非常可观,如突尼斯苏塞市区40岁以上非吸烟人群COPD患病率为4.7%,韩国40岁以上人群为7.6%,西班牙40~69岁人群为4.1%,我国10省市20岁以上人群的流行病学调查中为6.2%[38-10]。因此,针对非吸烟人群开展COPD危险因素或早期症状研究对于提高对疾病病因的认识,确定早期筛查指标具有重要意义。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 2018年1月—2019年1月从南京医科大学第一附属医院健康管理中心和呼吸内科共招募了2 440例非吸烟人群作为调查对象,纳入标准:①年龄30~80岁;②无认知功能障碍;③能配合完成问卷调查和肺功能检测。排除标准:①既往无确诊COPD史; ②确诊患有肺结核、肺间质病、肺癌等;③经肺功能检查支气管舒张试验呈可逆阳性提示哮喘者;④并发心、脑、肝、肾等重要脏器严重疾病以及血液系统功能障碍者。本研究获得南京医科大学第一附属医院伦理委员会批准(2018⁃SR⁃175),所有调查对象均自愿参与研究并签署知情同意书。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 问卷调查

  • 参照国际气道初级保健组织推荐的指标设计调查问卷[11-12],内容包括基本人口学信息、二手烟暴露、长期职业粉尘暴露、长期生物燃料暴露、居住地周围污染、过敏史、儿童期慢性呼吸道疾病史、慢性呼吸系统疾病家族史、咳嗽、咳痰、喘憋、活动后气短等。所有问卷由经过培训的调查人员指导填写与回收。非吸烟者定义为从未吸过烟。二手烟暴露时间是将不吸烟者在相对密闭的空间内(如办公室、家庭等)吸入吸烟者呼出的烟草烟雾单次超过15min的情况纳入统计,计算每周累计二手烟暴露时间。

  • 1.2.2 检测方法

  • 肺功能测定:接受安全性评估后,用标准肺功能仪测定第1秒用力呼气容积(forced expiratory vol⁃ ume in 1second,FEV1)和用力肺活量(forced vital ca⁃ pacity,FVC)。根据操作的规范性、FEV1和FVC的可重复性确定质量等级(A~F),将具有A、B或C级肺功能测定结果的患者纳入分析。若受试者存在可疑的气流限制(FEV1/FVC<0.70或FEV1<80%预计值),则立即吸入200mg沙丁胺醇(Ventolin,GlaxoS⁃ mithKline公司,英国),15~20min后进行支气管舒张试验。所有患者均由呼吸科专家根据2017年《慢性阻塞性肺疾病全球倡议:COPD诊断、治疗与预防全球策略》,结合临床表现、危险因素接触史、体征及实验室检查等资料综合分析。同时满足以下3个条件者定义为COPD:①存在危险因素或持续的呼吸道症状;②肺功能检查吸入支气管扩张剂后FEV1/FVC<0.70提示气流受限;③经胸部CT检查除外相关疾病。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 调查表采用EpiData3.1录入建立数据库,采用SPSS23.0软件进行数据整理和分析。正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(x- ± s)描述,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验;计数资料用率或构成比描述,组间比较采用χ2 检验,其中不同年龄组间比较采用非参数检验(Kruskal⁃ Wallis H检验);采用多因素Logis⁃ tic回归分析非吸烟人群COPD患病的影响因素,关联强度采用比值比OR(95%CI)表示;P< 0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 本研究共纳入30岁以上非吸烟者2 440例,其中,男1 024例(41.97%)、女1 416例(58.03%),确诊COPD 206例,患病率为8.4%,其中40岁以上患病率为10.9%。

  • 单因素分析结果显示,COPD患者中女性、年龄60岁及以上、居住在农村或郊区、文化程度低、低收入、长期接触粉尘或化学毒物、长期接触生物燃料或油烟等室内空气污染、儿童期慢性呼吸道疾病史、不感冒时经常咳嗽、天气变化时经常咳嗽、喘憋、活动后易气短等比例均高于非COPD人群, COPD患者体重指数(BMI)低于非患病人群,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05,表1)。调整年龄和性别后,各变量与COPD的关联结果如表1所示,文化程度低、低收入、居住在农村或郊区、长期接触粉尘或化学毒物、长期接触生物燃料或油烟等室内空气污染、儿童期慢性呼吸道疾病史、天气变化时经常咳嗽、喘憋、活动后易气短与COPD的关联具有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。

  • 考虑多因素间存在联合效应或多重共线性,采用多因素逐步回归法筛选非吸烟人群的COPD相关指标,结果如图1所示,固定年龄、性别变量后,BMI较低、年龄60岁及以上、活动后易气短、喘憋、不感冒时经常咳嗽、儿童期慢性呼吸道疾病史、长期粉尘和化学毒物等接触史与COPD关联具有统计学意义(均P<0.05),是非吸烟人群COPD患病的独立危险因素。

  • 3 讨论

  • COPD一直以来都是严重的全球性公共健康问题。除个体易感因素外,COPD通常与烟草烟雾、职业性粉尘、生物燃料等环境有害气体或颗粒物的暴露密切相关,其中吸烟是COPD最重要的环境危险因素。然而非吸烟人群中不低的COPD患病率提示除了吸烟以外还有其他危险因素促进COPD的发生。本研究显示40岁以上非吸烟人群中COPD患病率为10.9%,高于前面突尼斯的4.7%、韩国的7.6%、西班牙的4.1%以及我国王辰等的研究数据6.2%,低于我国董婷等在四川省人群中的研究数据14.2%[13]。患病率偏高的原因可能与本研究纳入了部分呼吸科门诊主动就诊的患者有关。

  • 年龄是COPD公认的危险因素之一[314-15],本研究显示非吸烟人群中COPD患病与年龄显著相关,非吸烟人群的COPD患病风险随着年龄的增加而增大,尤其是60岁以上人群的COPD患病率明显升高。在非吸烟人群中,部分研究显示女性是COPD发生的危险因素,原因与女性可能更容易受到生物燃料等环境有害物暴露的影响,以及遗传因素、雌激素水平、气道解剖学差异等因素有关[16-17]。部分研究认为男性COPD发生风险更高,尤其是在中度和重度COPD当中[18-19]。本研究中排除吸烟因素后,COPD的患病情况在性别之间没有表现出差异,可能与人群的选择、人种的差异及以及不同严重程度的COPD患者中性别分布可能存在差异等有关。

  • 低BMI、长期粉尘和化学毒物等接触史、儿童期慢性呼吸道疾病史是非吸烟人群发生COPD的独立危险因素,与现有的一些文献报道一致[318-19]。低BMI往往伴随着潜在的营养不良,可能造成患者肺部感染率增加和呼吸肌消减,从而促进COPD的发生发展,但两者之间的因果关系还有待进一步研究证实。有机与无机粉尘、化学物质等职业性暴露是一个被普遍低估的COPD危险因素。美国研究数据显示,30~75岁成年人因工作导致COPD者占总人数的19.2%,占不吸烟者的31.1%[20]。估测在发展中国家这一数值可能会更高。在妊娠和儿童期,诸多影响肺发育的因素都可能增加个体患COPD的风险,儿童时期哮喘、支气管炎、肺炎等疾病与成年后肺功能的下降相关[21-22],因此儿童时期的慢性呼吸道疾病史对COPD有很强的预测价值。而部分研究报道的长期生物燃料、油烟等室内空气污染暴露、慢性呼吸道疾病家族史等COPD患病危险因素[323],在本研究COPD组比例也均高于对照组,但差异没有统计学意义,原因可能与研究人群的特征不同有关。

  • 美国的一项队列研究提示咳嗽、咳痰、呼吸困难和气短的症状与随后的COPD发生有关[24]。Van Remoortel等[25] 研究发现持续性的活动水平下降有助于预测早期COPD,尤其是伴有呼吸困难症状较低的弥散功能值以及运动耐力降低者。国内学者陈佳娣等[26-27] 的研究结果显示运动中手指末梢脉氧波动情况及运动耐力评估可较为客观地反映受检者的肺功能(FEV1、FVC),受检者运动过程中出现手指末梢脉氧下降,且最低值低于正常值下限,即可考虑存在肺通气功能障碍,需进一步排查肺功能。本研究也发现非吸烟人群中确诊COPD的患者平时发生活动后气短、憋喘、不感冒时咳嗽的比例显著高于非COPD患者。因此,对出现上述症状的非吸烟人群应高度警惕COPD的可能,积极进行COPD相关筛查,从而实现对COPD的早期识别、早期诊断。

  • 表1 30岁以上非吸烟人群COPD相关因素的单因素分析

  • Table1 Univariate analysis of COPD⁃related factors in non⁃smokers over 30years old

  • *:校正年龄、性别。

  • 图1 30岁以上非吸烟人群COPD相关因素的多因素Logistic回归分析

  • Fig.1 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of COPD⁃related factors in non⁃smokers over 30years old

  • 我国COPD的知晓率和检出率都较低,很多患者直到具有明显症状才会到医院就诊,确诊后肺功能的损伤已不可完全逆转。本研究从COPD的危险因素和相关症状着手,发现非吸烟人群年龄60岁及以上、BMI较低、儿童期有慢性呼吸道疾病史、长期接触粉尘或化学毒物、不感冒时经常咳嗽、喘憋、活动后易气短与COPD患病有关,可针对具有这类特征的人群开展健康教育,提高居民对COPD的知晓率和主动筛查率,也为对该类人群开展早期筛查和干预提供理论依据。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] ANEES U R,AHMAD H M,MUHAMMAD S A,et al.The economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)in the USA,Europe,and Asia:results from a systematic review of the literature[J].Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res,2020,20(6):661-672

    • [2] AGUSTI A,VOGELMEIER C,FANER R.COPD 2020:changes and challenges[J].Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol,2020,319(5):L879-L883

    • [3] WANG C,XU J,YANG L,et al.Prevalence and risk fac⁃ tors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in China(the China Pulmonary Health[CPH]study):a national cross ⁃ sectional study[J].Lancet,2018,391(10131):1706-1717

    • [4] POLOSA R,MORJARIA J B,CAPONNETTO P,et al.Ev⁃ idence for harm reduction in COPD smokers who switch to electronic cigarettes[J].Respir Res,2016,17(1):166

    • [5] MONTES D O M,ZABERT G,MORENO D,et al.Smoke,biomass exposure,and COPD risk in the primary care set⁃ ting:the PUMA study[J].Respir Care,2017,62(8):1058-1066

    • [6] VIJ N,CHANDRAMANI ⁃ SHIVALINGAPPA P,VAN WESTPHAL C,et al.Cigarette smoke⁃induced autophagy impairment accelerates lung aging,COPD⁃emphysema ex⁃ acerbations and pathogenesis[J].Am J Physiol Cell Physiol,2018,314(1):C73-C87

    • [7] TUPPER O D,KJELDGAARD P,LOKKE A,et al.Predic⁃ tors of COPD in symptomatic smokers and ex ⁃ smokers seen in primary care[J].Chron Respir Dis,2018,15(4):393-399

    • [8] DENGUEZLI M,DALDOUL H,HARRABI I,et al.COPD in nonsmokers:reports from the tunisian population ⁃ based burden of obstructive lung disease study[J].Plos One,2016,11(3):e151981

    • [9] PEÑA V S,MIRAVITLLES M,GABRIEL R,et al.Geo⁃ graphic variations in prevalence and underdiagnosis of COPD:results of the IBERPOC multicentre epidemiologi⁃ cal study[J].Chest,2000,118(4):981-989

    • [10] LEE S J,CHANG J H,KIM S W,et al.Risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among never⁃smok⁃ ers in Korea[J].Int J Chronic Obstr,2015,10:497-506

    • [11] PRICE D B,TINKELMAN D G,NORDYKE R J,et al.Scoring system and clinical application of COPD diagnos⁃ tic questionnaires[J].Chest,2006,129(6):1531-1539

    • [12] PRICE D B,TINKELMAN D G,HALBERT R J,et al.Symptom ⁃ based questionnaire for identifying COPD in smokers[J].Respiration,2006,73(3):285-295

    • [13] 董婷,胥馨尹,陈晓芳,等.四川省非吸烟人群慢阻肺危险因素研究[J].预防医学情报杂志,2018,34(5):582-585

    • [14] LI X,CAO X,GUO M,et al.Trends and risk factors of mortality and disability adjusted life years for chronic re⁃ spiratory diseases from 1990 to 2017:systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017[J].BMJ,2020,368:m234

    • [15] KIM E J,YOON S J,KIM Y E,et al.Effects of aging and smoking duration on cigarette smoke ⁃induced COPD se⁃ verity[J].J Korean Med Sci,2019,34(Suppl 1):e90

    • [16] NTRITSOS G,FRANEK J,BELBASIS L,et al.Gender ⁃ specific estimates of COPD prevalence:a systematic re⁃ view and meta⁃analysis[J].Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis,2018,13:1507-1514

    • [17] SOBRINO E,IRAZOLA V E,GUTIERREZ L,et al.Esti⁃ mating prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary dis⁃ ease in the Southern Cone of Latin America:how different spirometric criteria may affect disease burden and health policies[J].Bmc Pulm Med,2017,17(1):187

    • [18] LAMPRECHT B,MCBURNIE M A,VOLLMER W M,et al.COPD in never smokers:results from the population ⁃ based burden of obstructive lung disease study[J].Chest,2011,139(4):752-763

    • [19] ZHOU Y,WANG C,YAO W,et al.COPD in Chinese non⁃ smokers[J].Eur Respir J,2009,33(3):509-518

    • [20] HNIZDO E,SULLIVAN P A,BANG K M,et al.Associa⁃ tion between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and employment by industry and occupation in the US popula⁃ tion:a study of data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey[J].Am J Epidemiol,2002,156(8):738-746

    • [21] DE MARCO R,ACCORDINI S,MARCON A,et al.Risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a Eu⁃ ropean cohort of young adults[J].Am J Resp Crit Care,2011,183(7):891-897

    • [22] BUI D S,LODGE C J,BURGESS J A,et al.Childhood predictors of lung function trajectories and future COPD risk:a prospective cohort study from the first to the sixth decade of life[J].Lancet Respir Med,2018,6(7):535-544

    • [23] MOLL M,LUTZ S M,GHOSH A J,et al.Relative contri⁃ butions of family history and a polygenic risk score on COPD and related outcomes:COPDGene and ECLIPSE studies[J].BMJ Open Respir Res,2020,7(1):e000755

    • [24] KALHAN R,DRANSFIELD M T,COLANGELO L A,et al.Respiratory symptoms in young adults and future lung disease.The CARDIA lung study[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2018,197(12):1616-1624

    • [25] VAN REMOORTEL H,HORNIKX M,DEMEYER H,et al.Daily physical activity in subjects with newly diag⁃ nosed COPD[J].Thorax,2013,68(10):962-963

    • [26] 陈佳娣,张雅文,陈良玉,等.运动指脉氧监测在稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病中管理价值探讨[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2017,37(10):1288-1292

    • [27] 陈良玉,张雅文,李媛媛,等.日常活动指脉氧监测在慢性阻塞性肺病评估管理中的价值探讨[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(4):544-549

  • 参考文献

    • [1] ANEES U R,AHMAD H M,MUHAMMAD S A,et al.The economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)in the USA,Europe,and Asia:results from a systematic review of the literature[J].Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res,2020,20(6):661-672

    • [2] AGUSTI A,VOGELMEIER C,FANER R.COPD 2020:changes and challenges[J].Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol,2020,319(5):L879-L883

    • [3] WANG C,XU J,YANG L,et al.Prevalence and risk fac⁃ tors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in China(the China Pulmonary Health[CPH]study):a national cross ⁃ sectional study[J].Lancet,2018,391(10131):1706-1717

    • [4] POLOSA R,MORJARIA J B,CAPONNETTO P,et al.Ev⁃ idence for harm reduction in COPD smokers who switch to electronic cigarettes[J].Respir Res,2016,17(1):166

    • [5] MONTES D O M,ZABERT G,MORENO D,et al.Smoke,biomass exposure,and COPD risk in the primary care set⁃ ting:the PUMA study[J].Respir Care,2017,62(8):1058-1066

    • [6] VIJ N,CHANDRAMANI ⁃ SHIVALINGAPPA P,VAN WESTPHAL C,et al.Cigarette smoke⁃induced autophagy impairment accelerates lung aging,COPD⁃emphysema ex⁃ acerbations and pathogenesis[J].Am J Physiol Cell Physiol,2018,314(1):C73-C87

    • [7] TUPPER O D,KJELDGAARD P,LOKKE A,et al.Predic⁃ tors of COPD in symptomatic smokers and ex ⁃ smokers seen in primary care[J].Chron Respir Dis,2018,15(4):393-399

    • [8] DENGUEZLI M,DALDOUL H,HARRABI I,et al.COPD in nonsmokers:reports from the tunisian population ⁃ based burden of obstructive lung disease study[J].Plos One,2016,11(3):e151981

    • [9] PEÑA V S,MIRAVITLLES M,GABRIEL R,et al.Geo⁃ graphic variations in prevalence and underdiagnosis of COPD:results of the IBERPOC multicentre epidemiologi⁃ cal study[J].Chest,2000,118(4):981-989

    • [10] LEE S J,CHANG J H,KIM S W,et al.Risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among never⁃smok⁃ ers in Korea[J].Int J Chronic Obstr,2015,10:497-506

    • [11] PRICE D B,TINKELMAN D G,NORDYKE R J,et al.Scoring system and clinical application of COPD diagnos⁃ tic questionnaires[J].Chest,2006,129(6):1531-1539

    • [12] PRICE D B,TINKELMAN D G,HALBERT R J,et al.Symptom ⁃ based questionnaire for identifying COPD in smokers[J].Respiration,2006,73(3):285-295

    • [13] 董婷,胥馨尹,陈晓芳,等.四川省非吸烟人群慢阻肺危险因素研究[J].预防医学情报杂志,2018,34(5):582-585

    • [14] LI X,CAO X,GUO M,et al.Trends and risk factors of mortality and disability adjusted life years for chronic re⁃ spiratory diseases from 1990 to 2017:systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017[J].BMJ,2020,368:m234

    • [15] KIM E J,YOON S J,KIM Y E,et al.Effects of aging and smoking duration on cigarette smoke ⁃induced COPD se⁃ verity[J].J Korean Med Sci,2019,34(Suppl 1):e90

    • [16] NTRITSOS G,FRANEK J,BELBASIS L,et al.Gender ⁃ specific estimates of COPD prevalence:a systematic re⁃ view and meta⁃analysis[J].Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis,2018,13:1507-1514

    • [17] SOBRINO E,IRAZOLA V E,GUTIERREZ L,et al.Esti⁃ mating prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary dis⁃ ease in the Southern Cone of Latin America:how different spirometric criteria may affect disease burden and health policies[J].Bmc Pulm Med,2017,17(1):187

    • [18] LAMPRECHT B,MCBURNIE M A,VOLLMER W M,et al.COPD in never smokers:results from the population ⁃ based burden of obstructive lung disease study[J].Chest,2011,139(4):752-763

    • [19] ZHOU Y,WANG C,YAO W,et al.COPD in Chinese non⁃ smokers[J].Eur Respir J,2009,33(3):509-518

    • [20] HNIZDO E,SULLIVAN P A,BANG K M,et al.Associa⁃ tion between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and employment by industry and occupation in the US popula⁃ tion:a study of data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey[J].Am J Epidemiol,2002,156(8):738-746

    • [21] DE MARCO R,ACCORDINI S,MARCON A,et al.Risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a Eu⁃ ropean cohort of young adults[J].Am J Resp Crit Care,2011,183(7):891-897

    • [22] BUI D S,LODGE C J,BURGESS J A,et al.Childhood predictors of lung function trajectories and future COPD risk:a prospective cohort study from the first to the sixth decade of life[J].Lancet Respir Med,2018,6(7):535-544

    • [23] MOLL M,LUTZ S M,GHOSH A J,et al.Relative contri⁃ butions of family history and a polygenic risk score on COPD and related outcomes:COPDGene and ECLIPSE studies[J].BMJ Open Respir Res,2020,7(1):e000755

    • [24] KALHAN R,DRANSFIELD M T,COLANGELO L A,et al.Respiratory symptoms in young adults and future lung disease.The CARDIA lung study[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2018,197(12):1616-1624

    • [25] VAN REMOORTEL H,HORNIKX M,DEMEYER H,et al.Daily physical activity in subjects with newly diag⁃ nosed COPD[J].Thorax,2013,68(10):962-963

    • [26] 陈佳娣,张雅文,陈良玉,等.运动指脉氧监测在稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病中管理价值探讨[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2017,37(10):1288-1292

    • [27] 陈良玉,张雅文,李媛媛,等.日常活动指脉氧监测在慢性阻塞性肺病评估管理中的价值探讨[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(4):544-549

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