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通讯作者:

骆丹,E⁃mail:daniluo2005@163.com

中图分类号:R739.6

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)09-1322⁃-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210908

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:明确WNT7b在恶性黑素瘤发生、发展中的作用,探索其促进恶性黑素瘤细胞发生侵袭转移的机制。方法:通过qRT⁃PCR及Western blot检测人源黑素瘤细胞系中WNT7b的表达情况,挑选WNT7b高表达细胞系A375,瞬时转染小干扰 RNA敲低WNT7b的表达。采用流式细胞仪分析细胞周期,划痕实验、Transwell实验观察敲低WNT7b对A375细胞系增殖、迁移和侵袭功能的影响。通过Western blot检测上皮⁃间质转化(epithelial⁃mesenchymal transition,EMT)关键标志物及与黑素瘤发生发展密切相关的基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase,MMP)家族成员的表达。结果:WNT7b在人恶性黑素瘤细胞系 A375、SK⁃MEL⁃28、A875中均有表达,A375的WNT76较其他细胞系表达量更高;敲低WNT7b使A375细胞生长阻滞于G1期, 同时细胞迁移与侵袭能力受到抑制。检测EMT相关蛋白,发现E⁃cadherin表达上调,N⁃cadherin和Vimentin表达下调。进一步检测MMP家族成员的表达,发现MMP⁃2、MMP⁃7与MMP⁃9降低。结论:WNT7b在人源黑素瘤细胞中可能通过抑制MMP的表达,诱导EMT的发生,从而促进黑素瘤细胞的迁移与侵袭。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to determine the function of WNT7b in the progression of malignant melanoma and the underlying mechanism by which it promotes the migration and invasion of melanoma cells. Methods:Intrinsic WNT7b expression level was examined in A875,SK⁃MEL⁃28,and A375 cell lines by qRT⁃PCR and Western blot. The intervention of WNT7b in A375 cell line was performed by transiently transfected with small interfering RNA,and its effect on the cellular function was also analyzed by flow cytometry analysis,wound healing and Transwell assay,respectively. Then Western blot was used to detect the expression of epithelial⁃ mesenchymal transition(EMT)related markers and members of matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)family. Results:WNT7b was expressed in A375,SK⁃MEL⁃28 and A875 cell lines,among which A375 presents the highest WNT7b expression. Our cellular study showed that upon knockdown of WNT7b expression in human A375 cell line,the cell cycle was arrested at G1 phase,the cell migration and invasion ability were significantly inhibited. In addition,WNT7b knockdown led to the up ⁃ regulation of E ⁃cadherin and down ⁃ regulation of N⁃cadherin,Vimentin and Snail1. Further detection of MMP family members showed that the expression of MMP⁃2,MMP⁃7 and MMP ⁃ 9 was reduced. Conclusion:WNT7b may induce EMT through MMPs in human malignant melanoma cells,thereby promoting cells migration and invasion.

  • 恶性黑素瘤是一种高度恶性的肿瘤,早期易发生转移,近年来黑素瘤的发病率和病死率日益增加,并呈现出年轻化趋势,尽管它的发病只占皮肤肿瘤的4%,但死亡人数却占75%[1]。WNT信号通路在胚胎发育、组织内稳态和再生中起着重要作用[2],其功能异常与许多疾病的发生有关,包括胚胎畸形、退行性疾病和肿瘤发生[3-4]。WNT信号通路被分为两种主要途径,包括β⁃ catenin依赖性途径和β⁃catenin非依赖性途径,前者被称为经典途径或WNT/β⁃ catenin途径,而后者被称为非经典途径[5]。人类WNT家族由19种不同的富含半胱氨酸的糖蛋白组成,一般来说WNT1、WNT2、WNT3、WNT3a、 WNT8a、WNT8b、WNT10a和WNT10b是经典途径的激活剂,而WNT4、WNT5a、WNT5B、WNT6、WNT7a、 WNT7b和Wnt11是非经典WNT信号的常见激活剂,但也有研究表明,经典和非经典WNT通路之间可能存在串扰[6]。报道证实WNT7b在前列腺癌中高表达[7],在高分化乳腺癌中的表达也明显高于低分化乳腺癌,且其高表达可作为判断乳腺癌预后的标志[8];WNT7b还可以作为胰腺导管腺癌发生发展中Wnt/β⁃catenin信号通路差异激活的主要决定因子[9];miR⁃505通过直接靶向抑制WNT7b而使Wnt/β ⁃catenin信号通路失活[1 0]。然而WNT7b在黑素瘤中还未有深入研究。本研究探讨了WNT7b在黑素瘤细胞中的表达情况,以及敲低WNT7b对人源黑素瘤细胞系A375分子生物学行为的影响,进而初步探讨WNT7b在黑素瘤发生发展中的作用,为黑素瘤的靶向治疗提供新的线索。

  • 1 材料和方法

  • 1.1 材料

  • DMEM培养基、MEM培养基(Gibco公司,美国),胎牛血清(杭州四季清公司),胰蛋白酶⁃EDTA消化液、双抗、RIPA蛋白裂解液、BCA试剂盒(上海碧云天公司),细胞周期检测试剂盒(上海联科生物),siRNA、riboFECTTM CP reagent(广州锐博生物),TRIzol(Invitrogen公司,美国),SYBR Green Master Mix(Applied Biosystems公司,美国);WNT7b抗体(Abcam公司,美国),GAPDH、Vimentin、E⁃cad⁃ herin、N ⁃cadherin抗体(Cell Signaling Technology公司,美国),Cyclin E1、Cyclin D1、c ⁃ MYC、Snail1、 FOXC2、基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases, MMP)⁃2、MMP⁃3、MMP⁃7抗体(Proteintech公司,美国),MMP⁃9抗体(Affbiotech公司,美国),羊抗鼠、羊抗兔二抗(Cell Signaling Technology公司,美国);CO2 培养箱(Thermo Fisher公司,美国),激光共聚焦显微镜(Olympus公司,日本),实时定量PCR仪(ABI公司,美国),流式细胞分析仪(Becton⁃Dickinson公司,美国)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 细胞培养与转染

  • A375、SK⁃MEL⁃28、A875细胞系由中国医学科学院皮肤病研究所病理实验室赠送;A375、A875细胞使用含有1%双抗、10%胎牛血清的DMEM培养基,SK⁃MEL⁃28细胞使用含有1%双抗、10%胎牛血清的MEM培养基,培养于37℃、5%CO2培养箱。实验分为空载组(NC组)与实验组(WNT76⁃siRNA组),转染前24h消化收集细胞并计数,按1×105 个/孔铺于6孔培养板中,当细胞覆盖率达70%时进行转染(依照riboFECTTM CP reagent说明书),培养48h后提取总RNA与总蛋白。敲低WNT7b的siRNA序列为5′⁃ CAGACCTGGTGTACATTGA⁃3′。

  • 1.2.2 RNA提取与qRT⁃PCR

  • 用TRIzol试剂提取细胞总RNA并进行浓度测定,RNA反转录为cDNA后,使用SYBR Green Mas⁃ ter Mix的RT⁃PCR扩增cDNA并检测,最后根据PCR反应曲线记录的Ct值计算2-ΔΔCt值。引物设计见表1。

  • 表1 qRT⁃PCR引物序列

  • Table1 Seguences of qRT⁃PCR primers

  • 1.2.3 Western blot检测

  • 使用含有蛋白酶抑制剂的RIPA裂解液提取细胞总蛋白,使用BCA蛋白分析试剂盒测量蛋白浓度后加适量上样缓冲液100℃煮沸5min使其变性。每孔取蛋白提取物20 μg通过SDS凝胶电泳分离并转移到PVDF膜上。用含有5%脱脂奶粉溶液的TBS⁃T封闭1h;4℃孵育一抗过夜;TBS⁃T洗膜3次,每次10min;室温下孵育相应二抗1h;TBS⁃T洗膜3次,每次10min;然后使用ECL化学发光液在Bio⁃Rad分子成像仪上成像,并用Image J软件进行灰度分析。

  • 1.2.4 免疫荧光分析

  • 细胞计数后铺于共聚焦小皿中,转染48h后; PBS洗膜3次,每次10min;4%多聚甲醛固定20min; PBS洗涤3次,每次3min;然后在室温下用0.5%Tritonx⁃100渗透20min;PBS洗涤3次,每次3min;山羊血清封闭30min;4℃孵育一抗过夜;PBST洗涤3次,每次3min;37℃孵育荧光二抗1h;PBST洗涤3次,每次3min;DAPI染色5min;PBST洗涤4次,每次5min。图像使用激光共焦显微镜拍摄。

  • 1.2.5 细胞周期分布的检测

  • 细胞转染48h后用不含EDTA的胰酶消化,收集各组细胞后-20℃固定于无水乙醇中。检测当天将固定细胞离心弃去乙醇,加入3mL室温下的PBS放置15min使细胞再次水化,离心弃上清,加入1mL DNA staining solution涡旋振荡5s混匀,室温避光孵育30min后使用流式细胞分析仪检测细胞周期分布。

  • 1.2.6 细胞划痕实验

  • 将A375细胞铺于6孔板中,转染48h,待细胞贴壁生长至80%时,用10 μL无菌移液枪头沿孔中间轻轻划过,然后用PBS洗涤细胞2次去除漂浮细胞,分别于0、48h拍照,观察划痕愈合情况。

  • 1.2.7 Transwell实验

  • 制备细胞悬液前先让细胞撤血清饥饿6h,进一步去除血清的影响,消化后离心弃去培养液,用PBS洗1~2遍,用无血清培养基重悬。取细胞悬液100 μL(1×105 个细胞)加入Transwell小室;24孔板下室加入500 μL含30%FBS的培养基,常规培养12h。吸除小室培养基,4%多聚甲醛固定,用湿棉球擦去上表面细胞,0.1%结晶紫染色15min,PBS洗掉多余染色,用镊子取下小室底膜,封片观察。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 使用GraphPad Prism 5.0分析从3个独立实验中获得的数据,并以平均值±标准差(x- ± s)表示,多组间比较采用方差分析,两两比较采用SNK值,P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 WNT7b在不同黑素瘤细胞中的表达情况

  • qRT⁃PCR及Western blot结果显示,WNT7b在人源黑素瘤细胞A375、SK⁃MEL⁃28、A875中均有表达,A375较其他细胞系WNT7b表达量更高,差异有统计学意义(P< 0.01,图1)。

  • 2.2 siRNA瞬时转染A375细胞WNT7b敲低效率检测

  • 选取WNT7b表达量高的A375细胞系进行siRNA瞬时转染,qRT⁃PCR及Western blot结果显示与NC组相比,WNT7b⁃siRNA转染组A375细胞中WNT7b mRNA及蛋白表达量均明显降低,敲低效率达60%,差异有统计学意义(P< 0.001,图2)。

  • 图1 不同黑素瘤细胞系中WNT7b的表达水平

  • Fig.1 Expression levels of WNT7b in melanoma cell lines

  • 2.3 WNT7b敲低对A375细胞生长周期的影响

  • 流式细胞分析检测细胞周期,结果显示,与NC组相比,WNT76⁃siRNA组G1期细胞数量增加,说明敲低WNT7b后,A375细胞生长阻滞于G1期,差异有统计学意义(P< 0.01,图3)。

  • 2.4 WNT7b敲低对A375细胞迁移、侵袭能力的影响

  • 划痕实验结果显示WNT7b敲低后A375细胞迁移能力受到抑制,差异有统计学意义(P< 0.01,图4A);Transwell实验结果显示WNT7b敲低后A375细胞侵袭性明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P< 0.001,图4B)。

  • 图2 A375细胞中WNT7b在mRNA与蛋白水平敲低效率的检测

  • Fig.2 Knockdown efficiency detection of WNT7b mRNA and protein in A375cells

  • 图3 敲低WNT7b对A375细胞周期的影响

  • Fig.3 Effects of WNT7b knockdown on the cell circle of A375cells

  • 2.5 WNT7b敲低对A375 细胞上皮⁃间质转化(epi⁃ thelial⁃mesenchymal transition,EMT)的影响

  • 考虑到WNT7b敲低后A375细胞迁移和侵袭能力受到抑制,我们进一步评估了WNT7b敲低后A375细胞的EMT过程。结果发现WNT7b⁃siRNA组表现出上皮细胞标志物E⁃cadherin表达上调,间充质标志物N⁃cadherin及Vimentin的表达下调,调控黑素瘤细胞EMT的关键因子Snail也被同时下调 (图5)。在细胞培养方面可观察到,WNT7b敲低后A375细胞由纺缍形的间质细胞形态转变成多角形的上皮细胞形态,免疫荧光分析显示WNT7b广泛分布于细胞质中,敲低WNT7b后WNT7b⁃siRNA组的细胞呈上皮细胞样改变(图6)。以上结果从EMT分子标志物以及细胞形态学改变两方面说明WNT7b参与了A375细胞的EMT过程。

  • 2.6 WNT7b敲低对A375细胞中MMP的影响

  • MMP是介导细胞外基质降解的含锌内肽酶。 MMP在肿瘤细胞的迁移、侵袭、转移和血管生成过程中发挥着重要作用,同时也被认为是EMT的诱导因子[11-12]。因此我们通过Western blot对NC组与WNT7b⁃siRNA组中与黑素瘤发生发展密切相关的MMP⁃2、MMP⁃3、MMP⁃7和MMP⁃9进行检测,结果发现MMP⁃2、MMP⁃7及MMP⁃9表达降低,其中MMP⁃9降低最显著(图6A),进而通过免疫荧光分析对MMP⁃ 9的降低进行了验证(图6B)。说明WNT7b可能通过MMP影响A375细胞的迁移、侵袭与EMT过程。

  • 图4 敲低WNT7b对A375细胞迁移和侵袭能力的影响

  • Fig.4 Effects of WNT7b knockdown on migration and invasion ability of A375cells

  • 图5 敲低WNT7b对A375细胞EMT相关标记蛋白表达的影响

  • Fig.5 Effects of WNT7b knockdown on EMT markers of A375cell

  • 3 讨论

  • 恶性黑素瘤进展极快,且对放疗及化疗不敏感。临床上早期恶性黑素瘤患者通过手术切除,其5年总体生存率达95%以上,但对于中晚期黑素瘤患者来说,目前还没有有效的治疗方法能显著延长患者生存期[13]。近年来免疫治疗与基因靶向治疗手段发展迅速,主要包括免疫检查点抑制剂疗法[14-15] 和MAPK/ERK细胞信号通路抑制剂[16],但单一治疗效果欠佳。研究显示,联合两种及两种以上不同作用机制的方法或药物治疗的效果比单一治疗有明显提升[17-19]。因此,在深入探究恶性黑素瘤发病机制、寻找更有效的治疗靶点基础上,为患者提供精准的治疗方案成为未来发展的方向。

  • 经典WNT信号通路也叫Wnt/β⁃catenin途径,通过调节LEF/TCF家族DNA转录来调节细胞的行为,其核心是胞质内 β⁃catenin的稳定性,β⁃catenin水平低下时,Wnt通路关闭;当其水平较高时,Wnt通路开放。近年研究发现,恶性黑素瘤的高侵袭转移倾向与WNT信号通路的异常激活有关[6]。在WNT蛋白家族中,WNT3a可减少黑素瘤细胞间的黏附,促进其迁移[20];WNT5a可激活NF⁃κB信号通路,并通过分泌细胞因子和趋化因子对黑素瘤产生免疫调节作用[21],还能诱导MARCKS蛋白磷酸化促进黑素瘤的转移[22]。然而,作为WNT蛋白家族中另一关键蛋白分子,WNT7b在黑素瘤发生发展中的功能未见报道。本研究首先检测了黑素瘤细胞系中WNT7b的表达情况,发现WNT7b在人恶性黑素瘤细胞系A375、SK⁃MEL⁃28、A875中均有表达,其中A375细胞系表达量最高,这可能与A375细胞系较SK⁃MEL⁃28与A875细胞系,具有更强侵袭性与更短的成瘤时间有关[23-24]。通过流式细胞周期分析、划痕实验、Tran⁃ swell实验发现敲低WNT7b使A375细胞生长阻滞于G1期,同时细胞的迁移与侵袭能力受到抑制。

  • 图6 敲低WNT7b对A375细胞MMP家族成员表达的影响

  • Fig.6 Effects of WWT76knockdown on MMP members of A375cells

  • EMT是黑素瘤发生发展过程中的现象,具体表现为细胞由多角形的上皮细胞转变成纺缍形的间质细胞,细胞极性丧失,细胞间黏附力下降,同时诱导血管生成,致肿瘤细胞迁移和侵袭能力大大增加[25]。WNT信号通路在黑素瘤EMT诱导中起重要作用[20],WNT信号通路激活后可使E⁃cadherin表达下调,Snail表达上调,E⁃cadherin的缺失释放钙黏蛋白结合的β⁃catenin,游离的β⁃catenin可以迁移到细胞核并诱导促侵袭因子的转录[26]。我们通过Western blot检测EMT相关标志物蛋白,发现上皮标志物E ⁃cadherin表达上调、间充质标志物包括N ⁃ cadherin和Vimentin下调以及重要调节因子Snail下调,说明WNT7b可能参与A375细胞的EMT过程。

  • MMP作为EMT的诱导因子,促进肿瘤的发生发展、迁移侵袭与转移[27]。其中MMP⁃2和MMP⁃9作为明胶酶主要切割Ⅳ型胶原蛋白,在黑素瘤进展中起关键作用。MMP⁃2的高表达与结构损伤、异型性进展和血行转移密切相关;MMP⁃9在炎性细胞如巨噬细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和肥大细胞中表达较高,促进黑素瘤的放射状生长,因此可能与肿瘤侵袭的早期阶段有关。同时MMP⁃9可通过增强血管内皮生长因子和成纤维细胞生长因子在恶性肿瘤中的表达,间接通过增加营养物质供应促进肿瘤侵袭发展[28]。因此我们进一步对MMP家族关键分子进行检测,发现WNT7b敲低后,A375细胞中MMP⁃2、MMP⁃7与MMP⁃9表达量降低,其中MMP⁃9显著降低,进而通过免疫荧光分析对MMP⁃9的降低再次进行了验证,认为WNT7b可能通过抑制MMP表达,诱导A375细胞EMT的发生,从而促进细胞的迁移、侵袭。

  • 综上所述,WNT7b可促进恶性黑素瘤细胞的转移与侵袭,MMP⁃9作为WNT7b下游重要蛋白调控分子,参与恶性黑素瘤细胞EMT过程,但其中更多的分子间相互作用以及具体调控途径有待进一步研究。本研究可为恶性黑素瘤的精准基因靶向治疗提供新参考。

  • 参考文献

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    • [2] NUSSE R,CLEVERS H.Wnt/β ⁃ Catenin signaling,dis⁃ ease,and emerging therapeutic modalities[J].Cell,2017,169(6):985-999

    • [3] CLEVERS H.Wnt/beta⁃catenin signaling in development and disease[J].Cell,2006,127(3):469-480

    • [4] ZHAN T,RINDTORFF N,BOUTROS M.Wnt signaling in cancer[J].Oncogene,2017,36(11):1461-1473

    • [5] GRUMOLATO L,LIU G,MONG P,et al.Canonical and noncanonical Wnts use a common mechanism to activate completely unrelated coreceptors[J].Genes Dev,2010,24(22):2517-2530

    • [6] GAJOS ⁃MICHNIEWICZ A,CZYZ M.WNT Signaling in melanoma[J].Int J Mol Sci,2020,21(14):4852

    • [7] MOPARTHI L,PIZZOLATO G,KOCH S.Wnt activator FOXB2 drives the neuroendocrine differentiation of pros⁃ tate cancer[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2019,116(44):22189-22195

    • [8] CHEN J,LIU T Y,PENG H T,et al.Up ⁃ regulation of Wnt7b rather than Wnt1,Wnt7a,and Wnt9a indicates poor prognosis in breast cancer[J].Int J Clin Exp Pathol,2018,11(9):4552-4561

    • [9] ARENSMAN M D,KOVOCHICH A N,KULIKAUSKAS R M,et al.WNT7B mediates autocrine Wnt/β⁃catenin sig⁃ naling and anchorage ⁃ independent growth in pancreatic adenocarcinoma[J].Oncogene,2014,33(7):899-908

    • [10] ZHANG C,YANG X,FU C,et al.Combination with TMZ and miR⁃505 inhibits the development of glioblastoma by regulating the WNT7B/Wnt/β⁃ catenin signaling pathway [J].Gene,2018,672:172-179

    • [11] PITTAYAPRUEK P,MEEPHANSAN J,PRAPAPAN O,et al.Role of matrix metalloproteinases in photoaging and photocarcinogenesis[J].Int J Mol Sci,2016,17(6):868

    • [12] LEE Y H,ALBIG A R,REGNER M,et al.Fibulin⁃5 initi⁃ ates epithelial⁃mesenchymal transition(EMT)and enhances EMT induced by TGF ⁃ beta in mammary epithelial cells via a MMP ⁃ dependent mechanism[J].Carcinogenesis,2008,29(12):2243-2251

    • [13] ALBITTAR A A,ALHALABI O,GLITZA OLIVA I C.Im⁃munotherapy for melanoma[J].Adv Exp Med Biol,2020,1244:51-68

    • [14] FURUE M,ITO T,WADA N,et al.Melanoma and im⁃ mune checkpoint inhibitors[J].Curr Oncol Rep,2018,20(3):29

    • [15] WEBER J S,D’ANGELO S P,MINOR D,et al.Nivolum⁃ ab versus chemotherapy in patients with advanced mela⁃ noma who progressed after anti⁃CTLA⁃4 treatment(Check⁃ Mate 037):a randomised,controlled,open⁃label,phase 3 trial[J].Lancet Oncol,2015,16(4):375-384

    • [16] CHAPMAN P B,ROBERT C,LARKIN J,et al.Vemu⁃ rafenib in patients with BRAFV600 mutation ⁃ positive metastatic melanoma:final overall survival results of the randomized BRIM⁃3 study[J].Ann Oncol,2017,28(10):2581-2587

    • [17] HODI F S,CHIARION ⁃SILENI V,GONZALEZ R,et al.Nivolumab plus ipilimumab or nivolumab alone versus ipi⁃ limumab alone in advanced melanoma(CheckMate 067):4⁃year outcomes of a multicentre,randomised,phase 3 trial [J].Lancet Oncol,2018,19(11):1480-1492

    • [18] DUMMER R,ASCIERTO P A,GOGAS H J,et al.Overall survival in patients with BRAF⁃mutant melanoma receiv⁃ ing encorafenib plus binimetinib versus vemurafenib or encorafenib(COLUMBUS):a multicentre,open ⁃ label,randomised,phase 3 trial[J].Lancet Oncol,2018,19(10):1315-1327

    • [19] BOSHUIZEN J,KOOPMAN L A,KRIJGSMAN O,et al.Cooperative targeting of melanoma heterogeneity with an AXL antibody ⁃drug conjugate and BRAF/MEK inhibitors [J].Nat Med,2018,24(2):203-212

    • [20] SINNBERG T,LEVESQUE M P,KROCHMANN J,et al.Wnt⁃signaling enhances neural crest migration of melano⁃ ma cells and induces an invasive phenotype[J].Mol Can⁃ cer,2018,17(1):59

    • [21] BARBERO G,CASTRO M V,VILLANUEVA M B,et al.An autocrine Wnt5a loop promotes NF⁃κB pathway activa⁃ tion and cytokine/chemokine secretion in melanoma[J].Cells,2019,8(9):1060

    • [22] MOHAPATRA P,YADAV V,TOFTDAHL M,et al.WNT5A ⁃induced activation of the protein kinase C sub⁃ strate MARCKS is required for melanoma cell invasion [J].Cancers(Basel),2020,12(2):346

    • [23] MO J,SUN B,ZHAO X,et al.The in⁃vitro spheroid cul⁃ ture induces a more highly differentiated but tumorigenic population from melanoma cell lines[J].Melanoma Res,2013,23(4):254-263

    • [24] ROSSI S,CORDELLA M,TABOLACCI C,et al.TNF⁃ alpha and metalloproteases as key players in melanoma cells aggressiveness[J].J Exp Clin Cancer Res,2018,37(1):326

    • [25] ZHANG Y,WEINBERG R A.Epithelial⁃to⁃mesenchymal transition in cancer:complexity and opportunities[J].Front Med,2018,12(4):361-373

    • [26] PEARLMAN R L,MONTES DE OCA M K,PAL H C,et al.Potential therapeutic targets of epithelial ⁃ mesenchy⁃ mal transition in melanoma[J].Cancer Lett,2017,391:125-140

    • [27] 郭松,彭云鹏,陆子鹏,等.胰岛素通过 MMP⁃2、7、9 促进胰腺癌细胞侵袭与迁移[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2017,37(9):1104-1108

    • [28] NAPOLI S,SCUDERI C,GATTUSO G,et al.Functional roles of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in melanoma[J].Cells,2020,9(5):1151

  • 参考文献

    • [1] DAVIS L E,SHALIN S C,TACKETT A J.Current state of melanoma diagnosis and treatment[J].Cancer Biol Ther,2019,20(11):1366-1379

    • [2] NUSSE R,CLEVERS H.Wnt/β ⁃ Catenin signaling,dis⁃ ease,and emerging therapeutic modalities[J].Cell,2017,169(6):985-999

    • [3] CLEVERS H.Wnt/beta⁃catenin signaling in development and disease[J].Cell,2006,127(3):469-480

    • [4] ZHAN T,RINDTORFF N,BOUTROS M.Wnt signaling in cancer[J].Oncogene,2017,36(11):1461-1473

    • [5] GRUMOLATO L,LIU G,MONG P,et al.Canonical and noncanonical Wnts use a common mechanism to activate completely unrelated coreceptors[J].Genes Dev,2010,24(22):2517-2530

    • [6] GAJOS ⁃MICHNIEWICZ A,CZYZ M.WNT Signaling in melanoma[J].Int J Mol Sci,2020,21(14):4852

    • [7] MOPARTHI L,PIZZOLATO G,KOCH S.Wnt activator FOXB2 drives the neuroendocrine differentiation of pros⁃ tate cancer[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2019,116(44):22189-22195

    • [8] CHEN J,LIU T Y,PENG H T,et al.Up ⁃ regulation of Wnt7b rather than Wnt1,Wnt7a,and Wnt9a indicates poor prognosis in breast cancer[J].Int J Clin Exp Pathol,2018,11(9):4552-4561

    • [9] ARENSMAN M D,KOVOCHICH A N,KULIKAUSKAS R M,et al.WNT7B mediates autocrine Wnt/β⁃catenin sig⁃ naling and anchorage ⁃ independent growth in pancreatic adenocarcinoma[J].Oncogene,2014,33(7):899-908

    • [10] ZHANG C,YANG X,FU C,et al.Combination with TMZ and miR⁃505 inhibits the development of glioblastoma by regulating the WNT7B/Wnt/β⁃ catenin signaling pathway [J].Gene,2018,672:172-179

    • [11] PITTAYAPRUEK P,MEEPHANSAN J,PRAPAPAN O,et al.Role of matrix metalloproteinases in photoaging and photocarcinogenesis[J].Int J Mol Sci,2016,17(6):868

    • [12] LEE Y H,ALBIG A R,REGNER M,et al.Fibulin⁃5 initi⁃ ates epithelial⁃mesenchymal transition(EMT)and enhances EMT induced by TGF ⁃ beta in mammary epithelial cells via a MMP ⁃ dependent mechanism[J].Carcinogenesis,2008,29(12):2243-2251

    • [13] ALBITTAR A A,ALHALABI O,GLITZA OLIVA I C.Im⁃munotherapy for melanoma[J].Adv Exp Med Biol,2020,1244:51-68

    • [14] FURUE M,ITO T,WADA N,et al.Melanoma and im⁃ mune checkpoint inhibitors[J].Curr Oncol Rep,2018,20(3):29

    • [15] WEBER J S,D’ANGELO S P,MINOR D,et al.Nivolum⁃ ab versus chemotherapy in patients with advanced mela⁃ noma who progressed after anti⁃CTLA⁃4 treatment(Check⁃ Mate 037):a randomised,controlled,open⁃label,phase 3 trial[J].Lancet Oncol,2015,16(4):375-384

    • [16] CHAPMAN P B,ROBERT C,LARKIN J,et al.Vemu⁃ rafenib in patients with BRAFV600 mutation ⁃ positive metastatic melanoma:final overall survival results of the randomized BRIM⁃3 study[J].Ann Oncol,2017,28(10):2581-2587

    • [17] HODI F S,CHIARION ⁃SILENI V,GONZALEZ R,et al.Nivolumab plus ipilimumab or nivolumab alone versus ipi⁃ limumab alone in advanced melanoma(CheckMate 067):4⁃year outcomes of a multicentre,randomised,phase 3 trial [J].Lancet Oncol,2018,19(11):1480-1492

    • [18] DUMMER R,ASCIERTO P A,GOGAS H J,et al.Overall survival in patients with BRAF⁃mutant melanoma receiv⁃ ing encorafenib plus binimetinib versus vemurafenib or encorafenib(COLUMBUS):a multicentre,open ⁃ label,randomised,phase 3 trial[J].Lancet Oncol,2018,19(10):1315-1327

    • [19] BOSHUIZEN J,KOOPMAN L A,KRIJGSMAN O,et al.Cooperative targeting of melanoma heterogeneity with an AXL antibody ⁃drug conjugate and BRAF/MEK inhibitors [J].Nat Med,2018,24(2):203-212

    • [20] SINNBERG T,LEVESQUE M P,KROCHMANN J,et al.Wnt⁃signaling enhances neural crest migration of melano⁃ ma cells and induces an invasive phenotype[J].Mol Can⁃ cer,2018,17(1):59

    • [21] BARBERO G,CASTRO M V,VILLANUEVA M B,et al.An autocrine Wnt5a loop promotes NF⁃κB pathway activa⁃ tion and cytokine/chemokine secretion in melanoma[J].Cells,2019,8(9):1060

    • [22] MOHAPATRA P,YADAV V,TOFTDAHL M,et al.WNT5A ⁃induced activation of the protein kinase C sub⁃ strate MARCKS is required for melanoma cell invasion [J].Cancers(Basel),2020,12(2):346

    • [23] MO J,SUN B,ZHAO X,et al.The in⁃vitro spheroid cul⁃ ture induces a more highly differentiated but tumorigenic population from melanoma cell lines[J].Melanoma Res,2013,23(4):254-263

    • [24] ROSSI S,CORDELLA M,TABOLACCI C,et al.TNF⁃ alpha and metalloproteases as key players in melanoma cells aggressiveness[J].J Exp Clin Cancer Res,2018,37(1):326

    • [25] ZHANG Y,WEINBERG R A.Epithelial⁃to⁃mesenchymal transition in cancer:complexity and opportunities[J].Front Med,2018,12(4):361-373

    • [26] PEARLMAN R L,MONTES DE OCA M K,PAL H C,et al.Potential therapeutic targets of epithelial ⁃ mesenchy⁃ mal transition in melanoma[J].Cancer Lett,2017,391:125-140

    • [27] 郭松,彭云鹏,陆子鹏,等.胰岛素通过 MMP⁃2、7、9 促进胰腺癌细胞侵袭与迁移[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2017,37(9):1104-1108

    • [28] NAPOLI S,SCUDERI C,GATTUSO G,et al.Functional roles of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in melanoma[J].Cells,2020,9(5):1151

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