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中图分类号:R816.2

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)11-1654-05

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20211115

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参考文献 13
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参考文献 14
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:通过CT成像技术探讨左心耳形态和左心耳孔面积与缺血性卒中的关系,希望提供一种无创且有效的方法预测缺血性卒中的危险因素。方法:连续入选2020年4月—2021年4月东南大学附属中大医院接诊的60例缺血性卒中的非瓣膜性房颤患者(卒中组)。对照组包括60例年龄匹配的无卒中病史的非瓣膜性房颤患者。所有患者均接受了经胸超声心动图 (transthoracic echocardiography,TTE)、经食道超声心动图(transesophageal echocardiography,TEE)和计算机断层扫描血管造影 (computed tomography angiography,CTA)检查。CTA检查完成后获得原始图像,并测量左心耳孔面积;使用GE公司的AW4.61 工作站进行三维重建获得左心耳图像,根据左心耳形态将其分为鸡翅型和非鸡翅型,分析左心耳形态、左心耳孔面积与缺血性卒中的关系。结果:卒中组中持续性房颤所占比例较对照组明显增加,卒中前CHA2DS2⁃VASc评分明显增高;与对照组左心耳流速(left atrial appendage flow velocity,LAAFV)[(50.8±15.4)cm/s]比较,卒中组[(32.0±12.4)cm/s]明显降低(P < 0.001);与对照组比较,卒中组的非鸡翅型左心耳形态比例明显增加(P < 0.001),左房内径和左心耳孔面积明显增大(P < 0.001);而卒中组的左心耳容积与对照组相比差异无统计学意义。将有统计学意义的变量纳入多元Logistic回归分析,结果显示,非鸡翅型左心耳形态、左心耳孔面积、左房内径、卒中前评分、LAAFV是缺血性卒中的独立预测因子。结论:非瓣膜性房颤患者中,房颤类型、左心耳形态、左心耳孔面积、卒中前CHA2DS2⁃VASc评分、左房内径、LAAFV和缺血性卒中密切相关,非鸡翅型左心耳、较大的左心耳孔面积和左房内径是非瓣膜性房颤患者缺血性卒中的独立预测因子。

  • 心房颤动(atrial fibrillation,AF)是目前最常见的心律失常,发病率逐渐上升[1]。因为AF与缺血性卒中密切相关,伴随着高致残致死率[2],给经济社会带来了沉重负担。左心耳(left atrial appendage, LAA)是起源于左心房主体的指状延伸[3],其与左肺静脉、主动脉根部、二尖瓣相毗邻,大量研究已经表明,LAA是心脏栓子的重要来源[4]。随着近年来房颤消融术的广泛使用和左心耳封堵的进展,LAA受到了越来越多的关注[5]。据报道,非鸡翅型LAA比鸡翅型LAA患者更有可能发生栓塞事件[6]。另外,更大的LAA孔面积会促进缓慢的血液流动、血液停滞,并最终增加血栓形成风险[7]。但是这些是否可以预测心源性卒中事件的发生目前仍存在争议[8-9]。经食管超声心动图(transesophageal echocardiography, TEE)是目前临床上应用最多的评估LAA结构和功能的检查手段,但是TEE作为一种侵入性检查存在明显的局限性[10];随着计算机断层扫描和三维重建技术的发展,三维计算机断层扫描重建成为了解LAA形态和结构的方法之一[11]。本研究主要通过计算机断层扫描血管造影(computed tomography angiography,CTA)来观察AF患者LAA形态和LAA孔面积,并探讨它们与缺血性卒中之间的关系以及可能机制,希望能够成为一种更加安全有效的检查手段。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 2020年4月—2021年4月,连续60例缺血性卒中的非瓣膜性AF患者纳入本研究(卒中组)。根据2018年中国脑卒中指南定义[12],所有入选的缺血性卒中患者均被头颅CT或磁共振证实。对照组为60例年龄匹配的无卒中病史的非瓣膜性AF患者。他们为房颤消融做准备,均接受了经胸超声心动图(transthoracic echocardiography,TTE)、TEE和CTA检查。纳入标准:①心电图或者24h动态心电图诊断为AF;②同时接受TTE、TEE和肺静脉CTA检查,而且临床资料齐全;③TEE检查时阵发性AF呈窦性心律,持续性AF呈AF心律。排除标准:①临床资料不全,在卒中时服用抗凝剂,在TEE或计算机断层扫描前3周内接受过心脏复律治疗;②合并心脏瓣膜病(二尖瓣狭窄)、人工瓣膜置换术后等情况;③ CT图像质量差且无法获取完整左心耳资料;④严重肝肾功能不全;⑤合并甲状腺疾病及多器官功能不全。该研究方案得到了东南大学附属中大医院机构审查委员会的批准,并符合赫尔辛基宣言的原则。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 AF诊断标准

  • 心电图表现为P波消失,代之以大小、形态和振幅不同的f波,心室率绝对不规则。阵发性AF定义为7d内自行或干预终止的AF,持续时间超过7d被定义为持续性AF[13]

  • 1.2.2 经胸超声心动图检查

  • 采用GE Vivid E95超声诊断仪,S5⁃1探头,探头频率1~5MHz。取胸骨旁左室长轴切面测量左房内径(left atrial diameter,LAD),运用多普勒超声心动图技术测量同一心动周期舒张早期二尖瓣血流峰值速度E与舒张早期二尖瓣瓣环峰值速度e’的比值 (E/e’),采用双平面simpson法测量左室射血分数 (left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)。

  • 1.2.3 TEE和左心耳流速(left atrial appendage flow velocity,LAAFV)测定

  • 采用Philips EPIQ 7c彩色多普勒超声诊断仪, X7⁃2t经食管矩阵实时3D探头,频率为2~7MHz。所有患者均签署知情同意书。检查前禁食6~8h,连接心电图同步记录,丙泊酚镇静状态下进行。探头插入食管中段左右以获取清晰的LAA图像,并在多平面检测LAA有无自发性显影或血栓。然后,调整探头方向,最大程度展开LAA长轴,启动脉冲多普勒,将脉冲多普勒取样容积置于LAA内纵轴上距心耳口1cm以内,再次微调探头保证LAA血流方向同多普勒探测方向一致,获取LAA血流频谱。测量LAAFV,窦性节律和房颤节律分别在3个和10个心动周期内记录正向波波峰值,即LAA最大排空速度,并取平均值作为LAAFV[14]

  • 1.2.4 CTA和3D重建

  • CT成像数据由美国通用电气公司的CT机(GE Revolution)采集。以5.0mL/s的流速从肘静脉内注入碘克沙醇造影剂(65~80mL),然后以5.0mL/s的速度注入20mL生理盐水,使用监测阈值触发法。触发平面:升主动脉根部水平,触发点为左心房;触发阈值:150HU,延迟8s后开始扫描,扫描时间6~10s;扫描范围:气管隆凸以下1cm到心脏下边缘1.5cm,探测器宽度160mm,层厚0.625mm,转速0.28s,自动管电流100~700mA,手动管电压100kV。左心房附件体积及其形态的测量使用通用电气公司AW4.61工作站对原始CT图像进行3D重建,以获得LAA和左心房的3D图像。然后,使用切割工具将左心房附件与左心房分离,以获得LAA体积。根据LAA的形态特征,可分为鸡翅和非鸡翅(图1)。

  • 图1 LAA的形态特征

  • Fig.1 The morphology of the LAA

  • 1.2.5 LAA孔面积及LAA容积的测量

  • 左心房附件口的长径(D1)和短径(D2)使用SIEMENS MMWP工作站测量。从多平面重建图像中手动切开左心房附件口,并通过其最窄部分确定口面积。通过创建一个垂直于LAA颈轴线的平面,可以生成LAA的横截面视图(图2)。采用公式0.785×D1×D2得出LAA孔的面积[15]。利用AW461工作站软件自动获取左心房三维图像,再通过染料工具填充左心耳腔,然后用切割工具将LAA与左心房分离,获得LAA并检测LAA容积(图3)。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料用均数±标准差(x- ± s)表示,组间比较采用独立样本 t检验。计数资料用例数和百分比(%)表示,组间比较采用卡方检验或Fisher确切概率法,然后将有统计学意义的变量采用逐步回归法纳入多元Logistic回归分析。P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 图2 LAA孔长、短径的测量

  • 图3 LAA容积的测量

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 临床特征

  • 表1 显示了卒中组和对照组之间临床特征的比较。与对照组相比,卒中组患者中持续性AF所占比例以及卒中前CHA2DS2⁃VASc评分明显增高。卒中组和对照组在年龄、性别、体重指数 (body mass index,BMI)、高血压、冠心病、糖尿病、充血性心力衰竭、E/e’和LVEF方面差异无统计学意义。

  • 2.2 LAAFV与缺血性卒中关系

  • 与对照组LAAFV[(50.8±15.4)cm/s]比较,卒中组LAAFV[(32.0±12.4)cm/s]明显降低(P< 0.001),提示缺血性卒中的发生与LAAFV的降低密切相关 (图4)。

  • 2.3 LAA形态以及LAA孔面积与缺血性卒中关系

  • 与对照组比较,卒中组的非鸡翅型LAA形态比例明显增加(P< 0.001),左房内径和LAA孔面积明显增大(P< 0.001);而与对照组相比,卒中组LAA容积的差异无统计学意义(表2)。提示缺血性卒中和左房内径、LAA孔面积增大以及非鸡翅型LAA密切相关。

  • 2.4 缺血性卒中预测因子的多元Logistic回归分析

  • 进一步分析上述具有统计学意义的变量,多元Logistic回归分析显示,非鸡翅型LAA形态、ALL孔面积、左房内径、卒中前评分、LAAFV是缺血性卒中的独立预测因子(表3)。

  • 表1 临床资料比较

  • 图4 两组LAAFV的比较

  • 表2 LAA形态以及LAA孔面积与缺血性卒中关系

  • 3 讨论

  • 目前,TEE测量的LAA动静脉压是评价LAA功能和血栓形成最常用的方法。然而,TEE是半侵入性的检查,主观性较强,并可能导致并发症,如出血和穿孔,有一定局限性[10]。因此,寻找更加安全有效的无创检查方法及指标具有重要的临床意义。目前对LAA的解剖学研究相对较少,缺乏统一的标准。随着多层螺旋CT和三维重建技术的快速发展,能够更加详细地显现LAA形态和特征,以此为依据,有研究将左心耳分为4类:鸡翅型、风向标型、菜花型和仙人掌型[4]。其中,鸡翅型是最常见的形式,有1个中心叶片,在近端或中部弯曲,可能还有第2个叶片。为了降低主观性,让数据更加客观可靠,本研究将LAA形态分为鸡翅型和非鸡翅型。LAA孔面积使用公式0.785 ×长直径×短直径获得,这与CT三维重建后的直接测量相比,主观性相对较小,测量重复性较好[4]

  • 表3 缺血性卒中预测因子的多元Logistic回归

  • 本研究发现,与对照组比较,卒中组中CHA2DS2⁃VASc评分和持续性AF所占比例更高;通过多元Logistic回归分析发现CHA2DS2⁃VASc评分可以作为缺血性卒中的独立预测因素,但是AF类型并不能作为独立预测因素,这与Di Biase等[6] 的研究结果类似。虽然CHA2DS2⁃VASc评分是目前非瓣膜性AF患者卒中危险分层最常用且有效的评估手段[16],然而,已有研究表明CHA2DS2⁃VASc评分得分为0的患者仍然有缺血性卒中的风险[17]。这可能和该评分并没有关注LAA解剖特征有关,我们希望通过CT进行LAA成像来弥补该评分可能的缺陷。

  • 既往研究表明LAAFV降低导致血栓形成的风险增加[18],LAA形态、容积、孔面积以及左房内径和LAAFV存在相关性[19-21],但是这些因素和卒中的关系目前仍然存在明显争议[622-24]。本研究发现,与非卒中组患者相比,卒中组LAAFV明显降低,通过多元Logistic回归分析发现,LAAFV是缺血性卒中的独立预测因子,这与之前研究结果类似[25];与非卒中组比较,卒中组非鸡翅型比例更高,并且是卒中的独立预测因子,这可能是因为鸡翅型LAA形态相对简单,收缩力更强[26]。本研究还发现,与非卒中比较,卒中组有更大的左房内径和LAA孔面积,二者都被证明为卒中的独立危险因素,原因可能为随着AF病程的进展,左心房内径增大、压力增大,从而导致左心房附件的后负荷增加,最终导致左心房附件的流速降低,增加血栓形成的风险。另外,根据连续性方程,在流量不变的情况下,截面面积越小,流速越快。因此LAA孔面积是决定缺血性卒中发生的一个重要因素。但是本研究并没有观察到LAA容积在两组之间的不同,原因可能是LAA容积和LAA流速并没有相关性。

  • CHA2DS2⁃VASc评分主要以临床指标为主,不关注心脏结构和功能对血栓形成的影响,并不能全面评估患者的缺血性卒中风险[16-1727]。本研究通过CT成像技术能够很好地弥补CHA2DS2⁃VASc评分的不足,但是也存在一定的局限性。首先,这是一项单中心、回顾性研究,有些可能的混杂因素,如左心室质量指数和左心房容积等未被收集。其次,虽然本研究尽可能在相同的心动周期测量,但是因为左心房及LAA参数受心动周期的影响,所以可能会存在一定的主观性。

  • 综上,本研究发现非瓣膜性AF患者LAA形态和缺血性卒中密切相关,非鸡翅型LAA是卒中事件的独立预测因子。较大的LAA孔面积、较大的左房内径是非瓣膜性AF患者缺血性卒中的独立预测因子。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] NACCARELLI G V,VARKER H,LIN J,et al.Increasing prevalence of atrial fibrillation and flutter in the United States[J].Am J Cardiol,2009,104(11):1534-1539

    • [2] STAERK L,SHERER J A,KO D,et al.Atrial fibrillation:epidemiology,pathophysiology,and clinical outcomes[J].Circ Res,2017,120(9):1501-1517

    • [3] BEIGEL R,WUNDERLICH N C,HO S Y,et al.The left atrial appendage:anatomy,function,and noninvasive evaluation[J].JACC Cardiovasc Imaging,2014,7(12):1251-1265

    • [4] WANG Y,DI BIASE L,HORTON R P,et al.Left atrial appendage studied by computed tomography to help plan⁃ ning for appendage closure device placement[J].J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,2010,21(9):973-982

    • [5] MARTINEZ M W,KIRSCH J,WILLIAMSON E E,et al.Utility of nongated multidetector computed tomography for detection of left atrial Thrombus in patients undergoing catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation[J].JACC Cardiovasc Imaging,2009,2(1):69-76

    • [6] DI BIASE L,SANTANGELI P,ANSELMINO M,et al.Does the left atrial appendage morphology correlate with the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation?Results from a multicenter study[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2012,60(6):531-538

    • [7] AGMON Y,KHANDHERIA B K,MEISSNER I,et al.Are left atrial appendage flow velocities adequate surrogates of global left atrial function?A population⁃based transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic study[J].J Am Soc Echocardiogr,2002,15(5):433-440

    • [8] REN J F,CALLANS D J,MARCHLINSKI F E.What is the natural relationship between left atrial appendage morphology and history of stroke?[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2013,61(6):689-690

    • [9] NEILSON G H,GALEA E G,HOSSACK K F.Thromboembolic complications of mitral valve disease[J].Aust N Z J Med,1978,8:372-376

    • [10] DANIEL W G,ERBEL R,KASPER W,et al.Safety of transesophageal echocardiography.A multicentre survey of 10419 examinations[J].Circulation,1991,83(3):817-821

    • [11] HANDKE M,HARLOFF A,HETZEL A,et al.Left atrial appendage flow velocity as a quantitative surrogate para ⁃ meter for thromboembolic risk:determinants and relation⁃ ship to spontaneous echocontrast and thrombus formation:a transesophageal echocardiographic study in 500 patients with cerebral ischemia[J].J Am Soc Echocardiogr,2005,18(12):1366-1372

    • [12] 中华医学会神经病学分会,中华医学会神经病学分会脑血管病学组.中国急性缺血性脑卒中诊治指南2018[J].中华神经科杂志,2018,51(9):666-682

    • [13] HINDRICKS G,POTPARA T,DAGRES N,et al.ESC Scientific Document Group.2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio ⁃ Thoracic Surgery(EACTS)[J].Eur Heart J,2021,42(5):373-498

    • [14] 李越,MANNAERTS H F J,KAMP O,等.三维超声心动图测定正常人及二尖瓣病变伴或不伴房颤患者左心耳容量及其收缩功能[J].中国超声医学杂志,2000,16(4):268-273

    • [15] HAÏSSAGUERRE M,JAÏS P,SHAH D C,et al.Spon⁃ taneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats ori inating in the pulmonary veins[J].N Engl J Med,1998,339(10):659-666

    • [16] KIRCHHOF P,BENUSSI S,KOTECHA D,et al.2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS[J].Eur Heart J,2016,37(38):2893-2962

    • [17] GAGE B F,WATERMAN A D,SHANNON W,et al.Vali⁃ dation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke:results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation[J].JAMA,2001,285(22):2864-2870

    • [18] ZABALGOITIA M,HALPERIN J L,PEARCE L A,et al.Transesophageal echocardiographic correlates of clinical risk of thromboembolism in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation Ⅲ investigators[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,1998,31(7):1622-1626

    • [19] KISHIMA H,MINE T,ASHIDA K,et al.Does left atrial appendage morphology influence left atrial appendage flow velocity?[J].Circ J,2015,79(8):1706-1711

    • [20] FUKUSHIMA K,FUKUSHIMA N,KATO K,et al.Correlation between left atrial appendage morphology and flow velocity in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation[J].Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging,2016,17(1):59-66

    • [21] LEE J M,SHIM J,UHM J S,et al.Impact of increased orifice size and decreased flow velocity of left atrial appendage on stroke in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation[J].Am J Cardiol,2014,113(6):963-969

    • [22] ANSELMINO M,SCAGLIONE M,DI BIASE L,et al.Left atrial appendage morphology and silent cerebral ischemia in patients with atrial fibrillation[J].Heart Rhythm,2014,11(1):2-7

    • [23] KHURRAM I M,DEWIRE J,MAGER M,et al.Relation⁃ ship between left atrial appendage morphology and stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation[J].Heart Rhythm,2013,10(12):1843-1849

    • [24] NEDIOS S,KORNEJ J,KOUTALAS E,et al.Left atrial appendage morphology and thromboembolic risk after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation[J].Heart Rhythm,2014,11(12):2239-2246

    • [25] PANAGIOTOPOULOS K,TOUMANIDIS S,VEMMOS K,et al.Secondary prognosis after cardioembolic stroke of atrial origin:the role of left atrial and left atrial appendage dysfunction[J].Clin Cardiol,2003,26(6):269-274

    • [26] ITO T,SUWA M,KOBASHI A,et al.Influence of altered loading conditions on left atrial appendage function in vivo [J].Am J Cardiol,1998,81(8):1056-1059

    • [27] JANUARY C T,WANN L S,ALPERT J S,et al.2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation:a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society[J].Circulation,2014,130(23):e199-e267

  • 参考文献

    • [1] NACCARELLI G V,VARKER H,LIN J,et al.Increasing prevalence of atrial fibrillation and flutter in the United States[J].Am J Cardiol,2009,104(11):1534-1539

    • [2] STAERK L,SHERER J A,KO D,et al.Atrial fibrillation:epidemiology,pathophysiology,and clinical outcomes[J].Circ Res,2017,120(9):1501-1517

    • [3] BEIGEL R,WUNDERLICH N C,HO S Y,et al.The left atrial appendage:anatomy,function,and noninvasive evaluation[J].JACC Cardiovasc Imaging,2014,7(12):1251-1265

    • [4] WANG Y,DI BIASE L,HORTON R P,et al.Left atrial appendage studied by computed tomography to help plan⁃ ning for appendage closure device placement[J].J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,2010,21(9):973-982

    • [5] MARTINEZ M W,KIRSCH J,WILLIAMSON E E,et al.Utility of nongated multidetector computed tomography for detection of left atrial Thrombus in patients undergoing catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation[J].JACC Cardiovasc Imaging,2009,2(1):69-76

    • [6] DI BIASE L,SANTANGELI P,ANSELMINO M,et al.Does the left atrial appendage morphology correlate with the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation?Results from a multicenter study[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2012,60(6):531-538

    • [7] AGMON Y,KHANDHERIA B K,MEISSNER I,et al.Are left atrial appendage flow velocities adequate surrogates of global left atrial function?A population⁃based transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic study[J].J Am Soc Echocardiogr,2002,15(5):433-440

    • [8] REN J F,CALLANS D J,MARCHLINSKI F E.What is the natural relationship between left atrial appendage morphology and history of stroke?[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2013,61(6):689-690

    • [9] NEILSON G H,GALEA E G,HOSSACK K F.Thromboembolic complications of mitral valve disease[J].Aust N Z J Med,1978,8:372-376

    • [10] DANIEL W G,ERBEL R,KASPER W,et al.Safety of transesophageal echocardiography.A multicentre survey of 10419 examinations[J].Circulation,1991,83(3):817-821

    • [11] HANDKE M,HARLOFF A,HETZEL A,et al.Left atrial appendage flow velocity as a quantitative surrogate para ⁃ meter for thromboembolic risk:determinants and relation⁃ ship to spontaneous echocontrast and thrombus formation:a transesophageal echocardiographic study in 500 patients with cerebral ischemia[J].J Am Soc Echocardiogr,2005,18(12):1366-1372

    • [12] 中华医学会神经病学分会,中华医学会神经病学分会脑血管病学组.中国急性缺血性脑卒中诊治指南2018[J].中华神经科杂志,2018,51(9):666-682

    • [13] HINDRICKS G,POTPARA T,DAGRES N,et al.ESC Scientific Document Group.2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio ⁃ Thoracic Surgery(EACTS)[J].Eur Heart J,2021,42(5):373-498

    • [14] 李越,MANNAERTS H F J,KAMP O,等.三维超声心动图测定正常人及二尖瓣病变伴或不伴房颤患者左心耳容量及其收缩功能[J].中国超声医学杂志,2000,16(4):268-273

    • [15] HAÏSSAGUERRE M,JAÏS P,SHAH D C,et al.Spon⁃ taneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats ori inating in the pulmonary veins[J].N Engl J Med,1998,339(10):659-666

    • [16] KIRCHHOF P,BENUSSI S,KOTECHA D,et al.2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS[J].Eur Heart J,2016,37(38):2893-2962

    • [17] GAGE B F,WATERMAN A D,SHANNON W,et al.Vali⁃ dation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke:results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation[J].JAMA,2001,285(22):2864-2870

    • [18] ZABALGOITIA M,HALPERIN J L,PEARCE L A,et al.Transesophageal echocardiographic correlates of clinical risk of thromboembolism in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation Ⅲ investigators[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,1998,31(7):1622-1626

    • [19] KISHIMA H,MINE T,ASHIDA K,et al.Does left atrial appendage morphology influence left atrial appendage flow velocity?[J].Circ J,2015,79(8):1706-1711

    • [20] FUKUSHIMA K,FUKUSHIMA N,KATO K,et al.Correlation between left atrial appendage morphology and flow velocity in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation[J].Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging,2016,17(1):59-66

    • [21] LEE J M,SHIM J,UHM J S,et al.Impact of increased orifice size and decreased flow velocity of left atrial appendage on stroke in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation[J].Am J Cardiol,2014,113(6):963-969

    • [22] ANSELMINO M,SCAGLIONE M,DI BIASE L,et al.Left atrial appendage morphology and silent cerebral ischemia in patients with atrial fibrillation[J].Heart Rhythm,2014,11(1):2-7

    • [23] KHURRAM I M,DEWIRE J,MAGER M,et al.Relation⁃ ship between left atrial appendage morphology and stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation[J].Heart Rhythm,2013,10(12):1843-1849

    • [24] NEDIOS S,KORNEJ J,KOUTALAS E,et al.Left atrial appendage morphology and thromboembolic risk after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation[J].Heart Rhythm,2014,11(12):2239-2246

    • [25] PANAGIOTOPOULOS K,TOUMANIDIS S,VEMMOS K,et al.Secondary prognosis after cardioembolic stroke of atrial origin:the role of left atrial and left atrial appendage dysfunction[J].Clin Cardiol,2003,26(6):269-274

    • [26] ITO T,SUWA M,KOBASHI A,et al.Influence of altered loading conditions on left atrial appendage function in vivo [J].Am J Cardiol,1998,81(8):1056-1059

    • [27] JANUARY C T,WANN L S,ALPERT J S,et al.2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation:a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society[J].Circulation,2014,130(23):e199-e267

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