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通讯作者:

林谦,E⁃mail:j_inc@126.com

中图分类号:R722.11

文献标识码:B

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)11-1707-03

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20211125

参考文献 1
KNOTTNERUS S J G,BLEEKER J C,WÜST R C I,et al.Disorders of mitochondrial long⁃chain fatty acid oxidation and the carnitine shuttle[J].Rev Endocr Metab Disord,2018,19(1):93-106
参考文献 2
BOUGNÈRES P F,SAUDUBRAY J M,MARSAC C,et al.Fasting hypoglycemia resulting from hepatic carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency[J].J Pediatr,1981,98(5):742-746
参考文献 3
SKOTTE L,KOCH A,YAKIMOV V,et al.CPT1A missense mutation associated with fatty acid metabolism and reduced height in Greenlanders[J].Circ Cardiovasc Genet,2017,10(3):e001618
参考文献 4
PRASAD C,JOHNSON J P,BONNEFONT J P,et al.Hepatic carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1(CPT1 A)deficiency in North American Hutterites(Canadian and Ameri⁃ can):evidence for a founder effect and results of a pilot study on a DNA ⁃ based newborn screening program[J].Mol Genet Metab,2001,73(1):55-63
参考文献 5
FOHNER A E,GARRISON N A,AUSTIN M A,et al.Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A P479L and infant death:policy implications of emerging data[J].Genet Med,2017,19(8):851-857
参考文献 6
DYKEMA D M.Carnitine palmitoyltransferase ⁃ 1A deficiency:a look at classic and arctic variants[J].Adv Neo⁃ natal Care,2012,12(1):23-27
参考文献 7
FALIK⁃BORENSTEIN Z C,JORDAN S C,SAUDUBRAY J M,et al.Brief report:renal tubular acidosis in carnitine palmitoyltransferase type 1 deficiency[J].N Engl J Med,1992,327(1):24-27
参考文献 8
BERGMAN A J,DONCKERWOLCKE R A,DURAN M,et al.Rate ⁃ dependent distal renal tubular acidosis and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency[J].Pediatr Res,1994,36(5):582-588
参考文献 9
CHOI J S,YOO H W,LEE K J,et al.Novel mutations in the CPT1A gene identified in the patient presenting jaundice as the first manifestation of carnitine palmitoyltrans⁃ ferase 1A deficiency[J].Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr,2016,19(1):76-81
参考文献 10
BRITTON C H,MACKEY D W,ESSER V,et al.Fine chromosome mapping of the genes for human liver and muscle carnitine palmitoyltransferase I(CPT1A and CPT1B)[J].Genomics,1997,40(1):209-211
参考文献 11
GOBIN S,BONNEFONT J P,PRIP⁃BUUS C,et al.Organization of the human liver carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 gene(CPT1A)and identification of novel mutations in hypoketotic hypoglycaemia[J].Hum Genet,2002,111(2):179-189
目录contents
  • 肉碱棕榈酰转移酶1A(carnitine palmitoyltrans⁃ ferase1A,CPT1A)缺乏症(OMIM#255120)是一种长链脂肪酸氧化障碍的常染色体隐性遗传疾病,由CPT1A基因(OMIM#600528)变异导致。CPT1A是长链脂肪酸进入线粒体进行β氧化的限速酶。当CPT1A缺乏症患者长期禁食或处于病理状态时,糖原贮备不足,肝脏线粒体脂肪酸β氧化提供能量被抑制,出现低血糖、肝性脑病等多系统症状[1]。该疾病罕见,到目前为止,人类基因组突变数据库 (Human Genome Mutation Database,HGMD)仅收录了41种突变(http://www.hgmd.cf.ac.uk/ac/gene.php?gene=CPT1A),多为点突变,本文首次报道了中国人群中1例外显子4~5纯合缺失的变异类型,丰富了该基因变异谱,并结合qPCR进行了验证。

  • 1 病例资料

  • 患儿,男,2岁10个月。因“肝功能异常3周”入院。患儿3周前因“低血糖晕厥”于当地医院治疗,查丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)173.0U/L,予美能、谷胱甘肽保肝治疗3周,复查肝功能,ALT250U/L,遂来就诊。入院查体:肝脏右肋下3cm,质中。余查体无异常。父母体健,否认家族史。入院诊断:肝功能损害。

  • 基因测序:采集患儿及其父母静脉血3mL (EDTA抗凝)送至北京全谱医学检验实验室,进行全外显子组测序,外周血标本DNA抽提前,患儿监护人填写知情同意书,本研究获南京儿童医院医学伦理委员会批准。本实验将正常对照样本与先证者及父母样本进行同组荧光定量PCR检测,以ALB基因为内参基因,对目标基因CPT1A的4~5外显子的拷贝数进行相对定量检测(用荧光定量PCR法)。计算公式为2-ΔΔCt。qPCR所用引物序列见表1。

  • 入院后辅助检查结果:ALT206U/L,天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST) 154U/L,乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH) 348U/L,血糖4.11mmol/L;凝血功能无异常;血氨、铜蓝蛋白、噬肝病毒、传染病4项无异常。彩超示肝脏右肋下38mm,肝脏形态增大,腹部CT示肝脏实质密度弥漫性减低。肝组织光镜病理:肝细胞肿胀、胞质空亮,广泛脂肪变性,汇管区纤维组织中度增生伴少量淋巴细胞浸润(图1);肝组织电镜病理:肝细胞胞质内可见大量脂滴沉积,细胞质内线粒体增多,线粒体局灶可见肿胀及空泡变性等改变,糖原颗粒轻度增多。遗传代谢血液筛查示游离肉碱(C0)显著升高,多种酰基肉碱(C16、C18)降低, C0(/C16+C18)为2 609.78(正常值2.50~54.00)。以上检查结果高度提示患儿为遗传代谢性疾病,进一步采用全外显子组测序进行基因检测以明确诊断。

  • 基因诊断:全外显子组测序结果提示患儿CPT1A基因外显子4~5纯合缺失,患儿父亲、母亲为该突变杂合携带者。CPT1A基因的纯合或复合杂合型突变可以导致CPT1A缺乏症。进一步采用qPCR的方法验证该患儿CPT1A基因外显子4~5纯合缺失变异。

  • 将正常对照样本与先证者及父母样本进行同组qPCR检测,以ALB基因为内参基因,对目标基因CPT1A 4~5外显子的拷贝数进行检测。由图2结果可见,先证者CPT1A基因4~5外显子的拷贝数与正常对照的比值约为0,提示先证者CPT1A基因4~5外显子存在纯合缺失,先证者父母CPT1A基因4~5外显子的拷贝数与正常对照的比值约为0.5,提示先证者父母CPT1A基因4~5外显子存在杂合缺失。 qPCR检测结果与全外显子组测序结果一致。

  • 表1 CPT1A基因外显子4~5qPCR扩增引物设计

  • 图1 先证者肝脏穿刺活检组织光镜病理

  • 2 讨论

  • CPT1A缺乏症是一种常染色体隐性遗传代谢性疾病,属于长链脂肪酸氧化代谢紊乱类疾病,由11q13染色体上的CPT1A基因上的纯合或复合杂合型突变所致。该疾病由Bougnères等[2] 于1981年首次报道,具有种族特异性,在阿拉斯加、加拿大、格陵兰岛和西伯利亚东北地区发病率较高[3-5],其他地区较罕见,目前中国人群的患病率未知。

  • 图2 CPT1A基因外显子4~5纯合缺失突变qPCR验证结果

  • CPT1A缺陷患者临床表现差异较大,在正常生理情况下没有明显的临床表现,当糖原储备显著减少时,出现低血糖、呕吐、腹泻、抽搐、肝肿大、肝性脑病等典型的临床特征[6],一些个体可出现肾小管性酸中毒表型[7-8]。也有个案报道以黄疸为首发症状[9]。心脏或骨骼肌受累并不常见[1]。实验室检查可显示低酮型低血糖、肝酶升高、高血氨等,实验室诊断的重要依据是脂酰肉碱的合成显著减少,C0水平升高。本例患儿2岁10个月时因低血糖晕厥起病,肝功能持续异常,肝脏肿大,C0(/C16+C18)约为正常上限值的50倍,肝细胞胞质内存在大量脂滴沉积,线粒体增多且线粒体局灶可见肿胀及空泡变性等改变,临床表现及实验室检查支持CPT1A缺乏症,我们采用全外显子组测序进行基因检测以进一步明确了诊断。

  • CPT1A缺乏症的致病基因CPT1A位于11q13染色体上,包含20个外显子,编码大小为773个氨基酸残基的CPT1A[10-11]。目前HGMD数据库中收录了41种CPT1A基因突变,多为错义突变、无义突变、剪切突变及插入缺失突变,以点突变为主。全外显子检测显示本例患儿CPT1A基因4~5外显子存在纯合缺失,父母为该杂合突变携带者,qPCR结果与基因测序结果一致。在正常人群数据库中未发现该变异,未见相关文献报道。CPT1A基因的4~5外显子连续缺失属于基因水平中型变异,造成开放阅读框大片段缺失,从而影响蛋白功能,结合该患儿的临床表现,CPT1A基因外显子缺失变异是本例患儿发病的分子机制。

  • CPT1A缺乏症患者出现急性低血糖症时,应尽快提供足量10%葡萄糖注射液以纠正低血糖,并防止脂肪分解和随后脂肪酸向线粒体的动员。血糖浓度正常后应继续葡萄糖输注,为糖原合成提供足够底物。CPT1A缺乏症患者在应激状态下存在神经系统损伤、肝功能衰竭、癫痫发作、昏迷及猝死风险,预防急性发病可明显改善预后。CPT1A缺乏症患者应经常进食,婴儿夜间可予玉米淀粉喂养提供缓慢释放碳水化合物的恒定来源,以防睡眠期低血糖症;因为中链脂肪酸不需CPT1A协助即可进入线粒体内转化为能量,应采用高碳水化合物、减少长链脂肪酸摄入、增加中链甘油三酯的饮食结构[1]。本例患儿在采取合理饮食结构后,肝转氨酶较前下降,未再出现低血糖等临床表现。

  • 预防CPT1A缺乏症急性发作、及时采取干预措施可明显改善患者预后,串联质谱技术联合基因检测有助于早期诊断。本例患者是国内首例外显子4~5纯合缺失的CPT1A缺乏症患者,丰富了该基因变异谱。近年来全外显子测序技术临床应用进展很快,可以检出外显子缺失和重复的中型变异,结合qPCR或者多重连接探针扩增技术验证,可以为这类变异的患儿提供精准的分子诊断。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] KNOTTNERUS S J G,BLEEKER J C,WÜST R C I,et al.Disorders of mitochondrial long⁃chain fatty acid oxidation and the carnitine shuttle[J].Rev Endocr Metab Disord,2018,19(1):93-106

    • [2] BOUGNÈRES P F,SAUDUBRAY J M,MARSAC C,et al.Fasting hypoglycemia resulting from hepatic carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency[J].J Pediatr,1981,98(5):742-746

    • [3] SKOTTE L,KOCH A,YAKIMOV V,et al.CPT1A missense mutation associated with fatty acid metabolism and reduced height in Greenlanders[J].Circ Cardiovasc Genet,2017,10(3):e001618

    • [4] PRASAD C,JOHNSON J P,BONNEFONT J P,et al.Hepatic carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1(CPT1 A)deficiency in North American Hutterites(Canadian and Ameri⁃ can):evidence for a founder effect and results of a pilot study on a DNA ⁃ based newborn screening program[J].Mol Genet Metab,2001,73(1):55-63

    • [5] FOHNER A E,GARRISON N A,AUSTIN M A,et al.Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A P479L and infant death:policy implications of emerging data[J].Genet Med,2017,19(8):851-857

    • [6] DYKEMA D M.Carnitine palmitoyltransferase ⁃ 1A deficiency:a look at classic and arctic variants[J].Adv Neo⁃ natal Care,2012,12(1):23-27

    • [7] FALIK⁃BORENSTEIN Z C,JORDAN S C,SAUDUBRAY J M,et al.Brief report:renal tubular acidosis in carnitine palmitoyltransferase type 1 deficiency[J].N Engl J Med,1992,327(1):24-27

    • [8] BERGMAN A J,DONCKERWOLCKE R A,DURAN M,et al.Rate ⁃ dependent distal renal tubular acidosis and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency[J].Pediatr Res,1994,36(5):582-588

    • [9] CHOI J S,YOO H W,LEE K J,et al.Novel mutations in the CPT1A gene identified in the patient presenting jaundice as the first manifestation of carnitine palmitoyltrans⁃ ferase 1A deficiency[J].Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr,2016,19(1):76-81

    • [10] BRITTON C H,MACKEY D W,ESSER V,et al.Fine chromosome mapping of the genes for human liver and muscle carnitine palmitoyltransferase I(CPT1A and CPT1B)[J].Genomics,1997,40(1):209-211

    • [11] GOBIN S,BONNEFONT J P,PRIP⁃BUUS C,et al.Organization of the human liver carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 gene(CPT1A)and identification of novel mutations in hypoketotic hypoglycaemia[J].Hum Genet,2002,111(2):179-189

  • 参考文献

    • [1] KNOTTNERUS S J G,BLEEKER J C,WÜST R C I,et al.Disorders of mitochondrial long⁃chain fatty acid oxidation and the carnitine shuttle[J].Rev Endocr Metab Disord,2018,19(1):93-106

    • [2] BOUGNÈRES P F,SAUDUBRAY J M,MARSAC C,et al.Fasting hypoglycemia resulting from hepatic carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency[J].J Pediatr,1981,98(5):742-746

    • [3] SKOTTE L,KOCH A,YAKIMOV V,et al.CPT1A missense mutation associated with fatty acid metabolism and reduced height in Greenlanders[J].Circ Cardiovasc Genet,2017,10(3):e001618

    • [4] PRASAD C,JOHNSON J P,BONNEFONT J P,et al.Hepatic carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1(CPT1 A)deficiency in North American Hutterites(Canadian and Ameri⁃ can):evidence for a founder effect and results of a pilot study on a DNA ⁃ based newborn screening program[J].Mol Genet Metab,2001,73(1):55-63

    • [5] FOHNER A E,GARRISON N A,AUSTIN M A,et al.Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A P479L and infant death:policy implications of emerging data[J].Genet Med,2017,19(8):851-857

    • [6] DYKEMA D M.Carnitine palmitoyltransferase ⁃ 1A deficiency:a look at classic and arctic variants[J].Adv Neo⁃ natal Care,2012,12(1):23-27

    • [7] FALIK⁃BORENSTEIN Z C,JORDAN S C,SAUDUBRAY J M,et al.Brief report:renal tubular acidosis in carnitine palmitoyltransferase type 1 deficiency[J].N Engl J Med,1992,327(1):24-27

    • [8] BERGMAN A J,DONCKERWOLCKE R A,DURAN M,et al.Rate ⁃ dependent distal renal tubular acidosis and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency[J].Pediatr Res,1994,36(5):582-588

    • [9] CHOI J S,YOO H W,LEE K J,et al.Novel mutations in the CPT1A gene identified in the patient presenting jaundice as the first manifestation of carnitine palmitoyltrans⁃ ferase 1A deficiency[J].Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr,2016,19(1):76-81

    • [10] BRITTON C H,MACKEY D W,ESSER V,et al.Fine chromosome mapping of the genes for human liver and muscle carnitine palmitoyltransferase I(CPT1A and CPT1B)[J].Genomics,1997,40(1):209-211

    • [11] GOBIN S,BONNEFONT J P,PRIP⁃BUUS C,et al.Organization of the human liver carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 gene(CPT1A)and identification of novel mutations in hypoketotic hypoglycaemia[J].Hum Genet,2002,111(2):179-189

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