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通讯作者:

陈银花,E⁃mail:15850780062@163.com

中图分类号:R722.11

文献标识码:B

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)11-1470-03

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20211126

参考文献 1
MARIE S,HERON B,BITOUN P,et al.AICA ⁃ ribosiduria:a novel,neurologically devastating inborn error of purine biosynthesis caused by mutation of ATIC[J].Am J Hum Genet,2004,74(6):1276-1281
参考文献 2
YOUNG H L,BAE S C.Association of the ATIC 347 C/G polymorphism with responsiveness to and toxicity of metho⁃ trexate in rheumatoid arthritis:a meta⁃analysis[J].Rheumatol Int,2016,36(11):1591-1599
参考文献 3
KIMOLOI S.Modulation of the de novo purine nucleotide pathway as a therapeutic strategy in mitochondrial myopathy[J].Pharmacol Res,2018,138:37-42
参考文献 4
WITKOWSKA D,COX H L,HALL T C,et al.Analysis of substrate binding in individual active sites of bifunctional human ATIC[J].Biochim Biophys Acta Proteins Pro⁃ teom,2018,1866(2):254-263
参考文献 5
RAMOND F,RIO M,HÉRON B,et al.AICA⁃ribosiduria due to ATIC deficiency:delineation of the phenotype with three novel cases,and long ⁃term update on the first case [J].J Inherit Metab Dis,2020,43(6):1254-1264
参考文献 6
MOFFATT B A,ASHIHARA H.Purine and pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis and metabolism[J].Arabidopsis Book,2002,1:e0018
参考文献 7
BARESOVA V,SKOPOVA V,SIKORA J,et al.Mutations of ATIC and ADSL affect purinosome assembly in cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with AICA⁃ribosiduria and ADSL deficiency[J].Hum Mol Genet,2012,21(7):1534-1543
参考文献 8
GREASLEY S E,HORTON P,RAMCHARAN J,et al.Crystal structure of a bifunctional transformylase and cyclohydrolase enzyme in purine biosynthesis[J].Nat Struct Biol,2001,8(5):402-406
参考文献 9
LEK M,KARCZEWSKI K J,MINIKEL E V,et al.Analysis of protein ⁃coding genetic variation in 60 706 humans [J].Nature,2016,536(7616):285-291
目录contents
  • 5 ⁃氨基咪唑⁃4⁃甲酰胺核苷酸转甲酰酶/IMP环水解酶双功能酶[5⁃amino ⁃4⁃imidazolecarboxamide (AICA)⁃ ribosidetransformylase/IMP cyclohydrolase, ATIC]缺乏症(ATIC deficiency,ATICD)是一种极罕见的常染色体隐性遗传病,目前对该疾病所有的临床认识,仅来自3 个不相关家庭4 例患者的报道 (ORPHA:250977;MIM:608688)。ATICD患者对嘌呤的中间产物5⁃氨基⁃4⁃咪唑甲酰胺核苷(AICA⁃riboside,AICAR)的转化和磷酸化(由IMP ⁃GMP 5⁃ prime⁃核苷酸酶催化)均发生障碍,导致嘌呤的生物合成异常,并且体内AICAR堆积[[1-5]。本研究对南京市儿童医院儿童保健科收治的1例ATICD患儿的临床资料以及基因检测结果进行总结,分析了新鉴定ATIC基因错义突变的致病性。该研究获得医院伦理委员会审批(伦理号202110083⁃1)。

  • 1 病例资料

  • 患儿,女,3个月13d因“竖头差”于儿童保健科就诊。患儿为第2胎第2产,足月剖腹产,出生体重3.1kg,新生儿期因“高胆红素血症”行“换血治疗”。父母及哥哥均正常,否认近亲结婚,孕产史无特殊。患儿出生后母乳喂养,体重增长正常,身长增长明显缓慢。查体见特殊面容:前额隆起、眉毛浓密、眼距宽、鼻梁低(图1A)。臀、腰骶部多毛,双侧通贯手,四肢肌张力低下,肌力正常。竖头、抬头差,表情呆滞,追声追物差,不能逗笑。

  • 体格评估:3个月时体重5.53kg(-0.81SD),身长55.9cm(-2.01SD),头围39.6cm(中),体重指数 (body mass index,BMI)17.1kg/m2(0.48SD)。6个月时体重6.5kg(-0.98SD),身长60.1cm(-2.27SD),头围41.8cm(中),BMI 19.91kg/m(2 0.47SD)。GESELL量表发育评估(适应行为⁃大运动行为⁃精细动作行为⁃语言行为⁃个人/社交行为):3月龄:88⁃62⁃60⁃67⁃ 55,6月龄:54⁃58⁃41⁃46⁃42。心脏B超示主动脉缩窄,升主动脉发育不良。眼底异常,眼球震颤,视神经萎缩。脊柱、四肢X线片未见异常。头颅磁共振成像示双侧侧脑室、双额颞部颅板下间隙和双外侧裂池增宽,垂体见Rathke囊肿(图1B)。血生化、血常规、甲状腺功能、血遗传代谢检查未见异常。

  • 外显子组测序(北京智因东方转化医学研究中心)发现患儿ATIC基因(NM_004044.6)复合杂合变异:c.550C>T/p.Gln184Ter(dbSNP:rs767367112)和c.1277A>G/p.Lys426Arg(dbSNP:rs121434478)。前者为无义突变,依据美国医学遗传学与基因组学学会(The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics,ACMG)指南为可能致病变异(PM2+PM3+ PP3 + PP4);后者为错义突变,与第1例报道的ATICD患者中鉴定的致病性变异一致[1],并利用在线Swiss⁃Model同源建模软件进行蛋白三维结构的同源建模分析(图2)。2个变异均经Sanger测序确认分别遗传自父母(图3)。

  • 2 讨论

  • ATICD是极罕见遗传病,全球仅有4例报道,目前对其临床特征的了解十分有限,鉴定ATIC基因纯合或复合杂合突变是最为可靠和可行的确诊方法。本报告充实了ATICD的实例证据,对ATICD核心表型的确定提供了关键资料。有研究总结了4例已报道的ATICD患者的共同特征[14-7]:重度全面发育迟缓(global developmental delay,GDD)/智力障碍、肌张力降低、脉络膜视网膜萎缩导致的严重视力障碍、胎儿期宫内生长障碍以及严重的脊柱侧弯,特殊面容主要包括面部粗糙、鼻梁凹陷、前额突出和眼距增宽。此外,3例患者有癫痫发作,部分患者还有主动脉瓣缺陷、主动脉缩窄、慢性肝细胞溶解、轻微的生殖器畸形和肾钙质沉着症等表现[157],这与本研究中所见高度一致。值得注意的是,本例患儿婴儿期确诊,临床所见与已报道案例(4~19岁[147])存在某些差异,这代表了ATICD的早期临床特征。如ATICD核心表型重度全面发育迟缓、特殊面容、视网膜萎缩和肌张力降低在婴儿期就能被检出。本例患儿3月龄就已经出现了全面性发育迟缓,6月龄时出现了更为严重的智力发育障碍。除智力发育障碍外,身材矮小是以往未报道的,仍需要长期随访观察,明确生长障碍与ATICD的关联。本例患儿未见主动脉瓣缺陷,但主动脉缩窄表明该表型是ATICD的特征之一。所有ATICD患者都有皮肤异常,但本例患儿主要表现为面、臀和腰骶部体表多毛(包括眉毛异常浓密),未见已报道的以伸侧皮肤多发凹陷病变的特征,需要继续观察。本例患儿脑磁共振成像呈现非特异性的脑室间隙增宽、垂体 (Rathke)囊肿,与以往1例中脑干背侧异常信号、以及2例正常磁共振成像表现完全不同[2],提示ATICD患者脑器质性改变有较高的异质性。此外,是否出现癫痫等中枢神经异常、脊柱侧弯的表现还有待随访。遗憾的是,以往几例患者有宫内发育迟缓和低羊水量的围产期病史,但并未重视[157],本例患儿母亲孕期无特殊,患儿新生儿期有严重“高胆红素血症”并接受体外循环血液净化治疗,这可能与胎儿发育异常有关,但同样已难以追溯。

  • 图1 患儿面容及头颅磁共振成像结果

  • 图2 在线Swiss⁃Model同源建模软件进行蛋白三维结构的同源建模分析

  • 图3 Sanger测序验证患者及其父母的ATIC基因(NM_004044.6)复合杂合变异

  • ATIC基因编码一种双功能酶,对嘌呤从头合成 (de novo purine synthesis,DNPS)途径的中间产物AICAR分别进行转化和磷酸化(由IMP ⁃GMP 5 ⁃ prime⁃核苷酸酶催化)[2-48]。ATIC突变蛋白会破坏DNPS中间体嘌呤体的组装,导致DNPS障碍,并且所导致的表型特征与ATIC基因突变位点有关[8]。本研究中鉴定的错义突变Lys426Arg也见于首例报道的ATICD患者[1]。蛋白质衍射实验表明, Lys426Arg通过破坏AICAR⁃TF(一个钾离子结合功能区)、降低钾离子结合,导致ATIC三级结构的稳定性降低[5];而体外功能实验表明,次突变造成AICAR转化酶活性完全丧失,但IMP环水解酶的活性还部分保留[146]。本研究鉴定的无义突变Gln184Ter则位于蛋白质N端的IMP环水解酶功能结构区(2⁃198AA, UniProtKB:P31939),理论上会导致IMP环水解酶和AICAR转化酶的活性丧失,但这还有待实验验证。

  • 鉴于本例患儿是国内的首例ATICD,我们猜想Lys426Arg可能是个跨种族的热点突变。然而比较Lys426Arg的等位基因分布频率(minor allele frequency,MAF)发现(gnomAD数据库),欧洲人中的MAF(0.002 2%,135 376例样本)远高于亚洲人 (0.000 0%,49 008例样本)[9]。意外的是,对比欧洲人(0.000 0%,135 132例样本)以及全球(0.000 4%, 251 202例样本),Gln184Ter的MAF在亚洲人群中更高(0.002 0%,49 010例样本)。患儿母亲(携带Lys426Arg)的遗传背景不可溯,但这一分子遗传学特征似乎表明了该罕见病例的特殊性。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] MARIE S,HERON B,BITOUN P,et al.AICA ⁃ ribosiduria:a novel,neurologically devastating inborn error of purine biosynthesis caused by mutation of ATIC[J].Am J Hum Genet,2004,74(6):1276-1281

    • [2] YOUNG H L,BAE S C.Association of the ATIC 347 C/G polymorphism with responsiveness to and toxicity of metho⁃ trexate in rheumatoid arthritis:a meta⁃analysis[J].Rheumatol Int,2016,36(11):1591-1599

    • [3] KIMOLOI S.Modulation of the de novo purine nucleotide pathway as a therapeutic strategy in mitochondrial myopathy[J].Pharmacol Res,2018,138:37-42

    • [4] WITKOWSKA D,COX H L,HALL T C,et al.Analysis of substrate binding in individual active sites of bifunctional human ATIC[J].Biochim Biophys Acta Proteins Pro⁃ teom,2018,1866(2):254-263

    • [5] RAMOND F,RIO M,HÉRON B,et al.AICA⁃ribosiduria due to ATIC deficiency:delineation of the phenotype with three novel cases,and long ⁃term update on the first case [J].J Inherit Metab Dis,2020,43(6):1254-1264

    • [6] MOFFATT B A,ASHIHARA H.Purine and pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis and metabolism[J].Arabidopsis Book,2002,1:e0018

    • [7] BARESOVA V,SKOPOVA V,SIKORA J,et al.Mutations of ATIC and ADSL affect purinosome assembly in cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with AICA⁃ribosiduria and ADSL deficiency[J].Hum Mol Genet,2012,21(7):1534-1543

    • [8] GREASLEY S E,HORTON P,RAMCHARAN J,et al.Crystal structure of a bifunctional transformylase and cyclohydrolase enzyme in purine biosynthesis[J].Nat Struct Biol,2001,8(5):402-406

    • [9] LEK M,KARCZEWSKI K J,MINIKEL E V,et al.Analysis of protein ⁃coding genetic variation in 60 706 humans [J].Nature,2016,536(7616):285-291

  • 参考文献

    • [1] MARIE S,HERON B,BITOUN P,et al.AICA ⁃ ribosiduria:a novel,neurologically devastating inborn error of purine biosynthesis caused by mutation of ATIC[J].Am J Hum Genet,2004,74(6):1276-1281

    • [2] YOUNG H L,BAE S C.Association of the ATIC 347 C/G polymorphism with responsiveness to and toxicity of metho⁃ trexate in rheumatoid arthritis:a meta⁃analysis[J].Rheumatol Int,2016,36(11):1591-1599

    • [3] KIMOLOI S.Modulation of the de novo purine nucleotide pathway as a therapeutic strategy in mitochondrial myopathy[J].Pharmacol Res,2018,138:37-42

    • [4] WITKOWSKA D,COX H L,HALL T C,et al.Analysis of substrate binding in individual active sites of bifunctional human ATIC[J].Biochim Biophys Acta Proteins Pro⁃ teom,2018,1866(2):254-263

    • [5] RAMOND F,RIO M,HÉRON B,et al.AICA⁃ribosiduria due to ATIC deficiency:delineation of the phenotype with three novel cases,and long ⁃term update on the first case [J].J Inherit Metab Dis,2020,43(6):1254-1264

    • [6] MOFFATT B A,ASHIHARA H.Purine and pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis and metabolism[J].Arabidopsis Book,2002,1:e0018

    • [7] BARESOVA V,SKOPOVA V,SIKORA J,et al.Mutations of ATIC and ADSL affect purinosome assembly in cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with AICA⁃ribosiduria and ADSL deficiency[J].Hum Mol Genet,2012,21(7):1534-1543

    • [8] GREASLEY S E,HORTON P,RAMCHARAN J,et al.Crystal structure of a bifunctional transformylase and cyclohydrolase enzyme in purine biosynthesis[J].Nat Struct Biol,2001,8(5):402-406

    • [9] LEK M,KARCZEWSKI K J,MINIKEL E V,et al.Analysis of protein ⁃coding genetic variation in 60 706 humans [J].Nature,2016,536(7616):285-291

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