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中图分类号:R575.4

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)12-1811-05

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20211217

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨血浆长链非编码RNA MALAT1的表达对脓毒症的诊断、严重程度以及预后的评估价值。方法:采用前瞻性研究方法,选取2017年1月—2018年1月盐城市第一人民医院ICU收治的60例脓毒症患者,并选择同期30例健康体检者作为对照组。收集所有研究对象的临床资料,采用逆转录⁃聚合酶链反应(RT⁃PCR)检测血浆MALAT1的表达水平,受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析MALAT1对脓毒症诊断、严重程度以及预后的评估价值。结果:血浆MALAT1表达水平在健康对照组、脓毒症组和脓毒性休克组呈逐渐升高趋势(均P <0.05)。死亡组血浆MALAT1表达水平显著高于生存组(P <0.05)。MALAT1 诊断脓毒症的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)大于降钙素原(PCT)水平(0.963 vs. 0.898)。MALAT1区分脓毒性休克和脓毒症的AUC 小于血乳酸(Lac)、序贯器官衰竭评分(SOFA)和急性生理与慢性健康状况评估Ⅱ(APACHE Ⅱ)评分(0.784 vs. 0.880、0.849、 0.831)。MALAT1预测脓毒症患者28 d死亡的AUC要小于Lac、SOFA和APACHE Ⅱ(0.876 vs. 0.923、0.952、0.907)。结论:血浆MALAT1表达水平对脓毒症诊断和预后具有良好的预测价值,可以作为脓毒症诊断和预后的生物标志物。

    关键词

    脓毒症感染性休克MALAT 1诊断预后

  • 脓毒症是人体对感染的异常反应而导致的危及生命的器官功能障碍[1]。脓毒性休克是脓毒症的一种严重类型,是指脓毒症引起严重的循环、细胞和/或代谢障碍[1]。近年来,抗感染药物和生命支持手段取得了很大进展,但是脓毒症尤其是脓毒性休克的病死率仍较高[2]。脓毒症的发病机制非常复杂,主要包括系统性炎症反应、全身免疫失衡、多器官功能障碍和基因多态性等[3]。早期诊断和干预是降低脓毒症病死率最有效的方法,然而目前脓毒症的诊断、病情和预后评估以及治疗仍然缺乏明确的生物学标志物和干预靶点。长链非编码RNA(long non⁃coding RNA,lncRNA)是一类长度超过200个核苷酸序列的非蛋白编码RNA,广泛参与细胞的增殖、分化以及凋亡等过程[4]。近年来研究发现,lncRNA肺腺癌转移相关转录因子1(metastasis⁃associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1,MALAT1)与脓毒症的免疫炎症损伤密切相关[5],但是MALAT1在脓毒症诊断、严重程度以及预后评估中的临床意义尚未见报道。本研究拟通过检测脓毒症患者血浆中MALAT1的表达,探讨其对脓毒症诊断、严重程度以及预后的评估价值。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 采用前瞻性研究方法,选取2017年1月—2018年1月盐城市第一人民医院重症医学科(ICU)收治的60例脓毒症患者,根据患者病情严重程度分为脓毒症组(37例)和脓毒性休克组(23例)。脓毒症和脓毒性休克的诊断及治疗依据国际脓毒症和感染性休克管理指南[1]。排除年龄<18岁或>80岁,妊娠及哺乳期妇女,以及合并有肿瘤、血液病和自身免疫性疾病的患者。同时,选择同期30例年龄和性别匹配的健康体检者作为健康对照组。本研究符合医学伦理学标准,经医院伦理委员会批准,所有研究对象或家属均签署知情同意书。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 资料收集

  • 记录所有脓毒症患者入院24h内临床基本信息,包括年龄、性别、病情严重程度(单纯脓毒症或脓毒性休克)、血清降钙素原(procalcitonin,PCT)水平、动脉血乳酸(lactate,Lac)水平、序贯器官衰竭评分(sepsis⁃related organ failure assessment,SOFA)、急性生理与慢性健康状况评估Ⅱ(acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ,APACHE Ⅱ),以及28d预后(存活或死亡)。同时记录健康对照者年龄、性别以及血清PCT水平。

  • 1.2.2 逆转录⁃聚合酶链反应(RT⁃PCR)

  • 所有研究对象入院24h内抽取静脉血5mL,分离出血浆,提取总RNA,逆转录成cDNA后,利用荧光定量PCR仪(Applied Biosystems公司,美国)进行目的基因扩增。MALAT1引物序列:正向5′ ⁃AG⁃ GCTGAAGTTACAGGTC ⁃ 3′,反向5′⁃ TTGGCTCCC ⁃ AGTGTCTTA⁃3′;GAPDH引物序列:正向5′⁃GAGT⁃ CAACGGATTTGGTCGT ⁃ 3′;反向5′ ⁃ TTGATTTTG⁃ GAGGGATCTCG ⁃ 3′。采用2-ΔΔCt 定量法,计算MALAT1的相对表达量。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS 19.0和GraphPad Prism 8.0软件对数据进行统计分析和绘图,符合正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(x- ± s)表示,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA),多组间两两比较采用LSD检验,两组间比较采用t检验或t′检验;不符合正态分布的计量资料以中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示,多组间比较采用Kruskal⁃Wallis秩和检验,两组间比较采用Mann⁃Whitney秩和检验;计数资料采用 χ2 检验;绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析MALAT1、PCT、Lac、SOFA和APACHE Ⅱ对脓毒症诊断、严重程度以及预后的预测价值。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 3组相关临床资料的比较

  • 3组人群之间年龄和性别差异均无统计学意义 (均P >0.05),而MALAT1和PCT差异均有统计学意义(均P <0.05,表1),其中血浆MALAT1表达水平在健康对照组、脓毒症组和脓毒性休克组呈逐渐升高趋势(均P <0.05)。脓毒症组和脓毒性休克组患者血清PCT水平差异无统计学意义(P >0.05),但均高于健康对照组(均P <0.05)。另外,脓毒性休克患者血Lac、SOFA评分和APACHE Ⅱ评分均显著高于脓毒症患者,差异均具有统计学意义(均P < 0.05,表1)。

  • 表1 3组相关变量的比较

  • 与健康对照组相比,* P< 0.001;与脓毒症组相比,# P< 0.001。

  • 2.2 MALAT1对脓毒症诊断的预测价值

  • ROC曲线分析显示,血浆MALAT1表达水平和血清PCT水平对脓毒症均具有良好的诊断价值,且MALAT1的ROC曲线下面积(AUC=0.963)要大于PCT。当MALAT1最佳截断值为1.935时,其诊断脓毒症的灵敏度为88.33%,特异度为90.00%(图1,表2)。

  • 2.3 MALAT1区分脓毒性休克和脓毒症的预测价值

  • ROC曲线分析显示,血浆MALAT1表达水平、血Lac、SOFA和APACHE Ⅱ评分对区分脓毒性休克和脓毒症均具有较好的预测价值,但是MALAT1的ROC曲线下面积(AUC=0.784)要小于Lac、SOFA和APACHE Ⅱ。当MALAT1最佳截断值为3.455时,其区分脓毒性休克和脓毒症的灵敏度为78.26%,特异度为72.97%,预测能力不如Lac、SOFA和APACHE Ⅱ(图2,表3)。

  • 图1 MALAT1和PCT诊断脓毒症的ROC曲线

  • 表2 MALAT1、PCT对脓毒症的诊断价值

  • 2.4 脓毒症生存和死亡患者相关临床资料的比较

  • 所有脓毒症患者28d病死率为36.7%(22/60),死亡患者中感染性休克占77.3%(17/22),显著高于生存患者的15.8%(6/38),差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。两组患者之间年龄、性别以及血清PCT水平差异均无统计学意义(均P >0.05),而死亡患者血浆MALAT1表达水平、血Lac、SOFA和APACHE Ⅱ 评分均显著高于生存患者,差异均具有统计学意义 (均P <0.05,表4)。

  • 2.5 MALAT1对脓毒症患者28 d病死的预测价值

  • ROC曲线分析显示,血浆MALAT1表达水平、血Lac、SOFA和APACHE Ⅱ评分对脓毒症患者28d病死均具有良好的预测价值,但MALAT1的ROC曲线下面积(AUC=0.876)小于Lac、SOFA和APACHE Ⅱ。当MALAT1最佳截断值为4.505时,其预测脓毒症患者28d病死的灵敏度为72.73%,小于Lac、 SOFA和APACHE Ⅱ,但是特异度为97.37%,优于Lac、SOFA和APACHE Ⅱ(图3,表5)。

  • 图2 MALAT1、Lac、SOFA和APACHE Ⅱ区别感染性休克和脓毒症的ROC曲线

  • 表3 MALAT1、Lac、SOFA和APACHE Ⅱ区别脓毒性休克和脓毒症的预测价值

  • 3 讨论

  • MALAT1位于人类染色体11q13上[6],由Ji等[7] 在2003年首次发现并报道与肺腺癌早期转移和预后密切相关,因而被命名为肺腺癌转移相关转录因子1(MALAT1),也是目前研究最多的lncRNA之一[8]。 MALAT1广泛存在于人体几乎所有的组织、血液和体液中,这为MALAT1作为疾病诊断、治疗和预后的生物标志物提供了可能[9]。然而,目前大多数研究都集中在MALAT1调节各种病理生理过程的潜在分子机制,只有少数研究探索了MALAT1作为生物标志物的临床价值[8]。据我们所知,这是目前第1篇关于MALAT1作为脓毒症诊断和预后生物标志物的临床应用研究。

  • 脓毒症的本质是感染诱导的机体免疫炎症反应,进而导致多器官功能损伤。目前研究报道, MALAT1的异常表达对脓毒症的免疫炎症损伤具有重要的调控作用。例如,MALAT1表达下调可以通过抑制炎症反应和细胞凋亡来减轻脓毒症大鼠的心脏炎症和微血管内皮细胞损伤[10-11]。敲除MALAT1基因表达还可以通过调节miR⁃146a/NF⁃κB通路来减轻炎症反应,从而抑制脂多糖(LPS)诱导的急性肾损伤和急性肺损伤[12-13]。此外,MALAT1被发现在LPS诱导的巨噬细胞和软骨细胞中表达上调,而敲低MALAT1基因表达反而会加重LPS诱导的炎症损伤,增加肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF⁃α)和白细胞介素6(IL⁃6)的水平[14-16]。这些研究表明,MALAT1在细菌内毒素LPS诱导的不同组织和细胞中起着促炎和抗炎的双向调节作用,这可能与脓毒性损伤期间机体免疫炎症系统的异常失衡相关。本研究发现脓毒症患者血浆MALAT1的表达水平显著升高,且在脓毒性休克和死亡的脓毒症患者中MALAT1的表达水平进一步升高。这些研究结果均提示, MALAT1可能与脓毒症的诊断、严重程度以及预后密切相关。

  • 表4 脓毒症生存与死亡患者之间相关变量的比较

  • 图3 MALAT1、Lac、SOFA和APACHE Ⅱ预测脓毒症预后的ROC曲线

  • 表5 MALAT1、Lac、SOFA和APACHE Ⅱ对脓毒症患者预后的预测价值

  • 近年来,有大量研究表明MALAT1可以作为多种癌症的预后标志物[17-18]。另外,Shaker等[19] 的研究也发现MALAT1是糖尿病视网膜病变诊断和预后的生物标志物。但是血浆MALAT1能否作为脓毒症的生物标志物尚未有研究报道。本研究中, ROC曲线分析显示血浆MALAT1对脓毒症的诊断和28d死亡预后具有良好的预测价值,AUC分别达到0.963和0.876,在最佳截断点均具有良好的灵敏度和特异度。但在评估脓毒症严重程度方面, MALAT1不具有良好的预测价值(AUC=0.784)。本研究结果表明,血浆MALAT1可能是脓毒症诊断和预后的一个良好评估指标。

  • 目前临床上,血清PCT水平是诊断脓毒症的一个传统指标,而血Lac水平、SOFA和APACHE Ⅱ评分通常被用来评估脓毒症的严重程度和预后[20-22]。本研究发现MALAT1对脓毒症诊断的预测价值要优于PCT(AUC 0.963vs.0.898),且MALAT1在最佳截断点的灵敏度和特异度均大于PCT。Dahaba等[23] 研究发现血清PCT水平与脓毒症的严重程度也密切相关,并且在患者入院后第6天显示出对脓毒症预后的良好预测价值。但是在本研究中,发现脓毒性休克与单纯脓毒症患者以及生存与死亡患者之间血清PCT水平差异均无统计学意义,PCT对脓毒症病情严重程度和28d预后的预测价值较差,这可能是由于本研究纳入样本量较少,且血清PCT检测时间较早,为入院24h之内。另外,本研究中ROC曲线分析显示血Lac水平、SOFA和APACHE Ⅱ评分对脓毒症的病情严重程度和28d死亡预后均具有良好的预测价值,且均优于MALAT1。但是MALAT1在最佳截断点预测脓毒症患者28d死亡预后的特异度(97.37%)要优于血Lac水平、SOFA和APACHE Ⅱ评分。上述研究结果表明,与脓毒症诊断和预后评估的传统指标相比,血浆MALAT1兼具良好的诊断和预后评估价值。

  • 本研究的不足和展望:①本研究纳入的研究对象均来自于盐城市第一人民医院,且样本量较小,可能对研究结果造成一定程度的选择偏倚;②本研究只检测了脓毒症患者入院24h以内血浆MALAT1的表达水平,未进行不同时间点的动态监测,可能对研究结果造成一定程度的信息偏倚;③与脓毒症传统评估指标相比,检测血浆MALAT1的表达需要特殊的试剂、耗材,检测时间较长,花费较高,其时效性和简便性不如脓毒症的传统评估指标。但是,血浆MALAT1作为基因靶点,为脓毒症的机制研究和生物治疗开辟了新的思路,未来还需要多中心、大样本的研究来进一步评估血浆MALAT1作为脓毒症生物标志物和治疗靶点的临床应用价值。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] RHODES A,EVANS L E,ALHAZZANI W,et al.Surviving sepsis campaign:international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock:2016[J].Intensive Care Med,2017,43(3):304-377

    • [2] FLEISCHMANN C,SCHERAG A,ADHIKARI N K,et al.Assessment of global incidence and mortality of hospital⁃ treated sepsis.current estimates and limitations[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2016,193(3):259-272

    • [3] VAN DER POLL T,VAN D E VEERDONK F L,SCICLU⁃ NA B P,et al.The immunopathology of sepsis and potential therapeutic targets[J].Nat Rev Immunol,2017,17(7):407-420

    • [4] WANG W,YANG N,WEN R,et al.Long Noncoding RNA:Regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic potential in sepsis[J].Front Cell Infect Microbiol,2021,11:563126

    • [5] VERGADI E,VAPORIDI K,TSATSANIS C.Regulation of endotoxin tolerance and compensatory anti⁃inflammatory response syndrome by non⁃coding RNAs[J].Front Immunol,2018,9:2705

    • [6] ZHANG B,ARUN G,MAO Y S,et al.The lncRNA Malat1 is dispensable for mouse development but its transcription plays a cis ⁃ regulatory role in the adult[J].Cell Rep,2012,2(1):111-123

    • [7] JI P,DIEDERICHS S,WANG W,et al.MALAT⁃1,a novel noncoding RNA,and thymosin beta4 predict metastasis and survival in early⁃stage non⁃small cell lung cancer[J].Oncogene,2003,22(39):8031-8041

    • [8] ZHANG X,HAMBLIN M H,YIN K J.The long noncoding RNA Malat1:Its physiological and pathophysiological functions[J].RNA Biol,2017,14(12):1705-1714

    • [9] TANO K,MIZUNO R,OKADA T,et al.MALAT ⁃ 1 enhances cell motility of lung adenocarcinoma cells by influencing the expression of motility⁃related genes[J].FEBS Lett,2010,584(22):4575-4580

    • [10] CHEN H,WANG X,YAN X,et al.LncRNA MALAT1 regulates sepsis ⁃ induced cardiac inflammation and dysfunction via interaction with miR ⁃ 125b and p38 MAPK/NFkappaB[J].Int Immunopharmacol,2018,55:69-76

    • [11] YU Z,RAYILE A,ZHANG X,et al.Ulinastatin protects against lipopolysaccharide⁃induced cardiac microvascular endothelial cell dysfunction via downregulation of ln⁃ cRNA MALAT1 and EZH2 in sepsis[J].Int J Mol Med,2017,39(5):1269-1276

    • [12] DAI L,ZHANG G,CHENG Z,et al.Knockdown of Ln⁃ cRNA MALAT1 contributes to the suppression of inflam⁃ matory responses by up ⁃ regulating miR ⁃146a in LPS ⁃induced acute lung injury[J].Connect Tissue Res,2018,59(6):581-592

    • [13] DING Y,GUO F,ZHU T,et al.Mechanism of long non ⁃ coding RNA MALAT1 in lipopolysaccharide ⁃ induced acute kidney injury is mediated by the miR⁃146a/NF⁃kappaB signaling pathway[J].Int J Mol Med,2018,41(1):446-454

    • [14] PAN L,LIU D,ZHAO L,et al.Long noncoding RNA MALAT1 alleviates lipopolysaccharide⁃induced inflammatory injury by upregulating microRNA ⁃ 19b in murine chondrogenic ATDC5 cells[J].J Cell Biochem,2018,119(12):10165-10175

    • [15] GAST M,RAUCH B H,NAKAGAWA S,et al.Immune system ⁃ mediated atherosclerosis caused by deficiency of long non⁃coding RNA MALAT1 in ApoE⁃/⁃mice[J].Cardiovasc Res,2019,115(2):302-314

    • [16] ZHAO G,SU Z,SONG D,et al.The long noncoding RNA MALAT1 regulates the lipopolysaccharide ⁃ induced inflammatory response through its interaction with NF⁃kap⁃ paB[J].FEBS Lett,2016,590(17):2884-2895

    • [17] TIAN X,XU G.Clinical value of lncRNA MALAT1 as a prognostic marker in human cancer:systematic review and meta⁃analysis[J].BMJ Open,2015,5(9):e008653

    • [18] WU Y,LU W,XU J,et al.Prognostic value of long non ⁃ coding RNA MALAT1 in cancer patients[J].Tumour Biol,2016,37(1):897-903

    • [19] SHAKER O G,ABDELALEEM O O,MAHMOUD R H,et al.Diagnostic and prognostic role of serum miR⁃20b,miR⁃ 17 ⁃ 3p,HOTAIR,and MALAT1 in diabetic retinopathy [J].IUBMB Life,2019,71(3):310-320

    • [20] SINGER M,DEUTSCHMAN C S,SEYMOUR C W,et al.The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock(sepsis ⁃ 3)[J].JAMA,2016,315(8):801-810

    • [21] VINCENT J L,MARTIN G S,LEVY M M.qSOFA does not replace SIRS in the definition of sepsis[J].Crit Care,2016,20(1):210

    • [22] GODINJAK A,IGLICA A,RAMA A,et al.Predictive value of SAPS Ⅱ and APACHE Ⅱ scoring systems for patient outcome in a medical intensive care unit[J].Acta Med Acad,2016,45(2):97-103

    • [23] DAHABA A A,METZLER H.Procalcitonin’s role in the sepsis cascade.Is procalcitonin a sepsis marker or mediator?[J].Minerva Anestesiol,2009,75(7⁃8):447-452

  • 参考文献

    • [1] RHODES A,EVANS L E,ALHAZZANI W,et al.Surviving sepsis campaign:international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock:2016[J].Intensive Care Med,2017,43(3):304-377

    • [2] FLEISCHMANN C,SCHERAG A,ADHIKARI N K,et al.Assessment of global incidence and mortality of hospital⁃ treated sepsis.current estimates and limitations[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2016,193(3):259-272

    • [3] VAN DER POLL T,VAN D E VEERDONK F L,SCICLU⁃ NA B P,et al.The immunopathology of sepsis and potential therapeutic targets[J].Nat Rev Immunol,2017,17(7):407-420

    • [4] WANG W,YANG N,WEN R,et al.Long Noncoding RNA:Regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic potential in sepsis[J].Front Cell Infect Microbiol,2021,11:563126

    • [5] VERGADI E,VAPORIDI K,TSATSANIS C.Regulation of endotoxin tolerance and compensatory anti⁃inflammatory response syndrome by non⁃coding RNAs[J].Front Immunol,2018,9:2705

    • [6] ZHANG B,ARUN G,MAO Y S,et al.The lncRNA Malat1 is dispensable for mouse development but its transcription plays a cis ⁃ regulatory role in the adult[J].Cell Rep,2012,2(1):111-123

    • [7] JI P,DIEDERICHS S,WANG W,et al.MALAT⁃1,a novel noncoding RNA,and thymosin beta4 predict metastasis and survival in early⁃stage non⁃small cell lung cancer[J].Oncogene,2003,22(39):8031-8041

    • [8] ZHANG X,HAMBLIN M H,YIN K J.The long noncoding RNA Malat1:Its physiological and pathophysiological functions[J].RNA Biol,2017,14(12):1705-1714

    • [9] TANO K,MIZUNO R,OKADA T,et al.MALAT ⁃ 1 enhances cell motility of lung adenocarcinoma cells by influencing the expression of motility⁃related genes[J].FEBS Lett,2010,584(22):4575-4580

    • [10] CHEN H,WANG X,YAN X,et al.LncRNA MALAT1 regulates sepsis ⁃ induced cardiac inflammation and dysfunction via interaction with miR ⁃ 125b and p38 MAPK/NFkappaB[J].Int Immunopharmacol,2018,55:69-76

    • [11] YU Z,RAYILE A,ZHANG X,et al.Ulinastatin protects against lipopolysaccharide⁃induced cardiac microvascular endothelial cell dysfunction via downregulation of ln⁃ cRNA MALAT1 and EZH2 in sepsis[J].Int J Mol Med,2017,39(5):1269-1276

    • [12] DAI L,ZHANG G,CHENG Z,et al.Knockdown of Ln⁃ cRNA MALAT1 contributes to the suppression of inflam⁃ matory responses by up ⁃ regulating miR ⁃146a in LPS ⁃induced acute lung injury[J].Connect Tissue Res,2018,59(6):581-592

    • [13] DING Y,GUO F,ZHU T,et al.Mechanism of long non ⁃ coding RNA MALAT1 in lipopolysaccharide ⁃ induced acute kidney injury is mediated by the miR⁃146a/NF⁃kappaB signaling pathway[J].Int J Mol Med,2018,41(1):446-454

    • [14] PAN L,LIU D,ZHAO L,et al.Long noncoding RNA MALAT1 alleviates lipopolysaccharide⁃induced inflammatory injury by upregulating microRNA ⁃ 19b in murine chondrogenic ATDC5 cells[J].J Cell Biochem,2018,119(12):10165-10175

    • [15] GAST M,RAUCH B H,NAKAGAWA S,et al.Immune system ⁃ mediated atherosclerosis caused by deficiency of long non⁃coding RNA MALAT1 in ApoE⁃/⁃mice[J].Cardiovasc Res,2019,115(2):302-314

    • [16] ZHAO G,SU Z,SONG D,et al.The long noncoding RNA MALAT1 regulates the lipopolysaccharide ⁃ induced inflammatory response through its interaction with NF⁃kap⁃ paB[J].FEBS Lett,2016,590(17):2884-2895

    • [17] TIAN X,XU G.Clinical value of lncRNA MALAT1 as a prognostic marker in human cancer:systematic review and meta⁃analysis[J].BMJ Open,2015,5(9):e008653

    • [18] WU Y,LU W,XU J,et al.Prognostic value of long non ⁃ coding RNA MALAT1 in cancer patients[J].Tumour Biol,2016,37(1):897-903

    • [19] SHAKER O G,ABDELALEEM O O,MAHMOUD R H,et al.Diagnostic and prognostic role of serum miR⁃20b,miR⁃ 17 ⁃ 3p,HOTAIR,and MALAT1 in diabetic retinopathy [J].IUBMB Life,2019,71(3):310-320

    • [20] SINGER M,DEUTSCHMAN C S,SEYMOUR C W,et al.The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock(sepsis ⁃ 3)[J].JAMA,2016,315(8):801-810

    • [21] VINCENT J L,MARTIN G S,LEVY M M.qSOFA does not replace SIRS in the definition of sepsis[J].Crit Care,2016,20(1):210

    • [22] GODINJAK A,IGLICA A,RAMA A,et al.Predictive value of SAPS Ⅱ and APACHE Ⅱ scoring systems for patient outcome in a medical intensive care unit[J].Acta Med Acad,2016,45(2):97-103

    • [23] DAHABA A A,METZLER H.Procalcitonin’s role in the sepsis cascade.Is procalcitonin a sepsis marker or mediator?[J].Minerva Anestesiol,2009,75(7⁃8):447-452

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