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中图分类号:R711.74

文献标识码:B

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)12-1862-03

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20211226

参考文献 1
LIU L,ZHANG R.Intermediate Charcot⁃Marie⁃Tooth disease[J].Neurosci Bull,2014,30(6):999-1009
参考文献 2
YUM S W,ZHANG J,MO K,et al.A novel recessive Nefl mutation causes asevere,early ⁃ onset axonal neuropathy [J].Ann Neurol,2009,66(6):759-770
参考文献 3
VALLAT J M,MATHIS S,FUNALOT B.The various Charcot ⁃ Marie ⁃ Tooth diseases[J].Curr Opin Neurol,2013,26(5):473-480
参考文献 4
LABAT ⁃DE ⁃HOZ L,ALONSO M A.The formin INF2 in disease:progress from 10 years of research[J].Cell Mol Life Sci,2020,77(22):4581-4600
参考文献 5
MATHIS S,FUNALOTB,BOYER O,et al.Neuropathologic characterization of INF2⁃ related Charcot ⁃Marie ⁃Tooth disease:evidence for a Schwann cell actinopathy[J].J Neuropathol Exp Neurol,2014,73(3):223-233
参考文献 6
PARK H J,KIM H J,HONG Y B,et al.A novel INF2 mutation in a Korean family with autosomal dominant inter⁃ mediate Charcot⁃Marie⁃Tooth disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis[J].J Peripher Nerv Syst,2014,19(2):175-179
参考文献 7
TOYOTA K,OGINO D,HAYASHI M,et al.INF2 mutations in Charcot⁃Marie⁃Tooth disease complicated with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis[J].J Peripher Nerv Syst,2013,18(1):97-98
参考文献 8
BOYER O,BENOIT G,GRIBOUVAL O,et al.Mutations in INF2 are a major cause of autosomal dominant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis[J].J Am SocNephrol,2011,22(2):239-245
参考文献 9
BOYER O,NEVO F,PLAISIER E,et al.INF2 mutations in Charcot ⁃Marie ⁃Tooth disease with glomerulopathy[J].N Engl J Med,2011,365(25):2377-2388
参考文献 10
ROOS A,WEIS J,KORINTHENBERG R,et al.Inverted formin 2⁃ related Charcot ⁃Marie ⁃Tooth disease:extension of the mutational spectrum and pathological findings in Schwann cells and axons[J].J Peripher Nerv Syst,2015,20(1):52-59
参考文献 11
JIN S,WANG W,WANG R,et al.INF2 mutations associated with dominant inherited intermediate Charcot⁃Marie⁃ Tooth neuropathy with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in two Chinese patients[J].Clin Neuropathol,2015,34(5):275-281
参考文献 12
MADEMAN I,DECONINCK T,DINOPOULOS A,et al.De novo INF2 mutations expand the genetic spectrum of hereditary neuropathy with glomerulopathy[J].Neurology,2013,81(22):1953-1958
参考文献 13
RODRIGUEZ P Q,LOHKAMP B,CELSI G,et al.Novel INF2 mutation p.L77P in a family with glomerulopathy and Charcot ⁃ Marie ⁃ Tooth neuropathy[J].Pediatr Nephrol,2013,28(2):339-343
参考文献 14
DE RECHTER S,DE WAELE L,LEVTCHENKO E,et al.Charcot ⁃Marie ⁃Tooth:are you testing for proteinuria?[J].Eur J Paediatr Neurol,2015,19(1):1-5
参考文献 15
ECHANIZ ⁃ LAGUNA A,LATOUR P.A cryptic splicing mutation in the INF2 gene causing Charcot ⁃Marie ⁃Tooth disease with minimal glomerular dysfunction[J].J Peripher Nerv Syst,2019,24(1):120-124
目录contents
  • Charcot⁃Marie⁃Tooth(CMT)是一组遗传和临床异质性的遗传性周围神经病,临床特征为进行性远端肢体肌肉无力和萎缩,导致步态异常及感觉丧失,常伴足部畸形。根据电生理和神经病理,CMT可分为脱髓鞘、轴突及中间形式3大类[1]。各亚型除了CMT的共性特征外,还可出现各自独立的临床症状。其中常染色体显性遗传中间型Charcot⁃Marie⁃ Tooth病E型(Charcot⁃Marie⁃Tooth,dominant interme⁃ diate E,CMTDIE)为INF2基因变异所致,临床以CMT和局灶节段性肾小球硬化(focal segmental glomerulosclerosis,FSGS)为主要表现。本研究报道1例CMTDIE患儿的临床和基因型资料,并复习相关文献,以提高临床医师对该病的认识,扩展了INF2基因突变谱。

  • 1 病例资料

  • 患儿,女,11岁,因“双下肢无力1年半”就诊。患儿1年半前开始出现双下肢无力,步态缓慢,走路容易摔跤,不敢跑跳,爬楼梯费力,不能完全下蹲,下蹲后起立困难,病情逐渐加重。近3个月发现泡沫尿。患儿系G1P1,足月顺产,病前智力运动发育正常,病后智力无倒退。体格检查:神志清楚,精神反应可,呼吸平,面色正常,双侧眼睑及双下肢无浮肿,颈软,心肺腹查体未见异常,双上肢肌力Ⅴ级,双下肢近端肌力Ⅴ级,双下肢远端肌力Ⅳ级,双侧足背曲肌力Ⅱ级、跖曲肌力Ⅲ级,肌容积无明显减少,双侧高足弓、跟腱挛缩,双足呈内翻畸形,双侧膝反射、跟腱反射未引出,病理征阴性,双上肢温痛觉正常,双下肢温痛觉减退。辅助检查:尿沉渣:尿蛋白4+,红细胞计数82.1个/μL(正常值0~25个/μL),红细胞形态多形型。尿微量白蛋白>8 640mg/L(正常值0~10mg/L),尿IgG测定743mg/L(正常值0~8mg/L),尿α微球蛋白定量46.5mg/L(正常值0~12.5mg/L),尿蛋白/肌酐2.2。血生化:肌酶、白蛋白、尿素、肌酐均无异常。视、听觉诱发电位未见异常。头颅及全脊髓MRI未见异常。肌电图:受检运动神经复合肌肉动作电位(CMAP)波幅均降低或未引出伴远端潜伏期延长、运动神经传导速度(MCV)明显减慢,右侧正中、尺运动神经F波最短潜伏期延长或未引出,双侧胫神经H反射未引出,所检感觉神经感觉动作电位(SNAP)波幅均未引出,提示多发性周围神经源性损害肌电改变(主要累及感觉、运动神经脱髓鞘,伴轴索损害,双下肢显著)。双肾B超未见异常。肾活检病理提示肾小球轻度系膜增生性改变(图1)。

  • 图1 肾小球系膜细胞及基质弥漫性轻度增生(PAS染色,× 200)

  • 为明确诊断,经患儿监护人知情同意,采集患儿及其父母外周血标本各2mL,送至北京迈基诺医学检验所进行全外显子检测,并采用Sanger测序法进行位点验证及家系验证。基因测序结果提示: INF2基因存在c.314T>A杂合变异(图2),患儿为新生变异,父母均无异常,符合常染色体显性遗传规律。该位点既往未见报道,根据美国医学遗传学与基因组学学会(American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics,ACMG)指南,评级为致病性变异。本研究已通过南京医科大学附属儿童医院伦理委员会批准。结合患儿临床症状及其他辅助检查,最终诊断为CMTDIE。

  • 图2 基因测序结果

  • 2 讨论

  • CMT现有的分类比较复杂,涉及临床、电生理、基因及遗传方式等多种因素,Yum等[2] 研究认为目前对CMT的分类的术语有部分重叠和混淆,Vallat等[3] 也提出新的分类方式的建议。简单概括来说,根据神经电生理特征,以正中神经的神经传导速度 (motor nerve conduction velocity in the median nerve, mMNCV)为参考,mMNCV<38m/s是脱髓鞘形式的特征(CMT1表型),mMNCV>38m/s是轴突形式的特征(CMT2表型),而mMNCV介于25~45m/s之间者兼有脱髓鞘和轴突特征的中间形式,即为中间型CMT。中间型CMT可通过常染色体显性(AD)和常染色体隐性(AR)方式遗传,AD遗传的中间型CMT再依据不同的致病基因分为CMTDI(A~F),CMTDIE即为INF2基因变异所致。本研究中患儿运动神经和感觉神经动作电位波幅及传导速度均下降,其中mMNCV为25.1m/s,符合CMT中间型的神经电生理特征。

  • INF2基因编码的INF2蛋白是成蛋白(Formin) 家族成员之一,它是一种重要的肌动蛋白成核因子,INF2可独特地同时促进肌动蛋白的聚合和解聚,在维持细胞骨架正常结构与功能方面发挥重要作用[4]。IFN2基因在周围神经的雪旺细胞和肾脏的足细胞高度表达,INF2基因变异后,雪旺细胞和足细胞的肌动蛋白形成和功能异常,从而导致神经的脱髓鞘病变和肾小球滤过功能障碍[5]。目前已报道的突变多位于第2、3、4外显子,参与编码INF2蛋白的Diaphanous抑制结构域(diaphanous inhibitory domain,DID),该结构域是其重要的功能调控区。因此,目前关于致病机制的研究也主要集中于DID结构域[5-7]

  • INF2基因变异可引起孤立的FSGS或CMTDIE合并FSGS(CMTDIE⁃FSGS)。据报道,孤立的FSGS患者中INF2基因变异占9%~17%[8],而在CMTDIE⁃ FSGS患者中可高达75%[9]。临床表现方面,除了肌无力和萎缩、感觉减退、步态异常、高足弓等CMT的共性特征外,CMTDIE还可出现听力下降、智力障碍、中枢神经系统受累,如白质脱髓鞘、脑室系统扩张甚至脑积水等表现[10-13]。CMT的症状通常在FSGS症状之前出现,因此建议对CMT患者进行蛋白尿筛查,以利于肾脏病变的早期发现及干预[14]。与孤立的FSGS相比,在合并CMT的患者中,肾脏疾病的表型更为严重,从发现蛋白尿进展为终末期肾病(end⁃stage renal disease,ESRD)的速度更快(平均5年)[12]。既往文献报道CMTDIE合并肾病的病理均为FSGS,而本研究中患儿肾活检病理提示肾小球轻度系膜增生性改变,并非典型的FSGS改变,推测可能与取材部位或肾活检的时机较早有关,随着病程的进展很可能出现典型的FSGS病理改变。

  • 目前已报道的与CMTDIE⁃FSGS相关的INF2基因变异有20余种,其中以错义突变最为多见,未发现明显热点突变。虽然研究逐渐增多,但基因型与表型的相关性尚不明确,之前认为INF2中的外显子4主要与孤立的FSGS相关,但外显子2和3变异与CMT ⁃ FSGS密切相关。2015年Jin等[11]报道同为INF2基因c.451T>C变异,先证者表现为CMTDIE⁃ FSGS,其母亲及2个姐姐则为孤立性FSGS。2019年的一项研究报道一家系4例患者同为c.271T>C变异,报道时平均年龄51岁(26~87岁),4例患者均表现为缓慢进展的CMTDIE,而肾小球功能障碍轻微,其中3例蛋白尿轻度升高,另外1例完全正常,同时证明了INF2基因也可能引起孤立的CMTDIE,不一定合并肾脏受累[15]。这一现象提醒我们INF2基因变异检测不应该仅限于神经病变和肾脏疾病同时出现的病例,对孤立的CMT也要提高警惕以免漏诊。以上研究发现即使同一家系的相同变异,临床表型也不尽相同,表型⁃基因型相关性需要进一步研究。本研究中患儿INF2基因c.314T>A错义突变,为新生变异,符合常染色体显性遗传规律。查询人类基因突变数据库(HGMD),同一位置c.314T>G已有报道,但c.314T>A目前无收录,查询Pubmed数据库也未见报道。该变异位点经ACMG评级为致病性变异,本研究进一步扩大了INF2基因的突变谱。

  • 目前CMT各亚型均无有效的治疗方法,CMTDIE也以对症治疗为主,对于运动功能倒退予及时康复训练;足部畸形必要时外科矫正手术;对于肾脏病变,定期的血液或腹膜透析;ESRD患者可行肾移植治疗。虽然缺乏特效的治疗手段,早期明确诊断也有助于家庭再生育的遗传咨询和产前诊断。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] LIU L,ZHANG R.Intermediate Charcot⁃Marie⁃Tooth disease[J].Neurosci Bull,2014,30(6):999-1009

    • [2] YUM S W,ZHANG J,MO K,et al.A novel recessive Nefl mutation causes asevere,early ⁃ onset axonal neuropathy [J].Ann Neurol,2009,66(6):759-770

    • [3] VALLAT J M,MATHIS S,FUNALOT B.The various Charcot ⁃ Marie ⁃ Tooth diseases[J].Curr Opin Neurol,2013,26(5):473-480

    • [4] LABAT ⁃DE ⁃HOZ L,ALONSO M A.The formin INF2 in disease:progress from 10 years of research[J].Cell Mol Life Sci,2020,77(22):4581-4600

    • [5] MATHIS S,FUNALOTB,BOYER O,et al.Neuropathologic characterization of INF2⁃ related Charcot ⁃Marie ⁃Tooth disease:evidence for a Schwann cell actinopathy[J].J Neuropathol Exp Neurol,2014,73(3):223-233

    • [6] PARK H J,KIM H J,HONG Y B,et al.A novel INF2 mutation in a Korean family with autosomal dominant inter⁃ mediate Charcot⁃Marie⁃Tooth disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis[J].J Peripher Nerv Syst,2014,19(2):175-179

    • [7] TOYOTA K,OGINO D,HAYASHI M,et al.INF2 mutations in Charcot⁃Marie⁃Tooth disease complicated with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis[J].J Peripher Nerv Syst,2013,18(1):97-98

    • [8] BOYER O,BENOIT G,GRIBOUVAL O,et al.Mutations in INF2 are a major cause of autosomal dominant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis[J].J Am SocNephrol,2011,22(2):239-245

    • [9] BOYER O,NEVO F,PLAISIER E,et al.INF2 mutations in Charcot ⁃Marie ⁃Tooth disease with glomerulopathy[J].N Engl J Med,2011,365(25):2377-2388

    • [10] ROOS A,WEIS J,KORINTHENBERG R,et al.Inverted formin 2⁃ related Charcot ⁃Marie ⁃Tooth disease:extension of the mutational spectrum and pathological findings in Schwann cells and axons[J].J Peripher Nerv Syst,2015,20(1):52-59

    • [11] JIN S,WANG W,WANG R,et al.INF2 mutations associated with dominant inherited intermediate Charcot⁃Marie⁃ Tooth neuropathy with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in two Chinese patients[J].Clin Neuropathol,2015,34(5):275-281

    • [12] MADEMAN I,DECONINCK T,DINOPOULOS A,et al.De novo INF2 mutations expand the genetic spectrum of hereditary neuropathy with glomerulopathy[J].Neurology,2013,81(22):1953-1958

    • [13] RODRIGUEZ P Q,LOHKAMP B,CELSI G,et al.Novel INF2 mutation p.L77P in a family with glomerulopathy and Charcot ⁃ Marie ⁃ Tooth neuropathy[J].Pediatr Nephrol,2013,28(2):339-343

    • [14] DE RECHTER S,DE WAELE L,LEVTCHENKO E,et al.Charcot ⁃Marie ⁃Tooth:are you testing for proteinuria?[J].Eur J Paediatr Neurol,2015,19(1):1-5

    • [15] ECHANIZ ⁃ LAGUNA A,LATOUR P.A cryptic splicing mutation in the INF2 gene causing Charcot ⁃Marie ⁃Tooth disease with minimal glomerular dysfunction[J].J Peripher Nerv Syst,2019,24(1):120-124

  • 参考文献

    • [1] LIU L,ZHANG R.Intermediate Charcot⁃Marie⁃Tooth disease[J].Neurosci Bull,2014,30(6):999-1009

    • [2] YUM S W,ZHANG J,MO K,et al.A novel recessive Nefl mutation causes asevere,early ⁃ onset axonal neuropathy [J].Ann Neurol,2009,66(6):759-770

    • [3] VALLAT J M,MATHIS S,FUNALOT B.The various Charcot ⁃ Marie ⁃ Tooth diseases[J].Curr Opin Neurol,2013,26(5):473-480

    • [4] LABAT ⁃DE ⁃HOZ L,ALONSO M A.The formin INF2 in disease:progress from 10 years of research[J].Cell Mol Life Sci,2020,77(22):4581-4600

    • [5] MATHIS S,FUNALOTB,BOYER O,et al.Neuropathologic characterization of INF2⁃ related Charcot ⁃Marie ⁃Tooth disease:evidence for a Schwann cell actinopathy[J].J Neuropathol Exp Neurol,2014,73(3):223-233

    • [6] PARK H J,KIM H J,HONG Y B,et al.A novel INF2 mutation in a Korean family with autosomal dominant inter⁃ mediate Charcot⁃Marie⁃Tooth disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis[J].J Peripher Nerv Syst,2014,19(2):175-179

    • [7] TOYOTA K,OGINO D,HAYASHI M,et al.INF2 mutations in Charcot⁃Marie⁃Tooth disease complicated with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis[J].J Peripher Nerv Syst,2013,18(1):97-98

    • [8] BOYER O,BENOIT G,GRIBOUVAL O,et al.Mutations in INF2 are a major cause of autosomal dominant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis[J].J Am SocNephrol,2011,22(2):239-245

    • [9] BOYER O,NEVO F,PLAISIER E,et al.INF2 mutations in Charcot ⁃Marie ⁃Tooth disease with glomerulopathy[J].N Engl J Med,2011,365(25):2377-2388

    • [10] ROOS A,WEIS J,KORINTHENBERG R,et al.Inverted formin 2⁃ related Charcot ⁃Marie ⁃Tooth disease:extension of the mutational spectrum and pathological findings in Schwann cells and axons[J].J Peripher Nerv Syst,2015,20(1):52-59

    • [11] JIN S,WANG W,WANG R,et al.INF2 mutations associated with dominant inherited intermediate Charcot⁃Marie⁃ Tooth neuropathy with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in two Chinese patients[J].Clin Neuropathol,2015,34(5):275-281

    • [12] MADEMAN I,DECONINCK T,DINOPOULOS A,et al.De novo INF2 mutations expand the genetic spectrum of hereditary neuropathy with glomerulopathy[J].Neurology,2013,81(22):1953-1958

    • [13] RODRIGUEZ P Q,LOHKAMP B,CELSI G,et al.Novel INF2 mutation p.L77P in a family with glomerulopathy and Charcot ⁃ Marie ⁃ Tooth neuropathy[J].Pediatr Nephrol,2013,28(2):339-343

    • [14] DE RECHTER S,DE WAELE L,LEVTCHENKO E,et al.Charcot ⁃Marie ⁃Tooth:are you testing for proteinuria?[J].Eur J Paediatr Neurol,2015,19(1):1-5

    • [15] ECHANIZ ⁃ LAGUNA A,LATOUR P.A cryptic splicing mutation in the INF2 gene causing Charcot ⁃Marie ⁃Tooth disease with minimal glomerular dysfunction[J].J Peripher Nerv Syst,2019,24(1):120-124

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