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中图分类号:R759.1

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2022)01-063-08

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20220111

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:分析脑脊液(cerebrospinal fluid,CSF)中的白细胞介素⁃1受体拮抗剂(interleukin⁃1 receptor antagonist,IL⁃1ra)、 趋化因子 I⁃TAC/CXCL11 和巨噬细胞炎性蛋白⁃1α(macrophage inflammatory protein⁃1α,MIP⁃1α)对神经梅毒的诊断价值。 方法:选择2018年4月—2019年12月南京市第二医院皮肤性病科50例神经梅毒患者和50例梅毒患者作为研究对象。神经梅毒患者均给予常规对症治疗及全程驱梅治疗。通过酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)试剂盒对 CSF 中的 IL⁃1ra、I⁃TAC/CXCL11 和 MIP⁃1α进行检测。采用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institute of Health stroke scale,NIHSS)评估患者的神经功能。结果:与梅毒患者相比,神经梅毒患者的脑脊液IL⁃1ra、I⁃TAC/CXCL11和MIP⁃1α水平均升高(P < 0.001)。与早期神经梅毒患者相比,晚期神经梅毒患者的脑脊液IL⁃1ra水平升高(P < 0.01)。但早期和晚期患者的脑脊液I⁃TAC/CXCL11和MIP⁃1α水平无显著差异(P > 0.05)。神经梅毒患者脑脊液IL⁃1ra水平与1/血清快速血浆反应素试验 (rapid plasma reagin,RPR)滴度、CSF蛋白和CSF白细胞计数均显著正相关(P < 0.05)。脑脊液I⁃TAC/CXCL11和MIP⁃1α水平与 1/血清RPR滴度和CSF蛋白显著正相关(P < 0.05)。与治疗前相比,患者治疗后的脑脊液IL⁃1ra、I⁃TAC/CXCL11和MIP⁃1α水平均降低(P < 0.001)。脑脊液IL⁃1ra、I⁃TAC/CXCL11和MIP⁃1α联合诊断神经梅毒的曲线下面积、敏感性和特异性依次为0.91、 94.0%和88.0%。结论:IL⁃1ra、I⁃TAC/CXCL11和MIP⁃1α是诊断神经梅毒的潜在生物标志物,可用作神经梅毒的辅助诊断工具, 并且可用于监测神经梅毒的治疗效果。

    Abstract

    Objective:To reveal the diagnostic value of interleukin⁃1 receptor antagonist(IL⁃1ra),chemokine I⁃TAC/CXCL11 and macrophage inflammatory protein ⁃ 1α(MIP ⁃ 1α)in cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)for neurosyphilis. Methods:From April 2018 to December 2019,50 patients with neurosyphilis and 50 patients with syphilis were selected as the research objects. Patients with neurosyphilis were given conventional symptomatic treatment and full treatment of syphilis. The IL⁃1ra,I⁃TAC/CXCL11 and MIP⁃1α in CSF were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)kit. The National Institutes of Health stroke scale(NIHSS)was used to evaluate the neurological function of patients. Results:Compared with patients with syphilis,the levels of IL ⁃ 1ra,I ⁃ TAC/ CXCL11 and MIP⁃1α in neurosyphilis patients were increased(P < 0.001). Compared with early neurosyphilis patients,the level of IL ⁃ 1ra in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with advanced neurosyphilis increased(P < 0.01). However, there was no significant difference in the levels of I⁃TAC/CXCL11 and MIP⁃1α in cerebrospinal fluid between early stage and late stage patients(P > 0.05). The level of IL ⁃ 1ra in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neurosyphilis was significantly positively correlated with 1/serum rapid plasma regain(RPR)titer,CSF protein and CSF ⁃ WBC(P < 0.05). Cerebrospinal fluid I ⁃ TAC/CXCL11 and MIP ⁃ 1α levels were significantly positively correlated with 1/serum RPR titer and CSF protein(P < 0.05). Compared with before treatment,the levels of IL⁃1ra,I⁃TAC/CXCL11 and MIP⁃1α in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients after treatment decreased(P < 0.001). The AUC,sensitivity and specificity of IL⁃1ra,I⁃TAC/CXCL11 and MIP⁃1α in cerebrospinal fluid for the combined diagnosis of neurosyphilis were 0.91,94.0% and 88.0%,respectively. Conclusion:IL⁃1ra,I⁃TAC/CXCL11 and MIP⁃1α are potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of neurosyphilis. They can be used as auxiliary diagnostic tools for neurosyphilis and monitoring the therapeutic effect of neurosyphilis.

  • 梅毒仍然是一个全球性的公共卫生问题。世界卫生组织估计,每年约有1 000万至1 200万新感染病例,并且主要发生在发展中国家[1-3]。梅毒螺旋体可以在感染后几天内传播到中枢神经系统(cen⁃ tral nervous system,CNS),并可能导致无症状脑膜炎,如果不及时诊断治疗,可能会进展为严重和不可逆转的症状性神经梅毒[4-5]。因此,寻找敏感的生物标志物有助于神经梅毒的诊断,对于预防严重的后遗症具有重要意义。

  • 脑脊液(cerebrospinal fluid,CSF)中的性病研究实验室(venereal disease research laboratory,VDRL) 实验已经广泛应用于神经梅毒的诊断中,然而, CSF⁃VDRL的敏感性为30%~70%,并且CSF⁃VDRL对早期无症状神经梅毒的诊断不敏感[6]。因此,急需要开发比CSF⁃VDRL更准确、更灵敏的生物标志物。多种细胞因子在中枢神经系统的神经细胞和胶质细胞中表达。脑脊液中各种细胞因子水平的升高与几种中枢神经系统炎性疾病的严重程度或进展有关[7-9]。已有研究表明,脑脊液中细胞因子如趋化因子CXCL13水平的升高对神经梅毒的诊断有一定价值[10]。然而,目前临床仍缺乏其他可用于神经梅毒诊断的可靠标志物。因此,本研究检测了神经梅毒患者脑脊液中的白细胞介素⁃1受体拮抗剂(interleukin⁃1receptor antagonist,IL⁃1ra)、趋化因子I⁃TAC/CXCL11和巨噬细胞炎性蛋白⁃1α (macrophage inflammatory protein⁃1α,MIP⁃1α)的表达,旨在开发出可用于神经梅毒诊断的新型生物标志物。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 研究对象来自2018年4月—2019年12月南京市第二医院皮肤性病科就诊的患者。神经梅毒组纳入标准:①实验室检查和临床表现确诊为神经梅毒;②人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)抗体试验呈阴性;③无其他神经系统症状;④无肿瘤/自身免疫性疾病、过度炎症等。患者包括11例无症状性神经梅毒、9例脑膜血管神经梅毒和9例脑膜神经梅毒(定义为早期患者,共29例),以及15例麻痹性痴呆和6例脊髓痨(定义为晚期患者,共21例)。梅毒组为非神经梅毒的梅毒患者。每组各50例。本研究已获得医院伦理审查委员会批准。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 梅毒和神经梅毒的诊断

  • 根据《中华人民共和国卫生行业标准WS273⁃ 2007》梅毒诊断标准对梅毒患者进行诊断,诊断项目包括流行病学史、临床表现和实验室检查。

  • 根据2010年美国疾病控制中心诊疗指南对神经梅毒进行诊断[11]:①CSF⁃VDRL阳性的梅毒患者。②CSF⁃VDRL阴性而CSF⁃梅毒螺旋体颗粒凝集实验(treponema pallidum particle agglutination, TPPA)阳性的梅毒患者,且伴有以下两项:在没有其他已知异常原因的情况下,CSF蛋白浓度> 500mg/L和CSF白细胞(white blood cell,WBC) 计数≥10×106 个/L;符合神经梅毒的临床神经或精神病学表现,无其他已知原因引起此类异常。

  • 1.2.2 神经梅毒的治疗

  • 神经梅毒患者均给予常规对症治疗及全程驱梅治疗,驱梅治疗前口服泼尼松(30mg/d),每天1~3次,持续3d。然后每4h静脉注射水剂青霉素 (400万U/次),持续10~14d。然后肌内注射苄星青霉素G(240万U/次),每周1次,持续3周;如果患者对青霉素过敏,则每天静脉滴注头孢曲松钠(2g/d),持续10~14d。

  • 1.2.3 细胞因子的检测

  • 根据制造商的说明,通过酶联免疫吸附试验 (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)试剂盒 (R&D Systems公司,美国)对CSF中的IL⁃1ra、I⁃TAC/CXCL11和MIP⁃1α进行检测。

  • 1.2.4 神经功能缺损程度评分

  • 患者治疗前后,采用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institute of Health stroke scale,NIHSS) 评估患者的神经功能[12]。分值范围为0~45分:轻度 (0~15分),中度(16~30分),重度(31~45分)。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 使用SPSS 21.0软件进行统计分析,并使用Medcalc 15.2软件进行受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析。计数资料以例数表示,组间比较采用卡方检验。符合正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(x- ± s)表示,两组间比较采用 t 检验。不符合正态分布的计量资料以中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示,采用Mann ⁃Whitney U 检验。IL ⁃ 1ra、I ⁃ TAC/CXCL11和MIP⁃1α之间的相关性采用Spearman相关分析。通过配对 t 检验分析治疗前后的差异。通过ROC曲线评估3种生物标志物诊断神经梅毒的价值。 P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 梅毒患者和神经梅毒患者的基线数据

  • 表1显示,梅毒患者和神经梅毒患者的性别、年龄无显著差异(P> 0.05)。与梅毒患者相比,神经梅毒患者的1/血清快速血浆反应素试验(rapid plasma reagin,RPR)滴度、CSF蛋白和CSF⁃WBC水平均升高(P< 0.05)。

  • 表1 梅毒患者和神经梅毒患者的基线数据

  • Table1 Baseline data of syphilis patients and neurosyphilis patients

  • 2.2 神经梅毒患者的脑脊液IL⁃1ra、I⁃TAC/CXCL11 和MIP⁃1α水平升高并且与疾病分期有关

  • 图1 显示,与梅毒患者相比,神经梅毒患者的脑脊液IL⁃1ra、I⁃TAC/CXCL11和MIP⁃1α水平均升高 (P< 0.001)。

  • 此外,图2显示,与早期神经梅毒患者相比,晚期神经梅毒患者的脑脊液IL ⁃1ra水平升高(P< 0.01)。但早期和晚期患者的脑脊液I⁃TAC/CXCL11和MIP⁃1α水平无显著差异(P> 0.05)。

  • 2.3 神经梅毒患者的脑脊液IL⁃1ra、I⁃TAC/CXCL11 和MIP⁃1α水平与临床指标的相关性

  • 表2显示,神经梅毒患者脑脊液IL⁃1ra水平与1/血清RPR滴度、CSF蛋白和CSF⁃WBC均显著正相关(P< 0.05)。脑脊液I⁃TAC/CXCL11和MIP⁃1α水平与1/血清RPR滴度和CSF蛋白显著正相关(P< 0.05)。

  • 2.4 神经梅毒患者治疗后的脑脊液IL⁃1ra、I⁃TAC/CXCL11和MIP⁃1α水平降低

  • 本研究统计了患者治疗前后的NIHSS评分,结果显示,与治疗前相比,治疗后的NIHSS评分显著降低[15.5(5.3~26.5)分vs.5.0(1.0~9.0)分,Z=-3.677分,P< 0.001]。图3结果显示,与治疗前相比,患者治疗后的脑脊液IL⁃1ra、I⁃TAC/CXCL11和MIP⁃1α水平均降低(P< 0.001)。

  • 图1 梅毒患者和神经梅毒患者的脑脊液IL⁃1ra、I⁃TAC/CXCL11和MIP⁃1α水平

  • Fig.1 Cerebrospinal fluid IL⁃1ra,I⁃TAC/CXCL11and MIP⁃1α levels in patients with syphilis and neurosyphilis

  • 图2 早期和晚期神经梅毒患者的脑脊液IL⁃1ra、I⁃TAC/CXCL11和MIP⁃1α水平

  • Fig.2 Cerebrospinal fluid IL⁃1ra,I⁃TAC/CXCL11and MIP⁃1α levels in patients with early and late neurosyphilis

  • 表2 脑脊液IL⁃1ra、I⁃TAC/CXCL11和MIP⁃1α水平与临床指标的相关性

  • Table2 Correlation between cerebrospinal fluid IL⁃1ra,I⁃TAC/CXCL11and MIP⁃1α levels and clinical indicators

  • 图3 神经梅毒患者治疗前后的脑脊液IL⁃1ra、I⁃TAC/CXCL11和MIP⁃1α水平

  • Fig.3 Cerebrospinal fluid IL⁃1ra,I⁃TAC/CXCL11and MIP⁃1α levels before and after treatment in patients with neuro⁃ syphilis

  • 2.5 脑脊液IL⁃1ra、I⁃TAC/CXCL11和MIP⁃1α对神经梅毒的诊断价值

  • ROC曲线分析显示(图4、表3),脑脊液IL ⁃ 1ra、I⁃TAC/CXCL11和MIP⁃1α联合诊断神经梅毒的曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)、敏感度和特异度依次为0.91、94.0%和88.0%。联合诊断的AUC和敏感度高于单独诊断。

  • 3 讨论

  • 梅毒螺旋体能够在未经治疗的人体宿主中存活几十年,最终对多个器官造成损害。梅毒螺旋体可以在感染几天内传播到中枢神经系统,随后会导致神经梅毒的发生。神经梅毒的临床和实验室诊断比较困难,因为与神经梅毒感染相关的抗原具有很高的变异性,其潜在的发病机制也知之甚少。神经梅毒患者如果未及时得到诊断和治疗,会导致不可逆转的中枢神经系统损害和不良后果。当患者具有典型的症状和体征时,神经梅毒的诊断并不困难。然而,当患者为无症状神经梅毒时则较难诊断。目前,神经梅毒的诊断方法主要是CSF⁃VDRL实验[13]。然而,CSF⁃VDRL实验的敏感性中等,执行起来既繁琐又耗时。因此,对于VDRL阴性的患者,必须依靠其他实验室结果才能做出诊断。

  • 目前,细胞因子在调节炎症和宿主对中枢神经系统感染反应中的作用引起了人们的注意[14]。细胞因子是一组重要的炎症介质,它们相互作用[15]。在中枢神经系统,细胞因子由小胶质细胞、星形胶质细胞和大脑固有的神经元合成[16]。许多研究试图寻找脑脊液中与神经系统疾病进展相关的细胞因子,从而为揭示导致神经元功能障碍的机制提供线索。目前,已经有学者报道了神经梅毒患者的血清或脑脊液中的某些细胞因子出现异常,并可用于神经梅毒的早期诊断。研究表明,IL⁃17和干扰素⁃γ (IFN⁃γ)参与了与神经梅毒相关的中枢神经系统损伤和炎症反应[17-18]。脑脊液中CXCL13和CXCL12水平的升高可能对HIV感染患者神经梅毒的诊断具有参考价值[19]。CXCL13对无症状神经梅毒的诊断具有良好的诊断准确性[1020]。然而,可用于诊断神经梅毒的标志物仍然较少,且诊断效能也并不理想。

  • 图4 ROC曲线分析脑脊液IL⁃1ra、I⁃TAC/CXCL11和MIP⁃1α对神经梅毒的诊断价值

  • Fig.4 ROCcurve analysis of thediagnostic value ofcerebrospinal fluid IL⁃1ra,I⁃TAC/CXCL11andMIP⁃1αonneurosyphilis

  • 表3 脑脊液IL⁃1ra、I⁃TAC/CXCL11和MIP⁃1α诊断神经梅毒的AUC、敏感度和特异度

  • Table3 Cerebrospinal fluid IL⁃1ra,I⁃TAC/CXCL11and MIP⁃1α AUC,sensitivity and specificity in the di⁃ agnosis of neurosyphilis

  • 现有文献报道IL⁃1ra调节神经炎症和兴奋性毒性,并且在莱姆病患者脑脊液中明显升高;I⁃TAC/CXCL11调节中枢神经系统感染的免疫发病机制,与中枢神经系统病毒复制、神经毒性和细胞死亡有关;MIP⁃1α与神经退行性疾病有关,并且调节神经炎症和认知功能。然而,这3种细胞/趋化因子在神经梅毒中的报道较少,且尚无文献报道这3种因子联合用于神经梅毒诊断的价值。本研究在预实验中已经检测到这3种因子在神经梅毒中异常表达,因此选择了这3种报道较少的因子开展后续研究。

  • IL⁃1是一种重要的促炎细胞因子,多项研究均证实神经病变的患者和动物脑内IL⁃1水平升高。 IL⁃1ra是IL⁃1受体拮抗剂,据报道,外源性应用IL⁃ 1ra可对神经元发挥保护作用,其作用机制与抗炎和抑制兴奋性毒性有关[21]。IL⁃1ra基因敲除后可升高小鼠的色氨酸、5⁃羟基吲哚乙酸(5⁃HIAA)和多巴胺代谢产物高香草酸(HVA)水平,IL⁃1ra影响动物的焦虑行为[22]。另外,IL⁃1ra水平在莱姆病患者脑脊液中明显升高,并且可反映患者的治疗反应[23]

  • I ⁃ TAC/CXCL11是在感染或炎症过程中受到IFN⁃g刺激后合成的CXC趋化因子11。I⁃TAC/CX⁃ CL11结合趋化因子受体CXCR3。I⁃TAC/CXCL11可将抗原特异性活化的CXCR3阳性T细胞募集到中枢神经系统中,从而能够有效控制病毒复制。然而,持续表达I⁃TAC/CXCL11会导致炎症细胞持续浸润,继而导致神经毒性和细胞死亡。多项研究报道了CXCL11的表达以及对中枢神经系统感染的免疫发病机制的作用[24-26]

  • MIP⁃1α/CCL3是一种嗜中性粒细胞趋化因子。该趋化因子已在中枢神经系统中表达,据报道其同源受体CCR1和CCR5由星形胶质细胞、小胶质细胞和神经元表达[27]。MIP⁃1α与神经退行性疾病如颞叶癫痫[28]、阿尔茨海默病(AD)[29] 等有关。还有研究报道,对小鼠注射MIP⁃1α可损害小鼠的空间记忆能力,影响突触可塑性[30]

  • 基于上述文献研究结果,笔者推测IL⁃1ra、 I⁃TAC/CXCL11和MIP⁃1α可能在神经梅毒患者中发生异常表达,因此开展了这项研究。本研究发现,神经梅毒患者的脑脊液IL ⁃1ra、I ⁃TAC/CXCL11和MIP⁃1α水平明显高于非神经梅毒患者,并且这3种因子的水平与1/血清RPR滴度和CSF蛋白均显著正相关。患者经对症治疗后,神经功能缺损程度明显降低,并且脑脊液中IL⁃1ra、I⁃TAC/CXCL11和MIP⁃1α 的水平也随之降低。对于IL⁃1ra而言,由于梅毒螺旋体侵入神经系统可引起脑内炎症,而IL⁃1ra是由所有诱导IL⁃1合成和释放的信号以及IL⁃1本身诱导的,并且IL⁃1ra对其他促炎细胞因子(如IL⁃6、TNF⁃α)的调控是以可溶性诱骗受体的形式出现,IL⁃1ra的表达在IL⁃1表达激活后有一定延迟[31],这表明IL⁃1ra的主要作用是抑制炎症反应,而不是缓和已经进行的炎症反应。因此,IL⁃1和IL⁃1ra之间的平衡根据炎症反应的不同而发生倾斜,IL⁃1ra水平的异常升高可能反映梅毒患者脑内的炎症水平及疾病严重程度。

  • 对于CXCL11而言,根据免疫过程的性质和感染因子的不同,许多细胞因子可能调节CXCL11基因的表达,其中,IFN⁃γ的研究最广[32]。CXCL11的受体CXCR3同样受IFN⁃γ调控[33]。据报道,CXCL11在实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎大鼠的中枢神经系统中主要由星形胶质细胞表达[34]。体外趋化实验证实CXCL11能促进活化的T细胞和NK细胞的趋化[35]。各种疾病模型的实验研究表明,CXCR3或其配体的缺失显著损害了细胞免疫[36]。因此,神经梅毒患者脑脊液中CXCL11的升高同样反映了神经系统炎症损伤加重及细胞免疫失衡。对于MIP⁃ 1α而言,MIP⁃1α主要通过与CCRl和CCR5结合调节巨噬细胞功能,进而调节神经炎性[37]。中枢神经系统发生感染后,多种细胞分泌MIP⁃1α,进而MIP⁃1α 趋化单核/巨噬细胞等到达炎症部位[38]。Liu等[39] 研究表明,使用CCR2和CCR5拮抗剂可提高感染乙脑病毒的小鼠模型的存活率并抑制炎症,由于CCR5是MIP⁃1α的受体之一,因此间接说明MIP⁃1α的含量高低可能与病毒感染及炎症程度相关。而本研究中神经梅毒患者脑脊液MIP⁃1α的升高也可能反映梅毒螺旋体侵入了神经系统并引起了剧烈的免疫反应。

  • 由于成功治疗后患者的CSF VDRL可能会持续数年,而抗生素治疗后CSF IL⁃1ra、I⁃TAC/CXCL11和MIP⁃1α的水平迅速下降可能适于监测治疗反应,并将活动性感染与过去的感染区分开。上述结果说明IL⁃1ra、I⁃TAC/CXCL11和MIP⁃1α均参与神经梅毒的发生机制,并且可反映患者的治疗反应。为了进一步揭示这3种指标对神经梅毒的诊断价值。本研究进行了ROC曲线分析,结果显示3项指标单独诊断神经梅毒的敏感度和特异度均高于80%。此外, 3项指标联合诊断神经梅毒的AUC和敏感度高于单独诊断。上述结果充分说明了IL⁃1ra、I⁃TAC/CX⁃ CL11和MIP⁃1α在神经梅毒发生过程中的重要作用。

  • 本研究存在一些局限性。首先,这些生物标志物在其他炎性疾病(如传染病和某些自身免疫性疾病)中也有所升高。然而,不同疾病有不同的诊断手段,根据患者的病史、血清学检查和MRI检查等结果可将其他疾病与神经梅毒区分开。其次,由于这些生物标志物的水平在抗生素治疗后可能会急剧下降,因此必须根据患者,特别是可能存在无症状神经梅毒的患者的用药历史,仔细分析结果。最后,在合并感染艾滋病毒和梅毒的患者中,脑脊液中IL⁃1ra、I⁃TAC/CXCL11和MIP⁃1α的存在可能与梅毒、HIV或两者都有关系。因此,这3种生物标志物的诊断效能仍需进一步确定。

  • 总之,本研究的数据表明IL⁃1ra、I⁃TAC/CXCL11和MIP⁃1α是诊断神经梅毒的潜在生物标志物,可用作神经梅毒的辅助诊断工具,并且可用于监测神经梅毒的治疗效果。

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